Les anomalies du tube neural (ATN) sont des malformations congénitales très fréquentes chez l’humain en touchant 1-2 nouveau-nés sur 1000 naissances. Elles résultent d’une fermeture incomplète du tube neural lors de l’embryogenèse. L’étiologie des ATN est complexe impliquant des facteurs environnementaux et des facteurs génétiques. La souris représente un outil puissant afin de mieux comprendre la génétique des ATN. Particulièrement, la souris modèle a impliqué fortement la voie de la polarité cellulaire planaire (PCP) dans ces malformations. Dans cette étude, nous avons identifié et caractérisé une nouvelle souris mutante, Skam26Jus dans le but d’identifier un nouveau gène causant les ATN. Skam26Jus a été générée par l’agent mutagène N-Ethyl-N-Nitrosuera. Cette souris est caractérisée par une queue en forme de boucle ou de crochet, soit un phénotype associé aux ATN. La complémentation génétique de la souris Skam26Jus avec une souris mutante d’un gène de la voie PCP Vangl2 (Looptail) a montré une interaction génétique entre le gène muté chez Skam26Jus et Vangl2, suggérant que ces deux gènes fonctionnent dans des voies de signalisation semblables ou parallèles. Un total de 50% des embryons doubles hétérozygotes avec un phénotype de la queue présentent un spina bifida. La cartographie par homozygotie du génome entier suivie par un clonage positionnel a permis d’identifier Lrp6 comme le gène muté chez Skam26Jus. Une mutation homozygote, p.Ile681Arg, a été identifiée dans Lrp6 chez les souris ayant une queue en boucle/crochet. Cette mutation était absente dans 30 souches génétiques pures indiquant que cette mutation est spécifique au phénotype observé. Une étude de phénotype-génotype évalue la pénétrance à 53 % de la mutation Ile681Arg. Lrp6 est connu pour activer la voie canonique Wnt/β-caténine et inhiber la voie non canonique Wnt/PCP. Le séquençage de la région codante et de la jonction exon-intron de LRP6 chez 268 patients a mené à l’identification de quatre nouvelles rares mutations faux sens absentes chez 272 contrôles et de toutes les bases de données publiques. Ces mutations sont p.Tyr306His ; p.Tyr373Cys ; p.Val1386Ile; p.Tyr1541Cys et leur pathogénicité prédite in silico indiquent que p.Val1386Ile est bénigne, et que p.Tyr306Hiset p.Tyr373Cys et p.Tyr1541Cys sont i possiblement dommageables. Les mutations p.Tyr306His, p.Tyr373Cys et p.Tyr1541Cys ont affecté l’habilité de LRP6 d’activer la voie Wnt/β-caténine en utilisant le système rapporteur luciférase de pTOPflash. Nos résultats suggèrent que LRP6 joue un rôle dans le développement des ATN chez une petite fraction de patients ayant une ATN. Cette étude présente aussi Skam26Jus comme un nouveau modèle pour étudier les ATN chez l’humain et fournit un outil important pour comprendre les mécanismes moléculaires à l’origine des A TN. / Neural tube defects (NTDs) are among the most common congenital malformations in humans affecting 1–2 infants per 1000 births. NTDs are caused by failure of the neural tube to close during embryogenesis. The most common forms of NTDs in humans are anencephaly and spina bifida. Their etiology is complex implicating both environmental and genetic factors. The mouse model represents a powerful tool to investigate the genetics of NTDs. Particularly, mouse mutants at genes belonging to the planar polarity pathway (PCP) developed severe forms of NTDs strongly implicating this pathway in the pathogenesis of NTDs. In this study, we identified and characterized a novel mouse mutant, Skam26Jus, as a model for NTDs. Skam26Jus was generated by N-Ethyl-N-Nitrosuera mutagenesis and displayed a characteristic kinky or loop tail that is considered as the minimal sign if NTDs. Complementation of Skam26Jus mutant with a PCP mouse mutant called Looptail (Lp) showed a genetic interaction between Skam26Jus and Vangl2, the gene mutated in Lp. This led to spina bifida in 50% of double heterozygotes with a kinky or looptail phenotype. Homozygosity mapping followed by a positional candidate gene approach led to the identification of Lrp6 as the gene mutated in Skam26Jus. We detected a homozygous mutation, p.Ile681Arg, in Lrp6 in Skam26Jus mice having loop/kinky tail phenotype. This mutation was absent in 30 inbred strains analyzed indicating that it is disease specific. Genotype-phenotype studies indicated a 52 % penetrance of the p.Ile681Arg mutation. Lrp6 is known to activate Wnt canonical β-catenin pathway and inhibit Wnt non canonical PCP pathway. Sequencing analysis of the open reading frame and exon-intron junctions of human LRP6 in 268 NTD patients led to the identification of 4 novel rare missense mutations that were absent in 272 controls analyzed and in all public databases. These mutations were p.Tyr306His ; p.Tyr373Cys ; p.Val1386Ile ; p.Tyr1541Cys, and of these, p.Val1386Iso was predicted to be benign, and p.Tyr306His ; p.Tyr373Cys and p.Tyr1541Cys were predicted to be possibly pathogenic using bioinformatics tools. Functional validation of these mutations with the luciferase reporter system pTOPflash assay demonstrated that mutation p.Tyr306His, p.Tyr373Cys and iii p.Tyr1541Cys reduced the ability of LRP6 to activate the Wnt canonical β-catenin pathway. Our data suggest that LRP6 could play a role in the development of NTDs in a small fraction of NTD patients. Our study also presents Skam26Jus as a new mouse model for the study of human NTDs and provides an important tool for better understanding of the molecular pathogenic mechanisms underlying NTDs.

