O experimento foi conduzido com o objetivo de avaliar o desempenho corporal e reprodutivo de 120 novilhas de corte de um rebanho comercial Braford do desmame ao fim do período reprodutivo aos 14/15 meses de idade, quando submetidas a três sistemas alimentares: pastagem de aveia preta (Avena strigosa Schreb.) e azevém (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) (AV+AZ), pastagem de aveia e azevém mais 1% do peso corporal de farelo de trigo (FT), pastagem de aveia e azevém mais 1% de peso corporal de farelo de trigo e 200ml/cabeça/dia de glicerina bruta (FTG) e da prenhez das novilhas aos 14/15 meses de idade ao fim da prenhez quando primíparas aos 24/25 meses de idade, quando submetidas a dois sistemas alimentares: pastagem de azevém (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) por 22 dias pós-parto e mais 22 dias em pastagem natural (PSS), pastagem de azevém por 22 pós-parto recebendo 1% de peso corporal de farelo de trigo e por mais 22 dias em pastagem natural (PCS). O delineamento experimental foi o inteiramente ao acaso, com medidas repetidas no tempo. Sem limitações na oferta forrageira, as suplementações não afetaram a taxa de prenhez, mas determinaram maior concepção nos primeiros 21 dias da temporada Novilhas prenhes, independentes dos tratamentos, têm melhores características fenotípicas de conformação, precocidade, musculatura e tamanho já ao desmame, têm maiores ganhos de peso e condição corporal até o início e ao fim dos tratamentos alimentares e início da temporada reprodutiva, o que permite uma seleção prévia, à idades menores, das bezerras a serem postas em sistemas para prenhez aos 14/15 meses de idade. Rebanhos com prenhez estabilizada aos dois anos de idade necessitam de seleção para maior precocidade sexual e prenhez aos 14/15 meses de idade, não somente ter pesos e condições corporais. Novilhas prenhas aos 14/15 meses de idade têm bom desenvolvimento em pastagem de tifton 85 nos meses de outono com a oferta de 2.500kg de MS/ha. Primíparas suplementadas por 44 dias no pré-serviço têm significativo maior ganho de peso, maior prenhez, com menores intervalo parto-concepção e intervalo entre partos do que as não suplementadas, porém ainda cerca de trinta dias a mais do que o recomendado em sistemas de cria de maior produtividade e eficiência. / This study aimed to evaluate the body development and reproductive performance of 120 Braford heifers from a commercial beef herd from the weaning to first breeding at 14/15 months of age, when submitted to three different feeding systems: black oat (Avena strigosa Schreb.) and Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) pastures (AV+AZ), black oat and Italian ryegrass plus supplementation with wheat bran at 1% of the body weight (FT), and black oat and Italian ryegrass plus supplementation with wheat bran at 1% of the body weight plus 200 mL head-1 day-1 of crude glycerol (FTG). We also evaluated the reproductive performance of primiparous cows first bred with 14/15 months of age at their second calving, when submitted to two feeding systems prior to the second breeding season: Italian ryegrass pasture for 22 days postpartum following another 22 days in natural pasture (PSS), and Italian ryegrass pasture for 22 days postpartum receiving 1% of the body weight of wheat bran, following another 22 days in natural pasture (PCS). Treatments were arranged in a completely randomized design with repeated measures in time. Without limitations on herbage allowance from the pasture, supplementation did not affect the pregnancy rate, but increased conception on the first 21 days of the breeding season Heifers that conceived, regardless of the treatments, had better phenotypic characteristics of body conformation, precocity, musculature and frame size at weaning. These animals also had greater average daily gain and body condition at the beginning and at the end of the feeding treatments, and at the beginning of the breeding season. Those traits could be used as indicators for an early selection of heifers to be designated to breeding programs at 14/15 months of age. Herds with stabilized conception at two years of age require selection for greater sexual precocity and conception at 14/15 months of age, and not only have adequate body weight and condition at the time of breeding. Heifers that conceived at 14/15 months of age with forage allowance of 2,500 kg DM ha-1 present good development in tifton 85 pasture during the autumn months. Primiparous supplemented for 44 days prior to breeding had greater weight gain and conception, with shorter calving-to-conception interval and shorter interval between calving than those not supplemented, but still about thirty days longer than recommended to calving systems with higher productivity and reproductive efficiency.

