Thesis (Ph.D.) - University of Queensland, 2003. / Includes bibliography.

Thesis (Ph.D.) - University of Queensland, 2005. / Includes bibliography.

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The aim of this study is to analyze how the depiction of a young male and female protagonist who persistently seek success differs and which film techniques are used to depict male and female perfectionism. Since 1989, young people, especially in the cultural sphere, have stated that they feel an increasing pressure from their surroundings and from themselves compared to previous generations. The strive to be successful causes anxiety, depression, and perfectionism, where the latter has been linked to narcissism. Previous studies have found that media, especially film, has a crucial impact on how viewers perceive people with mental illnesses and stereotypes concerning gender, and the exposure to gender stereotypes may influence the viewers’ physical states and attitudes. This study adopts a qualitative comparative textual analysis using case studies, with an approach called neoformalism focusing on three formal levels: narrative, stylistic and thematic. The study also includes theories from feminist film studies. The films used as case studies are Black Swan (2010) directed by Darren Aronofsky and Whiplash (2014) directed by Damien Chazelle. The result show that differences between male and female are prominent on all three levels of the film form. Nina in Black Swan needs to rely on sex to succeed and she gets punished in the end for the transgression, while Andrew in Whiplash simply practices to reach perfection. The film techniques used show more pictures of Nina's body and female props like mirrors while Andrew is shown solely around musical instruments. They are also both perfectionists and narcissists, but overall, Nina is shown to be more irrational and paranoid than Andrew and these psychological qualities are reflected in and communicated by the formal system of the films.

Thesis (M.Tech.: Chiropractic)- Dept. of Chiropractic, Durban Institute of Technology, 2003. 104 leaves / Whiplash injuries are thought to occur in as many as one-fifth of all MVA’s in the United States and Canada. South Africa may have a higher incidence of whiplash injuries due to the exceptionally high road accident rate when compared with international norms (Burger 1996:478). The incidence rate is higher among female subjects and people aged 20-24 years (Teasell and Shapiro 1998: 72, Spitzer et al. 1995). Whiplash injuries or whiplash-associated disorders (WAD) often result in chronic pain with a poor response to conventional therapeutics. Manipulation, exercise and anti-inflammatories have been identified as the options with scientifically established validity in the management of WAD (Spitzer et al. 1995) Patients with WAD have a distortion of the posture control system as a result of disorganised neck proprioceptive activity. It would therefore appear that proprioceptive rehabilitative exercises would benefit WAD sufferers (Revel et al. 1994, Gimse et al. 1996). Spinal manipulation has also been shown to have a significant effect on proprioceptive-dependent abilities in subjects with chronic neck pain (Rogers 1997). This suggests that a combination of manipulation and proprioceptive rehabilitation may offer an improved treatment protocol for WAD (Fitz-Ritson 1995). The purpose of this investigation is to evaluate the relative effectiveness of proprioceptive exercises and cervical spine manipulation compared to manipulation alone, in terms of subjective and objective measures, in the treatment of whiplash-associated disorders.

Title: Biomechanical reflection of the cervicocranial part during frontal impact Objectives: The aim of the work was to analyze in which parameters differs ATD from human participant during frontal impact. Characterize the head movement, compare maximal post impact head speed between ATD and human volunteers and defereneces between volunteer with eye control and without. Methods: Measuring was done with 8 volunteers and ATD (Manikin, 50th percentile man). For each volunteer were done two measurements, first without eye control and second with eye control. ATD was measured twice. It was recorded by Qualisys system, specifically by three optical cameras, on crash simulator. Results were processed in Qualisys Track Manager. There were tracked three markers, two on the body - forehead, shoulder and one on the sledge. Results: Results showed that speed of the head depends on eye control. Volunteer without eye control had higher post impact speed of head (4,94 m/s) than ATD (3,67 m/s) and volunteer with eye contact (3,19 m/s). Quite the same result was observed in change of distance between head and sledge after impact. There was higher value for volunteer without eye contact than for ATD. Keywords: Whiplash, frontal impact, Qualisys, crash simulator, cervicocranial part