Study of cell signalling pathways affected by pathogen entry comprises a fundamental aspect of understanding host-pathogen interactions. In this respect, the current study attempted to ascribe novel roles to Bone Morphogenesis Protein (BMP) signaling during infection. BMP pathway has been majorly studied in context of development where it plays an imperative role and its contribution to immunity has been poorly documented. Subsequent narrative talks about the perturbation of BMP signaling in context of specific signaling networks and its collaboration with other molecular players of host innate armamentarium. There is a pressing need to develop effective chemotherapy against Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the causative agent of tuberculosis, which has garnered the world’s attention as a leading cause of public health emergency. The tyrosine kinase, c-Abl was previously reported to be activated in murine bone marrow derived macrophages infected with mycobacteria. Yet, the identities of host signaling players and mechanisms exploited by mycobacteria in association with c-Abl lacked identification. Here, we deciphered an intricate signaling mechanism linking tyrosine kinase c-Abl, chromatin modifier, lysine acetyl transferase KAT5 and transcription factor, TWIST1 acting at Bmp2 and Bmp4 promoters. This molecular circuitry was observed to affect mycobacterial survival. Emerging studies suggest repurposing of c-Abl inhibitor, Imatinib, as an adjunct to existing anti-tuberculosis therapy. Through the use of Imatinib in an established model of tuberculosis, we demonstrated the ability of c-Abl inhibitors in potentiating innate immune responses. Distinctive instances report the cross regulation among Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRRs). Interestingly, TLR3 signaling cascade induced in response to its cognate ligand was dampened through c-Abl-BMP induced miR27a. TLR3 is known to activate immune surveillance upon viral infections; however, recent studies also suggest its role in tumour regression and induction of apoptosis. Our observation of mycobacteria elicited down regulation of TLR3 pathway corroborated with increased incidences of lung cancer among TB patients and mycobacterial evasion of a well characterized form of cell-death i.e. apoptosis. Further, we utilized a panel of such Mtb mutants associated with virulence and questioned their relevance in the activation of c-Abl-dependent BMP signaling. We found that nitric oxide, hypoxia and carbon monoxide-responsive mycobacterial WhiB3 and DosR, but not the sec-dependent protein secretion pathway, orchestrate mycobacteria driven c-Abl-BMP signaling. Continuing with the theme of exploring roles for BMP signaling during infection, we identified an important role for the C-type Lectin Receptor (CLR), Dectin-2, in activating Candida albicans-driven BMP signaling. Mounting evidences suggest BMP antagonists promote repair and regeneration in cells of varied lineages. We observed a role for BMP signaling in aggravating MMP2 and MMP9, factors that result in chronic non-healing wounds. Wounds are now increasingly recognized as being colonized with fungi along with bacteria. We propose a role for C. albicans orchestrated BMP signaling in contributing to enriched repressive methylation at Egf, Pdgf and Tissue Inhibitors of Matrix Metalloproteases (Timp2/3/4) promoters. Repressive H3K27me3 at these loci impedes the reparative tissue homeostasis, resulting in C. albicans endorsed impaired wound healing. Altogether, we uncovered hitherto unknown roles of BMP signaling during mycobacterial and fungal infections, enabling a better understanding of lesser studied pathways in mediating pathogenesis.