Master of Science / Department of Grain Science and Industry / Sajid Alavi / Foods with high fiber can reduce calorie uptake and provide health benefits related to chronic ailments like obesity, diabetes, cancer and cardiovascular disease. However, inclusion of fiber diminishes the final product quality and consumer acceptability of cereal products. The overall objective of this project was to produce fiber-enriched, pre-cooked wheat flours using extrusion processing in order to enhance their nutritional value, while maintaining functional and sensory properties in baked products such as cookies and tortillas. In the first part of this study, extrusion processing was utilized to pre-cook wheat flours substituted with 0, 10, 20 and 30 % wheat bran in order to enhance their rheological properties and functionality with regards to cookies and tortillas. Two extrusion conditions, low-temperature-low-shear (LTLS) and high-temperature-high-shear (HTHS) were studied for pre-cooking the flours. Results showed that for all flours, as % bran increased, RVA peak viscosity (PV), and mixograph peak time (PTM) and peak height (PH) decreased. At all bran levels, PV and PH were significantly lower for pre-cooked flours as compared to uncooked. As the percent bran increased, the quality of cookies (weight and spread factor) and tortillas (specific volume, rollability and extensibility) deteriorated for both uncooked and pre-cooked wheat flours. In the second part of this study, effect of extrusion pre-cooking on the dietary fiber profile of wheat flour substituted with 0, 10, 20 and 30 % wheat bran was evaluated. Pre-cooking by extrusion significantly increased SDF in flours (by 22 to 59 %), although in most cases it also led to a significant decrease in TDF. Cookies and tortillas, produced from uncooked and pre-cooked flours with 0 and 20% substituted bran, were evaluated for consumer acceptability using a 9-point hedonic scale. Organoleptic properties of cookies from uncooked flour did not change significantly with increase in bran substitution from 0 to 20%. However, consumer ratings for tortillas did decrease slightly but significantly with increase in bran level. To summarize, pre-cooking of the flours using extrusion did not improve the sensory properties of cookies and tortillas, although the products were still found acceptable by consumers and also contained higher soluble fiber.

O experimento foi conduzido com o objetivo de avaliar o desempenho corporal e reprodutivo de 120 novilhas de corte de um rebanho comercial Braford do desmame ao fim do período reprodutivo aos 14/15 meses de idade, quando submetidas a três sistemas alimentares: pastagem de aveia preta (Avena strigosa Schreb.) e azevém (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) (AV+AZ), pastagem de aveia e azevém mais 1% do peso corporal de farelo de trigo (FT), pastagem de aveia e azevém mais 1% de peso corporal de farelo de trigo e 200ml/cabeça/dia de glicerina bruta (FTG) e da prenhez das novilhas aos 14/15 meses de idade ao fim da prenhez quando primíparas aos 24/25 meses de idade, quando submetidas a dois sistemas alimentares: pastagem de azevém (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) por 22 dias pós-parto e mais 22 dias em pastagem natural (PSS), pastagem de azevém por 22 pós-parto recebendo 1% de peso corporal de farelo de trigo e por mais 22 dias em pastagem natural (PCS). O delineamento experimental foi o inteiramente ao acaso, com medidas repetidas no tempo. Sem limitações na oferta forrageira, as suplementações não afetaram a taxa de prenhez, mas determinaram maior concepção nos primeiros 21 dias da temporada Novilhas prenhes, independentes dos tratamentos, têm melhores características fenotípicas de conformação, precocidade, musculatura e tamanho já ao desmame, têm maiores ganhos de peso e condição corporal até o início e ao fim dos tratamentos alimentares e início da temporada reprodutiva, o que permite uma seleção prévia, à idades menores, das bezerras a serem postas em sistemas para prenhez aos 14/15 meses de idade. Rebanhos com prenhez estabilizada aos dois anos de idade necessitam de seleção para maior precocidade sexual e prenhez aos 14/15 meses de idade, não somente ter pesos e condições corporais. Novilhas prenhas aos 14/15 meses de idade têm bom desenvolvimento em pastagem de tifton 85 nos meses de outono com a oferta de 2.500kg de MS/ha. Primíparas suplementadas por 44 dias no pré-serviço têm significativo maior ganho de peso, maior prenhez, com menores intervalo parto-concepção e intervalo entre partos do que as não suplementadas, porém ainda cerca de trinta dias a mais do que o recomendado em sistemas de cria de maior produtividade e eficiência. / This study aimed to evaluate the body development and reproductive performance of 120 Braford heifers from a commercial beef herd from