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The study utilizes Labour Force Surveys (LFS) for Barbados, Dominica, and St. Lucia for selected periods within 1996 – 2004 to analyse the themes of private rates of returns to the individual investment in education; and inter-industry wage structure and the subthemes of public sector pay premium and the gender pay gap. The interval coded nature of the earnings data reported in the LFS, requires the use of an interval regression model estimated by maximum likelihood techniques. A key empirical finding in the study is that the Eastern Caribbean labour market places a relatively high valuation on formally acquired post-primary human capital assets. The industrial wage structure in the selected countries reflects the effects of recent trade policy changes in regard to agriculture. The overall inter-industry wage dispersion was found to be high in Dominica and St. Lucia, remaining relatively constant in the two periods in the latter country. In Barbados the inter-industry wage structure was substantial but unlike the other countries expanded over time. The study finds the ceteris paribus public sector pay premium in the recent past has improved for women and is relatively large and suggests public sector workers are securing a high rent through employment in this sector. A gender pay gap in the range of 14 percent – 20 percent is detected and in Dominica there is also evidence of a sizeable ethnic pay disadvantage for male members of the island's indigenous population. In all respects the outcomes for the selected countries follow a clear pattern that mirrors the findings in the empirical literature on the Caribbean.

This diploma thesis deals with the topic of overtime work and consequent entitlements for employees. It also focuses on the working hours institute in general, as the basis for determining overtime. It deals not only with the limits and conditions of overtime work, but also with overtime in different working hours regimes as well as overtime work of specific groups of employees. The aim of the thesis is to summarize the Czech legislation of the overtime institute, while evaluating the jurisprudence dealing with this issue. The thesis is divided into five chapters. The first chapter outlines the historical development not only of overtime work itself, but also of working hours as an institute directly related to overtime. In view of the Czech Republic's membership in the European Union, there can not be omitted the view of overtime work in terms of EU legislation, where Directive 2003/88 / EC is the key rule governing working hours and overtime. The second chapter deals with the working hours institute and describes the different ways of its layout. It also summarizes night work and on-call time, the legal regulations of which make it problematic, and employees often come to a dispute with employer about the uncertainty of remuneration. The third chapter deals with the overtime work itself as the...

This thesis explores the politics and consequences of road construction for local populations and migrant road workers in Ladakh. Through a political ecology framework, I consider road construction as the transformation of an environment in which different agents act through specific socio-political arrangements and for purposes that are socially and culturally mediated. Based on ethnographic fieldwork conducted in remote villages and among groups of Nepali and Jharkhandi road workers in Ladakh, the thesis documents the case of the Zanskar Highway, a 292 km long trans- Himalayan road that has been under construction since the 1970s. It analyses the reasons why states build roads, nationally and more specifically in the contested landscape of Ladakh; why people want roads; how people negotiate roads and their trajectory; and what the consequences of roads and road construction are in terms of mobility, isolation, resource use, livelihoods and well-being. In the thesis, I question the roads-development nexus, and argue that the reasons why states build roads are extremely diverse and have changed over time. I argue that road construction is a highly political process determined by conflicting motivations and perceptions. I also argue that the consequences of roads are complex, often ambiguous and region-specific, and that gains and losses that occur because of roads and their construction are unequally distributed, within and between local and migrant populations. The research makes an original contribution to road studies by studying the political, socio-economic and symbolic consequences of both roads and the process of their construction for the populations that live near new roads and those who build them. It also links ex-ante with ex-post road studies by looking at what happens during the process of construction. Finally, it contributes to Ladakh studies by documenting the history of road construction in the region and providing the first study of migrants in Ladakh.