A via canônica Wnt/beta-catenina regula várias funções em vertebrados, incluindo diferenciação de células T, bem como a proliferação, sobrevivência, morfogênese e migração de vários tipos celulares. As células T CD4+ é fundamental para a competência imunológica. Foi observado pelo nosso grupo que células T CD4+ humanas apresentam ativação da via Wnt/beta-catenina após tratamento com sais de lítio ou outros agonistas da via. A ativação desta via induziu a proliferação de células T CD4+ naive e de memória central. Em conjunto, estes dados sugerem um importante papel da via Wnt/beta-catenina na homeostase de células T CD4+ humanas. Seria importante avaliar o papel da via Wnt/beta-catenina nas células do sistema imune no modelo murino, já que pouco se sabe sobre seu efeito na homeostase de células T CD4+ murinas. A ativação da via Wnt/beta-catenina pode ser induzida com inibidores da proteína Glicogênio sintase quinase 3beta (GSK3beta), por exemplo, os sais de lítio (LiCl e Li2CO3) e inibidores específicos (SB, CHIR) em vários tipos celulares. Neste trabalho, avaliamos o efeito de inibidores de GSK3? na ativação da via Wnt/beta-catenina canônica em esplenócitos e células T CD4+, através da realização de experimentos in vivo e in vitro, avaliando a expressão de seus genes alvo HIG2, Bcl-xL, Ciclina D1 e c-myc. Verificou-se que o tratamento in vivo agudo (2-12 h após a administração) ou crônico (administração diária por 30 dias) de camundongos não é capaz de ativar a via Wnt/beta-catenina in vivo em células esplênicas e células T CD4+, embora o mesmo tratamento induza a expressão dos genes alvo da via no tecido cerebral (córtex e hipocampo). Além disso, também não foi possível verificar ativação da via em esplenócitos e células T CD4+ após tratamento in vitro das mesmas com LiCl ou os inibidores específicos de GSK3beta testados(CHIR99021, SB-216763), embora essa ativação tenha sido observada na linhagem celular HEK293. Nossos resultados sugerem que a via Wnt/beta-catenina (canônica) não é induzível em células T CD4+ murinas maduras, com os agonistas testados. Isso pode ter implicações fisiológicas, por exemplo sobre a homeostase de células T CD4+, já que a proliferação homeostática de células T, influenciada em humanos pela via Wnt/beta-catenina, é menos importante em camundongos / The Wnt/beta-catenin pathway regulates many functions in vertebrates, including T cell differentiation, as well as proliferation, morphogenesis and migration in different cell types. CD4+ T cells play is fundamental for immunological competence. Our group has observed that human CD4+ T cells present activation of the Wnt/beta-catenin pathway after treatment with lithium salts or other pathway agonists. The activation of this pathway induced proliferation in naive and central memory CD4+ T cells. Together, these results suggest an important role for the Wnt/beta-catenin pathway in the homeostasis of human CD4+ T cells. It would be very important to evaluate the role of the Wnt/beta-catenin pathway in T cells in the mouse model, since little is known about its effect in mice CD4+ T cell homeostasis. The activation of the Wnt/beta-catenin pathway may be induced with Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3B (GSK3beta) inhibitors, i.e., lithium salts as mentioned above, and specific GSK3beta inhibitors (SB, CHIR) in different cell types. In this work, we evaluated the effect of GSK3beta inhibitors in the activation of the canonical Wnt/beta-catenin in splenocytes and CD4+ T cells, by conducting experiments in vivo and in vitro, evaluating the expression of its target genes HIG2, Bcl-xL, Cyclin D1 and c-myc. We verified that acute (2-12 hours after administration) or chronic (daily administration for 30 days) treatment of mice with lithium salts is not able to activate the Wnt/beta-catenin pathway in splenocytes and CD4+ T cells, although we could observe activation in brain tissues (cortex and hypothalamus). Besides, no activation of the Wnt/beta-catenin pathway was observed in these cell types after in vitro treatment with LiCl or the specific inhibitors of GSK3beta (CHIR99021, SB-216763), while the pathway was activated by the same treatments in HEK293 cells. Our results suggest that the Wnt/beta-catenin pathway is not inducible in murine mature CD4+ T cells with the tested agonists. This may have physiological implications, for instance on the homeostasis of CD4+ T cells, where homeostatic proliferation - influenced the Wnt/beta-catenin pathway in human T cells - is less important in the maintenance of the murine peripheral T cell pool