the weaning to first breeding at 14/15 months of age, when submitted to three different feeding systems: black oat (Avena strigosa Schreb.) and Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) pastures (AV+AZ), black oat and Italian ryegrass plus supplementation with wheat bran at 1% of the body weight (FT), and black oat and Italian ryegrass plus supplementation with wheat bran at 1% of the body weight plus 200 mL head-1 day-1 of crude glycerol (FTG). We also evaluated the reproductive performance of primiparous cows first bred with 14/15 months of age at their second calving, when submitted to two feeding systems prior to the second breeding season: Italian ryegrass pasture for 22 days postpartum following another 22 days in natural pasture (PSS), and Italian ryegrass pasture for 22 days postpartum receiving 1% of the body weight of wheat bran, following another 22 days in natural pasture (PCS). Treatments were arranged in a completely randomized design with repeated measures in time. Without limitations on herbage allowance from the pasture, supplementation did not affect the pregnancy rate, but increased conception on the first 21 days of the breeding season Heifers that conceived, regardless of the treatments, had better phenotypic characteristics of body conformation, precocity, musculature and frame size at weaning. These animals also had greater average daily gain and body condition at the beginning and at the end of the feeding treatments, and at the beginning of the breeding season. Those traits could be used as indicators for an early selection of heifers to be designated to breeding programs at 14/15 months of age. Herds with stabilized conception at two years of age require selection for greater sexual precocity and conception at 14/15 months of age, and not only have adequate body weight and condition at the time of breeding. Heifers that conceived at 14/15 months of age with forage allowance of 2,500 kg DM ha-1 present good development in tifton 85 pasture during the autumn months. Primiparous supplemented for 44 days prior to breeding had greater weight gain and conception, with shorter calving-to-conception interval and shorter interval between calving than those not supplemented, but still about thirty days longer than recommended to calving systems with higher productivity and reproductive efficiency.

This diploma thesis is focused on the use of wheat bran as a raw material for extraction of arabinoxylans. Wheat bran is a waste product of mill processing of wheat into flour and is mainly used as a livestock feed. However, the amount of bran produced significantly exceeds its consumption as feed, which opens up space for research into their further use. Polysaccharides such as cellulose, hemicelluloses and lignin are mainly present in the bran. The most common type of hemicelluloses are arabinoxylans, which form the main structural component of wheat bran. Alkaline extraction disrupts hydrogen and covalent bonds and releases polysaccharides of various molar weights from the crosslinked cell wall structure. Hydrolysis is required to obtain arabinose and xylose. Trifluoroacetic acid was chosen for the hydrolysis. The acid breaks down glycosidic bonds of the poly- and oligosaccharides to give the corresponding monosaccharides. The experiments made during this thesis have shown that the yield of multi stage extraction is twice as high as the yield of single stage extraction. Hydrolysis of the solid fractions after alkaline extraction revealed that a relatively large amount of arabinoxylans and other carbohydrates still remain bound in the complex matrix of the bran cell wall. Thus, alkaline extraction alone may not be the best option for obtaining arabinoxylans on a larger scale, or process optimization must be considered. Extraction with the addition of hydrogen peroxide appears to be effective for large-scale extraction processes.

The diploma thesis deals with usage of wheat bran as a source of high-quality proteins. Every year mill industry produces large amounts of by-products. These by-products are constituted by wheat bran. There is a big effort to use these type of materials within a circular economy. Wheat bran contains about 14–18 % proteins which appears to be a good component for valorisation. It is possible to extract proteins from bran according to their behaviour in the range of pH. Proteins are soluble in alkaline pH and can be precipitated around their isoelectric point. The final treatment of precipitated proteins is lyophilisation. The next step is characterisation of the product. There are a few parameters to analyse: purity of the isolate, amino acid profile, composition of minerals, water contain etc. Interest in nutrition is on the rise not only by professional sportsman. This isolated product could serve as a potential protein supplement.