Dans les accidents de la route, les lésions cervicales représentent 15% des lésions traumatiques graves et plus de 50% des demandes de remboursements. Les mécanismes lésionnels associés sont encore mal connus, et médecins et assureurs sont demandeurs de critères quantifiant les lésions de type whiplash. Le but de cette étude est de contribuer à l'amélioration de modèles Eléments-Finis permettant d'explorer les mécanismes lésionnels survenant lors de ces sollicitations. A cet effet des mécanismes lésionnels probables ont été identifiés et comparés aux résultats de simulations numériques. L'influence de paramètres extrinsèques et intrinsèques sur le risque lésionnel associé a été évaluée, permettant de mettre en relief l'intérêt d'une étude de critères locaux dans ce contexte. En particulier, l'étude de l'influence de la morphologie a été accompagnée d'une évolution des modèles vers la personnalisation, basée sur la reconstruction géométrique d'un sujet à partir de stéréo-radiographies.

<p>Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka vilken betydelse omgivningens stöd har för en fungerande återgång till sysselsättning för whiplashskadade kvinnor. Fem kvinnor som alla har återgått till sysselsättning efter sin whiplashskada deltog i en kvalitativ intervju med öppna frågor kring betydelsen av omgivningens stöd och andra bidragande faktorer. Jag har haft Antonovskys teori om KASAM samt Putnams teori om socialt stöd som teoretisk grund. Då fokus har legat på att få fram deras upplevelse av omgivningens stöd genom min tolkning och förståelse har hermeneutiken använts som metod. Resultatet visade att omgivningens stöd i olika former var en viktig faktor för en lyckad återgång. Det handlade främst om praktiskt eller emotionellt stöd från myndigheter, familj och vänner. Det visade sig också att personliga förhållningssätt spelade in, såsom envishet och positivt tänkande.</p>

<p>De preskriptionsregler som idag finns i försäkringsavtalslagen, konsumentförsäkringslagen och trafikskadelagen har visat sig vara mycket oklara och därför vållat stora tolkningsproblem. Det största problemet har varit frågan om när de stipulerade preskriptionstiderna skall börja löpa. </p><p>Förarbetena ger ingen klar ledning i frågan och både försäkringsnämnderna och Allmänna Reklamationsnämnden har varit splittrade i sin syn på problemet. I doktrinen har det påtalats att det råder brist på avgöranden från HD i frågan och det är först på senare år som viktiga mål har tagits upp i högsta instans. </p><p>De problem som denna uppsats i första hand skall behandla är de som berör den tioåriga preskriptionen, med utgångspunkt i HD-avgörandet NJA 2001 s 695 (I och II). Utgången i målet står i motsättning till försäkringsbolagens praxis och vinner inte heller klart stöd i förarbetena. HD:s tolkning har därför blivit mycket omdiskuterad. </p><p>I uppsatsen kommer jag att analysera den problematik som nu beskrivits samt föra en diskussion om hur klart rättsläget blivit efter HD:s avgörande. Jag kommer även att lyfta fram de frågor som ännu inte behandlats fullt ut i praxis, samt föra en diskussion kring hur en eventuell ny preskriptionsregel bör utformas.</p>