O PAWR (Prostate apoptosis response- 4) também conhecido como PAR-4 é um gene pró-apoptótico identificado em células de câncer de próstata quando expostas a estímulos apoptóticos. A expressão de PAR-4 pode aumentar a sensibilidade da célula a apoptose, incluindo células de câncer de mama. Ensaios de expressão gênica por transcriptoma foram realizados em nosso laboratório (dados ainda não publicados), com o objetivo de analisar genes diferencialmente expressos associados à quimiossensibilidade ao docetaxel em células MCF-7 transfectadas com o vetor de expressão para PAR-4 (MCF7pcPAR4) e o com vetor vazio (MCF7pcNEO) antes e após o tratamento com docetaxel. Para avaliar a interação entre os genes diferencialmente expressos foram geradas redes gênicas funcionais utilizando o programa IPA- Ingenuity®. Dentre as diversas redes gênicas geradas destacaram-se as que continham genes relacionados direta ou indiretamente com a via de sinalização WNT (Wingless-Type MMTV Integration 1). O presente estudo visa validar genes diferencialmente expressos identificados em células MCF-7 com diferenças de expressão de PAR-4 antes e após a exposição de docetaxel. Através da anotação manual dos genes mais diferencialmente expressos, foram selecionados os genes EGR1, XAF1, TARP e WNT5A para validação por PCR em Tempo Real (qRT-PCR). A plataforma Human WNT Signaling Pathway RT2 Profiler(TM) PCR Array (PCR Array) foi utilizada para avaliar o efeito da overexpressão de PAR-4 e do tratamento de docetaxel na expressão de genes das vias canônica e não canônica do WNT. A expressão positiva do gene WNT5A nas células MCF7pcPAR4 em relação a MCF7pcNEO foi confirmada por qRT-PCR na ausença e presença do tratamento com docetaxel. O gene EGR1 apresentou regulação positiva significativa na técnica de qRT-PCR na ausência de tratamento, porém não apresenta o mesmo perfil de expressão observado no ensaio de transcriptoma. O gene XAF1 apresentou regulação negativa nas células MCF7pcPAR4 quando comparadas com as células MCF7pcNEO na ausência e presença de docetaxel, com tendência a validação na ausência de tratamento e de não validação na presença de docetaxel. Foi observado o aumento significativo da expressão de TARP nas células MCF7pcPAR4 por qRT-PCR na ausência e presença de docetaxel, porém esses achados não confirmam os resultados obtidos no transcriptoma. Em nossos dados de PCR Array na comparação MCF7pcPAR4 vs MCF7pcNEO antes do tratamento, encontramos diferença de expressão significativa (p < 0,005) em 9 genes. Sendo que, os genes CDKN2A, EGR1, FGF7, IL6 e TWIST apresentaram expressão positiva e os genes NTRK2, SOX2, SOX9 e WISP1 tiveram expressão negativa. Na comparação na presença de docetaxel observamos que os genes CACNAD2A3, GDF5, IL6, FGF7, LEF1 e TWIST apresentaram regulação positiva e FST apresentou regulação negativa com significância estatística (p < 0,005). Dos 84 genes da plataforma PCR array foram observados 21 e 14 genes comuns entre ambas às técnicas na ausência e presença de docetaxel, respectivamente. Na ausência de docetaxel 16 genes apresentaram o mesmo perfil de expressão, dentre estes a regulação positiva de GJA1, IGF1, IGF2, LEF1, MMP2, PDGFRA, PTGS2 e TWIST, associadas á regulação negativa de CDH1, JAG1, NTRK2 sugerem ativação da via WNT/?-catenina. Enquanto, a expressão de DAB2, WNT5A, FZD7 e RUNX2 indica inativação dessa via. Na presença do tratamento 6 genes apresentaram o mesmo perfil de expressão. Dentre estes, a regulação positiva de CTGF, DAB2 e EGR1 sugerem inativação da via WNT/beta-catenina. Por outro lado, a expressão positiva de FGF20, LEF1 e PDGFRA sugerem que via WNT/beta-catenina estaria ativa. Neste estudo, podemos mostrar que PAR-4 modula genes da via de sinalização WNT. Porém, mais experimentos serão necessários para verificar quais mecanismos estão envolvidos e de que forma isso reflete na quimiossensibilidade a drogas / PAWR (Prostate Apoptosis Response-4) also known as PAR-4 is a pro-apoptotic gene identified in prostate cancer cells when exposed to apoptotic stimuli. PAR-4 expression can increase sensitivity of cells to apoptosis, including breast cancer cells. Our laboratory performed transcriptome profiling (unpublished data), with the aim of analyzing differentially