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As estatinas são os agentes mais eficazes para a redução de colesterol no tratamento de doenças cardiovasculares, e algumas destas moléculas podem ser produzidas através de processos biológicos como o cultivo semi-sólido de fungos filamentosos. O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar a capacidade de produção de estatinas e compostos antimicrobianos por cinco cepas de fungos isolados de Cana de Açúcar. Para isso, extratos obtidos a partir dos cultivos foram analisados por métodos analíticos como CLAE e RMN para determinar a presença de estatinas; adicionalmente, os extratos foram testados contra diferentes modelos biológicos incluindo bactérias, leveduras, fungos filamentosos, células de ovário de hamster chinês, e parasitas. De acordo com os resultados obtidos, os cinco fungos avaliados não produzem estatinas, e em relação ao biomonitoramento dos extratos foi observado um efeito biológico sobre os parasitas e as células de mamífero, no entanto, é possível que o efeito obtido seja uma resposta dos compostos do substrato dos cultivos (Farelo de trigo). / Statins are the most effective cholesterol lowering agents for the treatment of cardiovascular disease, and some of these molecules can be produced through biological process such as the solid state fermentation. The aim of this study was determinate the capability of production of statins and antimicrobials compounds by five strains of fungi isolated from Brazilian sugar cane. For this purpose, extracts were obtained from the cultures and analyzed through analytical methods as HPLC and NMR in order to determinate the presence of statins; in addition, the extracts were tested against different biological models including bacteria, yeast, filamentous fungi, chinese hamster ovary cells, and parasites. According to the results obtained, the five fungal strains tested did not produce statins, and the extracts produced a biological effect against the parasites and mammalian cells, nevertheless it is possible that this effect observed was a response of the compounds from the culture substrate (wheat bran).

As estatinas são os agentes mais eficazes para a redução de colesterol no tratamento de doenças cardiovasculares, e algumas destas moléculas podem ser produzidas através de processos biológicos como o cultivo semi-sólido de fungos filamentosos. O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar a capacidade de produção de estatinas e compostos antimicrobianos por cinco cepas de fungos isolados de Cana de Açúcar. Para isso, extratos obtidos a partir dos cultivos foram analisados por métodos analíticos como CLAE e RMN para determinar a presença de estatinas; adicionalmente, os extratos foram testados contra diferentes modelos biológicos incluindo bactérias, leveduras, fungos filamentosos, células de ovário de hamster chinês, e parasitas. De acordo com os resultados obtidos, os cinco fungos avaliados não produzem estatinas, e em relação ao biomonitoramento dos extratos foi observado um efeito biológico sobre os parasitas e as células de mamífero, no entanto, é possível que o efeito obtido seja uma resposta dos compostos do substrato dos cultivos (Farelo de trigo). / Statins are the most effective cholesterol lowering agents for the treatment of cardiovascular disease, and some of these molecules can be produced through biological process such as the solid state fermentation. The aim of this study was determinate the capability of production of statins and antimicrobials compounds by five strains of fungi isolated from Brazilian sugar cane. For this purpose, extracts were obtained from the cultures and analyzed through analytical methods as HPLC and NMR in order to determinate the presence of statins; in addition, the extracts were tested against different biological models including bacteria, yeast, filamentous fungi, chinese hamster ovary cells, and parasites. According to the results obtained, the five fungal strains tested did not produce statins, and the extracts produced a biological effect against the parasites and mammalian cells, nevertheless it is possible that this effect observed was a response of the compounds from the culture substrate (wheat bran).