Einleitung & Problemstellung: Beschwerden nach Beschleunigungsverletzungen der Halswirbelsäule sind oft nur unzureichend einzuordnen und diagnostizierbar. Eine eindeutige Diagnostik ist jedoch für eine entsprechende Therapie wie auch möglicherweise entstehende versicherungsrechtliche Forderungen notwendig. Die Entwicklung eines geeigneten Diagnoseverfahrens liegt damit im Interesse von Betroffenen wie auch Kostenträgern. Neben Störungen der Weichteilgewebe ist fast immer die Funktion der Halsmuskulatur in Folge eines Traumas beeinträchtigt. Dabei wird vor allem die sensorische Funktion der HWS-Muskulatur, die an der Regulation des Gleichgewichts beteiligt ist, gestört. In Folge dessen kann angenommen werden, dass es zu einer Beeinträchtigung der Gleichgewichtsregulation kommt. Die Zielstellung der Arbeit lautete deshalb, die möglicherweise gestörte Gleichgewichtsregulation nach einem Trauma im HWS-Bereich apparativ zu erfassen, um so die Verletzung eindeutig diagnostizieren zu können. Methodik: Unter Verwendung eines posturographischen Messsystems mit Kraftmomentensensorik wurden bei 478 Probanden einer Vergleichsgruppe und bei 85 Probanden eines Patientenpools Kraftmomente unter der Fußsohle als Äußerung der posturalen Balanceregulation aufgezeichnet. Die gemessenen Balancezeitreihen wurden nichtlinear analysiert, um die hohe Variabilität der Gleichgewichtsregulation optimal zu beschreiben. Über die dabei gewonnenen Parameter kann überprüft werden, ob sich spezifische Unterschiede im Schwankungsverhalten anhand der plantaren Druckverteilung zwischen HWS-Traumatisierten und den Probanden der Kontrollgruppe klassifizieren lassen. Ergebnisse: Die beste Klassifizierung konnte dabei über Parameter erzielt werden, die das Schwankungsverhalten in Phasen beschreiben, in denen die Amplitudenschwankungen relativ gering ausgeprägt waren. Die Analysen ergaben signifikante Unterschiede im Balanceverhalten zwischen der Gruppe HWS-traumatisierter Probanden und der Vergleichsgruppe. Die höchsten Trennbarkeitsraten wurden dabei durch Messungen im ruhigen beidbeinigen Stand mit geschlossenen Augen erzielt. Diskussion: Das posturale Balanceverhalten wies jedoch in allen Messpositionen eine hohe individuelle Varianz auf, so dass kein allgemeingültiges Schwankungsmuster für eine Gruppengesamtheit klassifiziert werden konnte. Eine individuelle Vorhersage der Gruppenzugehörigkeit ist damit nicht möglich. Die verwendete Messtechnik und die angewandten Auswerteverfahren tragen somit zwar zu einem Erkenntnisgewinn und zur Beschreibung des Gleichgewichtsverhaltens nach HWS-Traumatisierung bei. Sie können jedoch zum derzeitigen Stand für den Einzelfall keinen Beitrag zu einer eindeutigen Bestimmung eines Schleudertraumas leisten. / Introduction & Problem definition: Disorders after acceleration injuries of the cervical spine can often be classified and diagnosed only inadequately. But an explicit diagnosis is necessary as a basis for an adequate therapy as well as for possibly arising demands pursuant to insurance law. The development of suitable diagnosis methods is in the interest of patients as well as the cost units. Apart from disorders of the soft tissues there are almost always impairments of the function of the neck musculature. Particularly the sensory function of the cervical spine musculature, which participates in the regulation of the equilibrium, is disturbed by that. As a result in can be assumed that the postural control is also disturbed. Therefore the aim of this study was to examine the possibly disturbed postural motor balance after a whiplash injury of the cervical spine with the help of apparatus-supported methods to be able to unambigiously diagnose. Methods: postural measuring system based on the force-moment sensortechnique was used to record the postural balance regulation of 478 test persons and 85 patients which had suffered a whiplash injury. Data analysis was accomplished by linear as well as by nonlinear time series methods in order to characterise the balance regulation in an optimal way. Thus it can be determined whether there can be classified specific differences in the plantar pressure distribution covering patients with a whiplash injury and the test persons of the control group. Results: The best classification could be achieved by parameters which describe the variation of the postural balance regulation in phases in which the differences of the amplitudes of the plantar pressure distribution were relatively small. The analyses showed significant differences in the postural motor balance between the group of patients with whiplash injuries and the control group. The most significant differences (highest discriminate rates) could be observed by measurements in both-legged position with closed eyes. Discussion: Although the results achieved support the hypothesis mentioned above, is must be conceded that the postural motor balance showed a high individual variation in all positions of measurement. Therefore no universal variation model could be classified for the entirety of either group. This way an individual forecast of the group membership is impossible. As a result the measurement technology being used and the nonlinear time series analyses can contribute to the gain of knowledge and to the description of the regulation of postural control after whiplash injury. But at present they cannot contribute to an explicit determination of a whiplash injury for a particular case.