expressed genes associated with chemosensitivity to docetaxel in transfected MCF-7 cells with PAR-4 expression plasmid (MCF7pcPAR4) and with empty vector (MCF7pcNEO) before and after treatment with docetaxel. To assess the interaction between the differentially expressed genes functional gene networks were generated using the IPA Ingenuity® software. Networks generated containing genes directly or indirectly related with the WNT signaling pathway (Wingless-Type MMTV Integration 1) were highlighted. The present study aims to validate the differentially expressed genes identified in MCF-7 cells with different PAR-4 expression before and after exposure of docetaxel. By manual annotation of the genes most differentially expressed, the genes EGR1, XAF1, TARP and WNT5A were selected to be validated by quantitative real time PCR (qRT-PCR). The platform WNT Signaling Pathway Human RT2 Profiler (TM) PCR Array (Array PCR) was used to evaluate the effect of PAR-4 overexpression and docetaxel treatment in gene expression of canonical and noncanonical WNT pathways. The positive expression of WNT5A in MCF7pcPAR4 cells relative to MCF7pcNEO was confirmed by qRT-PCR in the presence and absence of docetaxel. The EGR1 gene showed significant upregulation in the qRT-PCR in the absence of treatment, but showed a different expression profile of the one observed in the transcriptome assay. The XAF1 showed a negative regulation in MCF7pcPAR4 cells when compared with MCF7pcNEO cells in the absence and presence of docetaxel, showing a similar trend in the absence of treatment but opposed trend in the presence of docetaxel. It was observed a significant increase in TARP expression in MCF7pcPAR4 cells by qRT-PCR in the absence and presence of docetaxel, but these findings do not confirm the results of the transcriptome. PCR Array data of MCF7pcPAR4 vs MCF7pcNEO comparison before treatment, showed a significant expression difference in nine genes (p < 0.005). The genes CDKN2A, EGR1, FGF7, IL6 and TWIST showed positive expression and the genes NTRK2, SOX2, SOX9 and WISP1 had negative expression. In the presence of docetaxel it was observed that the genes CACNAD2A3, GDF5, IL6, FGF7, LEF1 and TWIST showed upregulation and FST downregulation with statistical significance (p < 0.005). From 84 genes of the platform PCR array we observed 21 and 14 common genes between both techniques in the absence and presence docetaxel, respectively. In the absence of docetaxel 16 genes showed similar expression profile, among them the upregulation of GJA1, IGF1, IGF2, LEF1, MMP2, PDGFRA, PTGS2 and TWIST, together with downregulation of CDH1, JAG1, NTRK2 suggest activation of the WNT/beta-catenin pathway. While the expression of DAB2, WNT5A, FZD7 and RUNX2 indicates inactivation of this pathway. In the presence of treatment six genes showed the same expression profile. Among these, the upregulation of CTGF, DAB2 EGR1 suggest the inactivation of Wnt/beta-catenin pathway. On the other hand, positive expression of FGF20, LEF1 and PDGFRA suggests that Wnt/beta-catenin would be active. In this study, we show that PAR-4 modulates genes of the WNT signaling pathway. However, more experiments are needed to clarify the role of WNT canonical and non-canonical pathways and how this reflects on drug chemosensitivity

La formation de la jonction neuromusculaire des vertébrés (JNM), une synapse cholinergique périphérique entre les motoneurones et les fibres musculaires squelettiques repose sur la reconnaissance et l’apposition précise des motoneurones présynaptiques sur leurs cibles musculaires postsynaptiques. Les données de la littérature montrent que les morphogènes Wnt agissent comme des régulateurs clés de la formation de la JNM. Cependant, l'identité précise des Wnts, leur collaboration et les mécanismes moléculaires de la signalisation Wnt régissant la formation de la JNM restent encore incompris. A la JNM, la transduction du signal Wnt s’effectue par l'intermédiaire de l’interaction des Wnt soit avec le complexe formé par le récepteur tyrosine kinase MuSK et la lipoprotéine Lrp4 ou les récepteurs classiques Frizzled (Fzd). Dans cette thèse, nous avons étudié les mécanismes moléculaires de la formation de la JNM médiés par les Wnts. Nous avons montré que Wnt4 et Wn11 sont nécessaires pour l’étape indépendante du nerf de prepatterning musculaire, caractérisée par l’agrégation des récepteurs de