Darbo tikslas: Ištirti glicerolio, kvietinių sėlenų su krakmolo gamybos sirupo granulių ir salyklo daigelių efektyvumą melžiamų karvių racionuose bei įvertinti jų įtaką azotinių medžiagų fermentacijai karvių didžiajame prieskrandyje. Darbo uždaviniai: 1. Ištirti krakmolo gamybos sirupo, kvietinių sėlenų ir krakmolo gamybos sirupo granulių, salyklo daigelių cheminę sudėtį ir apskaičiuoti energetinę vertę. 2. Atlikti penkis šėrimo bandymus su melžiamomis karvėmis: tris bandymus panaudojant glicerolį skirtingais laktacijos periodais, vieną – naudojant krakmolo dekstrinų sirupą ir vieną – naudojant salyklo daigelius. 3. Nustatyti karvių racionų pašarų ėdamumą. 4. Atlikti karvių didžiojo prieskrandžio (Rumen) turinio tyrimus, jame nustatyti: sausąsias medžiagas, infuzorijų skaičių, pH, lakių riebalų rūgščių (LRR) suminį kiekį ir procentinį santykį, bendro ir amoniako azoto kiekius. 5. Įvertinti tiriamų pašarų įtaką pieno primilžiui, nustatyti pieno riebalų ir baltymų kiekius ir įvertinti ekonominį efektyvumą. 6. Tyrimų duomenis apdoroti statistiškai pateikiant aritmetinius vidurkius ir aritmetinio vidurkio paklaidą. Mūsų tyrimuose pirmą kartą Lietuvoje glicerolis panaudotas kaip pašaras melžiamų karvių racionuose skirtingais laktacijos periodais drėgnuose pašarų mišiniuose, sėlenų granulės, praturtintos krakmolo dekstrinų sirupu ir salyklo daigeliai nustatant jų poveikį azotinių medžiagų ir angliavandenių fermentacijai karvių didžiajame prieskrandyje, jų produktyvumui bei... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / The purpose of the study: To investigate the efficiency of glycerol, wheat bran with starch dextrin syrup pellets and malt shoots in the diets of lactating cows and the effects of these products on nitrogen matter fermentation in the rumen of cows. Objectives: 1. To analyze the chemical composition and calculate the energy value of starch syrup, wheat bran and starch syrup pellets and malt shoots. 2. To carry out 5 feeding trials with lactating cows, i. e. 3 trials using glycerol at different lactation periods, one – using starch dextrin syrup and one – using malt shoots. 3. To determine the intake of feeds in the diets. 4. To study rumen contents for the analysis of dry matter, infusoria count, pH-value, total volatile fatty acids (VFA) and percentage ratio, contents of total and ammonia nitrogen. 5. To assess the influence of the above feedstuffs on milk yields, milk fat and protein contents and economic efficiency. 6. To statistically process the data and give arithmetic means and mean deviations. In this study for the first time in Lithuania, glycerol was used as a feedstuff in the diets of lactating cows at different lactation periods in wet mash, bran pellets enriched with starch dextrin syrup and malt shoots for determination of their effect on nitrogen matter and carbohydrate fermentation in the rumen of cows, cow productivity and economic efficiency. Practical application: After completion of the study, recommendations for milk producers were prepared on the usage of... [to full text]

Com o objetivo de avaliar a qualidade da carne de frangos recebendo dietas com inclusão de ácido fítico (AF) ou com farelo de trigo (FT) e adição ou não de fitase, foram utilizados 216 frangos de corte Cobb 500®, machos, de 22 a 35 dias de idade. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado com 6 tratamentos e 6 repetições com 6 animais cada. Foram testadas 6 dietas: 1- dieta controle (a base de milho e farelo de soja); 2- dieta controle com adição de AF; 3- dieta com 25% de FT e sem fitase; 4- dieta com 25% de FT + 6-fitase/2500 FTU/g (fitase A); 5- dieta com 25% de FT + 6-fitase/5000 FTU/g (fitase B); 6- dieta com 25% de FT + 3-fitase/5000 FTU/g (fitase C). Os parâmetros avaliados foram: peso da carcaça, peso e rendimento dos cortes de peito, de coxa e de perna de frango, pH inicial e final da carne, cor, lipídeo total, colesterol total (CT), oxidação lipídica (TBARS), perda de peso por descongelamento (PPD), perda de peso por cocção (PPC) e força de cisalhamento (FC). Os resultados indicaram não haver interação das diferentes dietas para as respostas de: peso da carcaça, peso e rendimento dos cortes, lipídio total, PPD, PPC e pH inicial, ou seja, todas estas variáveis mostraram-se semelhantes entre as dietas testadas, conferindo uma