l’acétylcholine (RACh) dans des domaines discrets de la surface du muscle où la future synapse va se former, via l'activation différentielle des voies canonique et polarité cellulaire planaire (PCP). De plus, Fzd3 et Vangl2, deux composantes essentielles de la voie PCP, sont accumulées à la JNM et sont impliquées distinctement dans la formation de la JNM, Fzd3 étant nécessaire à la croissance des axones moteurs alors que Vangl2 joue un rôle dans l’agrégation du RACh et la restriction de la croissance des axones moteurs une fois leur cible musculaire atteinte. Pour étudier le rôle fonctionnel de l'interaction Wnt/MuSK, nous avons généré une souris transgénique délétée du domaine de liaison de MuSK aux Wnts (CRD, domaine riche en cystéines). Nous avons démontré que l'absence du CRD de MuSK affecte la formation de la JNM dès l’étape deprepatterning jusqu’à la maintenance de la JNM chez l’adulte, aboutissant à un phénotype pathogène. De plus, nous avons montré que le lithium, un inhibiteur réversible de la glycogène synthase kinase-3 restaure les défauts de formation de la JNM chez les embryons mutants et pourrait constituer un nouveau réactif thérapeutique pour le traitement des maladies neuromusculaires liées à une déficience de la voie de signalisation Wnt/MuSK. / Formation of the vertebrate neuromuscular junction (NMJ), a peripheral cholinergic synapse between motoneurons and skeletal muscle fibers relies on the accurate recognition and apposition of presynaptic motoneurons on postsynaptic muscle target. Recently, a growing body of evidence indicates that Wnt morphogens act as key regulators of NMJ formation. Yet, the specific Wnts identity, their collaborative function and the downstream molecular mechanisms of Wnt signaling regulating NMJ formation still remain elusive. At the NMJ, Wnt ligands transduce their signal through interaction of either the receptor complex formed by the muscle specific tyrosine kinase MuSK and the low density lipoprotein (Lrp) Lrp4 or the classical frizzled receptors. In this thesis, we have investigated the molecular mechanisms of Wnt-induced NMJ formation. We found that both Wnt4 and Wn11 are required for the nerve-independent muscle prepatterning step, characterized by acetylcholine receptor (AChR) aggregation in discrete domains of the muscle surface where the synapse will form, via differential activation of either canonical and/or planar cell polarity (PCP) pathways. Moreover, Fzd3 and Vangl2, two core components of the PCP pathway, are accumulated at the developing NMJ and play distinct roles in NMJ formation, with Fz3 required for motor axon growth and Vangl2 involved in AChR clustering and motor axon growth restriction within the target field. To further study the functional role of Wnt/MuSK interaction, we generated a transgenic mice deleted from MuSK Wnt binding domain (CRD, cysteine rich domain). We demonstrated that the absence of MuSK CRD affected NMJ formation from the prepatterning step to NMJ maintenance in adult leading to a pathogenic phenotype. Moreover, we found that lithium, a reversible inhibitor of the glycogen synthase kinase-3 fully rescued NMJ defects in mutant embryos and therefore may constitutes a novel therapeutic reagent for the treatment of neuromuscular disorders linked to Wnt/MuSK signaling pathway deficiency.

La protéine O-fucosyltransférase 1 (POFUT1) réticulaire, dont le gène est localisé dans la région chromosomique 20q11.21 chez l’Homme, catalyse le transfert d’un fucose qui sera O-lié sur la sérine ou la thréonine présente dans la séquence consensus (C2X4S/TC3), portée par un domaine EGF-like d’une glycoprotéine membranaire ou sécrétée. Le knockdown de Pofut1 (Po -) dans la lignée myoblastique murines C2C12 conduit à la formation de myotubes allongés et minces, à faible nombre de noyaux ainsi qu’à une sous-expression du marqueur myogénique tardif Myf6, suggérant des défauts significatifs dans la fusion secondaire. La signalisation NFATc2/IL-4 est décrite comme la voie principale associée à cette étape. Nous montrons que la moindre expression de Nfatc2 dans les myotubes Po - est corrélée à une baisse de l'IL-4 sécrétée et à une faible quantité de son récepteur (IL-4Rα) présent chez les cellules de réserve qui doivent participer à la fusion avec les myotubes naissants. La neutralisation de l’IL-4Rα sur les C2C12 sauvages provoque des défauts d'accrétion myonucléaire, semblables à ceux observés pour les Po -. Ainsi, POFUT1 pourrait être un nouveau médiateur de la croissance des myotubes au cours du processus myogénique, notamment par la signalisation NFATc2/IL-4. La glycoprotéine WIF1, cible potentielle de POFUT1, est un antagoniste de la signalisation WNT via sa fixation aux protéines WNT. Cette voie est connue pour être impliquée dans la prolifération et la différenciation des myoblastes. Néanmoins, aucune donnée ne concerne le rôle de WIF1 dans le processus myogénique. Par un apport exogène de WIF1, nous avons montré l’augmentation de la prolifération et l’altération de la différenciation myoblastique des C2C12. Lors de la prolifération, une augmentation de l’expression de Myf5 et une diminution de MyoG sont observées. A 7 jours de différenciation, les myotubes Po - ont un diamètre plus petit que les myotubes sauvages et ils sont plus nombreux à avoir un faible nombre de noyaux, traduisant des défauts de fusion. Nous démontrons pour la première fois, l’implication de la protéine WIF1 dans le processus myogénique. Récemment, POFUT1 a aussi été proposé comme nouveau biomarqueur pour certains cancers, mais pas évalué dans le cancer colorectal (CCR). Nous avons donc collecté des données issues de 626 tumeurs et 51 tissus adjacents non tumoraux disponibles dans FireBrowse, celles de lignées cellulaires cancéreuses colorectales et de prélèvements tumoraux provenant du Centre de Ressources Biologiques du CHU de Limoges. Une surexpression de POFUT1 est observée dès le stade I, majoritairement due à une amplification de la région 20q11.21. Elle est significativement associée aux adénocarcinomes non mucineux et à une localisation rectale. De plus, l’expression de POFUT1 est corrélée à celles des récepteurs NOTCH ainsi qu’au processus métastatique, probablement par activation de la voie NOTCH. A ce titre, POFUT1 pourrait être considéré comme un nouveau biomarqueur pour le diagnostic du CCR. / The ER protein O-fucosyltransferase 1 (POFUT1), whose gene is located at the 20q11.21 chromosomic region in humans, catalyzes O-linked fucose addition to serine or threonine present in the consensus sequence (C2X4S/TC3) carried by EGF-like domain of membrane or secreted glycoprotein. Pofut1 knockdown (Po -) in murine myoblast C2C12 cell line leads to formation of elongated and thin myotubes, with a low number of nuclei and to downexpression of the late myogenic marker Myf6, suggesting significant defects in secondary fusion. NFATc2/IL-4 signaling is described as the main pathway associated to this step. We showed that the slightest expression of Nfatc2 in Po - myotubes is correlated with a decrease in IL-4 secretion and a lower quantity of IL 4Rα in reserve cells, which had to fuse with nascent myotubes. IL-4Rα neutralization on wild-type C2C12 causes myonuclear accretion defects, similar to those observed in Po -. Then, POFUT1 could be a new mediator of myotube growth during myogenic process, particularly through NFATc2/IL-4 signaling. The glycoprotein WIF1, potential POFUT1 target, is an antagonist of WNT signaling via its binding to WNT proteins. This pathway is involved in proliferation and differentiation of myoblasts. However, no data are available on WIF1 role in the myogenic process. Through exogenous WIF1 treatment, we showed a proliferation increase and a myoblast differentiation impairment in C2C12. During proliferation, increase in Myf5 and decrease in MyoG expressions are observed. At 7 days of differentiation, Po - myotubes have a smaller diameter than wild-type ones and are more numerous to have a small number of nuclei, reflecting fusion defects. For the first time, we demonstrate the involvement of WIF1 in the myogenic process. Recently, POFUT1 was proposed to be a new biomarker for several cancers, but not evaluated in colorectal cancer (CRC). We used data from 626 tumors and 51 adjacent non-tumor tissues available at FireBrowse, colorectal cancer cell lines and tumor samples from the Biological Resource Centre of Limoges hospital. A POFUT1 overexpression is observed from stage I, mainly due to amplification of 20q11.21 region. It is significantly associated to non-mucinous adenocarcinoma and to rectum location. Moreover, POFUT1 expression is correlated with those of NOTCH receptors as well as the metastatic process, probably by activation of the NOTCH pathway. POFUT1 could therefore be considered as a new biomarker for CRC diagnosis.