carne de igual qualidade para estes parâmetros. Entretanto, o pH final da carne do peito foi menor para os frangos alimentados com a dieta controle (com milho e soja) que, ainda mostrou na avaliação de cor, um peito de frango com teor de amarelo (b*) mais intenso do que os apresentados pelas outras dietas. Embora tenham sido diferentes, esses dois parâmetros apresentaram valores que são considerados normais para peito de frango. A adição de AF na dieta controle promoveu um efeito muito importante na redução do colesterol total (CT) e da oxidação lipídica (TBARS) da carne de frango. E a inclusão de FT na dieta, em relação à dieta basal de frangos, ainda refletiu em teores de CT semelhantes ou menores aos obtidos por esta última dieta (dieta controle). Porém, nos valores de TBARS não ocorreu a mesma resposta, pois o FT só conseguiu ter efeito na inibição da oxidação lipídica (em relação à dieta controle) quando ele foi adicionado de fitase (mais especificamente uma 6-fitase de E. coli, definida como fitase B no presente estudo). Ao mesmo tempo, a adição desta fitase na dieta com FT, foi a que refletiu na maior força de cisalhamento (FC) dos peitos de frango entre as distintas dietas. Entretanto, o valor de FC obtido nesta dieta e nas outras, está dentro do valor considerado como macio. Ou seja, todas as dietas conferiram em uma carne de textura macia. Contudo, o FT pode ser utilizado em dietas para frangos de corte sem prejudicar as respostas de qualidade de carne. Além disso, o AF parece ser o componente responsável por diminuir o CT e a oxidação lipídica da carne de frango. / With the objective to evaluate of meat quality of broilers receiving diets with inclusion of phytic acid (PA) or wheat bran (WB) and addition or not of phytase, were used 216 Cobb 500® broilers, males, from 22 to 35 days old. The experimental design was completely randomized with six treatments and six replicates of six animals each. Six diets were tested: 1- control diet (with corn and soybeans); 2- control diet with addition of PA; 3- diet with 25% WB and without phytase; 4- diet with 25% of WB + 6-phytase/2500 FTU/g (phytase A); 5- diet with 25% of WB + 6-phytase/5000 FTU/g (phytase B); 6- diet with 25% of WB + 3-phytase/5000 FTU/g (phytase C). Were evaluated the parameters: carcass weight, cuts weight and income of chicken breast, of thigh and of on-thigh, initial and final pH of chicken, color, total lipid, total cholesterol (TC), lipid oxidation, (TBARS), weight loss by thawing (WLT), weight loss by cooking (WLC) and shear force (SF). The results showed there is not interaction of the different diets for the answers of: carcass weight, cuts weight and income, total lipid, WLT, WLC and pH initial, that is, all these variables were similar among the diets tested, resulting in an quality equal meat for these parameters. However, the final pH of breast meat was lower in chickens fed the control diet (corn and soybeans) that also showed in the evaluation of color, a chicken breast with content of yellow (b *) more intense than the presented by the other diets. Although have been different, these two parameters had values that are considered normal for chicken breast. The addition of PA in the control diet promoted a significant effect in reducing total cholesterol (TC) and lipid oxidation (TBARS) of chicken meat. And the inclusion of WB in the diet in relation to the chicken basal diet, reflected still in TC levels similar or lower to those obtained by this diet latter (control diet). However, on TBARS values did not occur the same answer, because the WB only managed to have an effect on the inhibition of lipid oxidation (in relation to the control diet) when it was added of phytase (more specifically a 6-phytase from E. coli, defined as phytase B in this study). At the same time, the addition of phytase in the diet with WB, was the which reflected in higher shear force (SF) of the chicken breasts between the different diets. However, the SF value obtained in this diet and on the other is within of the value regarded as tender. That is, all diets resulting in a soft texture meat. However, the WB can be used in diets for broilers without affecting meat quality answers. In addition, the PA seems to be the component responsible for reducing of the TC and lipid oxidation of chicken meat.