Les maladies coronariennes sont l'une des principales causes de décès dans le monde. Comment les artères coronaires sont modelées et quelles sont les molécules de signalisation qui régissent ce processus, sont des mécanismes mal compris. Dans la première partie de ma thèse, j'ai identifié le modulateur de signalisation Wnt Rspo3 comme un régulateur crucial de la formation de l'artère coronaire dans le cœur en développement. Rspo3 est spécifiquement exprimé autour des branches coronaires à des moments critiques dans leur développement. L'ablation temporelle de Rspo3 conduit à une diminution de la signalisation de β-caténine et à une réduction de la prolifération spécifique des artères. En conséquence, les branches coronariennes sont défectueuses et l'arbre artériel ne se forme pas correctement. Ces résultats identifient un mécanisme par lequel l'expression localisée de RSPO3 induit la prolifération des artères coronaires à leurs branches permettant leur formation. Le traitement des patients qui se remettent d'un infarctus du myocarde (IM) est difficile car les cardiomyocytes ont une capacité très limitée à régénérer le cœur endommagé. La voie de signalisation de l'acide rétinoïque (AR) est essentielle pour le développement cardiaque et joue un rôle protecteur dans les cœurs endommagés. Pour la deuxième partie de ma thèse, j'ai utilisé une nouvelle lignée rapportrice de l’AR et j'ai observé une réponse spécifique des cardiomyocytes. L'ablation de la signalisation de l’AR par délétion génétique des enzymes Raldh1/2/3 entraîne une augmentation de l'apoptose myocytaire à la fin du développement tardif et après l'IM. Le séquençage des ARNs des cardiomyocytes primaires révèle que le traitement à l’AR réprime l'expression de Ace1, indiquant un nouveau lien entre la signalisation AR et le système Rénine Angiotensine dans le contexte de la réparation cardiaque. / Coronary heart disease is one of the leading causes of death worldwide. How coronary arteries are remodeled and the signaling molecules that govern this process are poorly understood. For the first part of my thesis, I have identified the Wnt-signaling modulator Rspo3 as a crucial regulator of coronary artery formation in the developing heart. Rspo3 is specifically expressed around the coronary stems at critical time-points in their development. Temporal ablation of Rspo3 leads to decreased β-catenin signaling and a reduction in arterial-specific proliferation. As a result, the coronary stems are defective and the arterial tree does not form properly. These results identify a mechanism through which localized expression of RSPO3 induces proliferation of the coronary arteries at their stems and permits their formation. Treating patients recovering from myocardial infarction (MI) is difficult since cardiomyocytes have a very limited capacity to proliferate and regenerate the damaged heart. The Retinoic Acid (RA) signaling pathway is essential for cardiac development and plays a protective role in damaged hearts. For the second part of my thesis, I have utilized a novel RA reporter line and I have observed a cardiomyocyte-specific response. Ablation of RA signaling through genetic deletion of the Raldh1/2/3 enzymes leads to increased myocyte apoptosis both during late development and after MI. RNA sequencing analysis of primary cardiomyocytes reveals atRA treatment represses Ace1 expression, providing a novel link between RA signaling and the Renin Angiotensin System in the context of heart repair.

Osteoclast-mediated focal articular bone erosion is a hallmark of rheumatoid arthritis, a disease of inflammation-induced bone loss. Inflammation in the bone microenvironment enhances osteoclast differentiation leading to bone erosion. Simultaneously, inflammation also inhibits osteoblast-mediated bone formation, further contributing to the net loss of bone. Previous studies have shown a paucity of mature osteoblasts at eroded bone surfaces correlating with suppression of bone formation and upregulation of antagonists of the Wnt pathway, a signaling cascade essential for osteoblast lineage commitment. Despite these observations, the exact pathogenesis of impaired bone formation in the setting of inflammation is not clearly understood. This dissertation aims to delineate the mechanisms by which inflammation suppresses osteoblast differentiation and activity in inflammatory arthritis. Specifically, this research elucidates how inflammation-induced alterations in the Wnt and bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) osteogenic signaling pathways contribute to bone loss and formation at distinct inflammatory microenvironments within the bone. Secondly, the means by which cellular mediators, including lymphocytes and macrophages, facilitate bone erosion and formation was addressed. Taken together, the research in this dissertation underscores the relationship between inflammation-induced bone loss and alterations in osteogenic signaling. Using an innovative murine inflammatory arthritis model, this study definitively demonstrates that resolving inflammation promotes osteoblast-mediated bone formation. Repair of erosions correlates with upregulation of synovial expression of Wnt10b, a Wnt agonist, and downregulation of sFRP1 and sFRP2, Wnt antagonists. This work also directly evaluates the contribution of sFRP1 to inflammation-induced bone destruction. Furthermore, this research demonstrates that expression of BMP3, a negative regulator of BMP signaling, is upregulated in osteoblasts by IL-17, a pro-inflammatory cytokine. BMP3-expressing osteoblasts are also observed at erosion sites in murine arthritis. Lastly, evaluation of the mediators of inflammation-induced periosteal bone formation implicates BMP2 as a means by which inflammation may positively regulate osteoblast function. This dissertation further elucidates the role of T cells and macrophages in the erosion and formation processes, respectively. In the absence of lymphocytes, bone erosion occurred normally, demonstrating that RANKL-expressing lymphocytes are not absolutely required for the bone erosion. Preliminary studies also suggest that M2 macrophages are potential mediators of bone formation via the expression of BMP2. In conclusion, this dissertation explores the ability of inflammation to act as a rheostat, which controls the fate of bone by modulating not only osteoclast differentiation, but also osteogenic signaling pathways and cellular mediators in the bone microenvironment. The soluble mediators and cell types identified in this research highlight novel mechanisms by which inflammation may regulate osteoblast activity within the bone microenvironment. Collectively, these data imply that strict control of inflammation may be necessary in order to create an anabolic environment that preserves bone architecture in diseases of inflammation-induced bone loss.

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