The aim of this thesis is to investigate the reasons for the growth of large scale labour migration from Ratnagiri district during the nineteenth century. It is argued firstly that for an understanding of the origins of migration from Ratnagiri it is necessary to investigate the socio-economic structure of the district, since exogenous demand for labour cannot explain many aspects of the pattern of migration from Ratnagiri, nor can it explain the high rate of migration compared to other areas with similar access to labour markets. It is argued that regional and gender patterns of migration from Ratnagiri can be partly explained by the structure of demand for labour within the district; but that the scale of migration can most convincingly be explained in terms of the acute poverty of sections of the rural population. It is argued that this poverty cannot be ascribed to demographic pressure in the early nineteenth century, since population in the district did not rise rapidly until migration was already underway. It is instead suggested that the poverty of many cultivators in the earlier nineteenth century was an outcome of the spread of a village zamindari system in Ratnagiri during the late eighteenth century, the impact of which was intensified by legal changes introduced under British rule; the consequent concentration of landholding in the hands of the village zamindars led to higher exactions on the lower caste cultivators, which stimulated emigration in the mid nineteenth century. Furthermore, it is suggested that the land tenure system was at the root of the problems of agricultural development which the district faced later in the nineteenth century. When population rose In the mid nineteenth century, the extension of cultivation put pressure on the fragile ecology of the district, which led to rapid deforestation and falling yields per acre. it is argued that though cultivation intensified In Ratnagiri during the later nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, the output per head nonetheless probably fell, and the system of land tenure discouraged the adoption of many strategies which might have raised output per head, thus perpetuating the poverty which, it is argued, lay at the root of out-migration from Ratnagiri.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:36:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 FabianaEB_DISSERT.pdf: 1032914 bytes, checksum: b64bf8dc15c6d6d50b23ea31638b16a7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-02-07 / This work, named Teaching conditions: a study in municipal schools of Currais Novos RN (2009 to 2012) aims to analyze the status of teaching in schools in the municipality of Currais Novos RN in the period ranging from 2009 - 2012, considering infrastructure, initial and continued training and intensification and casualization of teaching factors in the context of the 1990s educational reformations. It, also, assumes that teaching is a constitutive part of capitalist society, and has been reconfigured with based on the new requirements demanded by the labor market. In order to conduct this study the considered data included the survey research Teaching Work in Basic Education in Brazil (2009 to 2010) , held in seven Brazilian states being: Par?, Rio Grande do Norte, Minas Gerais, Goi?s, Paran?, Santa Catarina and Esp?rito Santo. Specifically selected for deepening of the study, there were schools in the municipality of Currais Novos in which semi-structured interviews were performed with teachers of the said municipality. This research is constituted of a qualitative and quantitative approach whose survey instruments adopted were, namely: documental research, literature review, interviews and surveys. The obtained data analysis allows us to infer that the teaching work performed by teachers in the states which participated in the survey has been influenced the changes in the labor market and educational reformations and has been taking on characteristics such as flexibility, tendency to precariousness and intensification; and this trend is also present in schools that were surveyed in the municipality of Currais Novos. As pertaining to the teachers conditions in classroom, these signs are more evident, considering that they had their duties and responsibilities extended beyond the classroom environment. The data also show that in general working conditions of teachers in national, state and local levels are unprofitable and heterogeneous, increasingly deepening the gap between school units and education networks. Therefore, the implantation of public policies that enhance the teaching work and improve their working conditions in all dimensions that directly interfere in their work are crucial / O estudo denominado As condi??es do trabalho docente: um estudo em escolas da rede municipal de Currais Novos-RN (2009 - 2012) tem como objetivo analisar a configura??o do trabalho docente em escolas da rede Municipal de Currais Novos-RN, entre os anos de 2009 2012, considerando as dimens?es da infraestrutura, da forma??o inicial e continuada e da intensifica??o e precariza??o do trabalho docente, no contexto das reformas educacionais da d?cada de 1990. Parte do pressuposto que o trabalho docente ? parte constitutiva da sociedade capitalista tendo sido redimensionado a partir das novas exig?ncias postas pelo mundo do trabalho. Para realiza??o da pesquisa foram considerado os dados da pesquisa survey denominada Trabalho Docente na Educa??o b?sica no Brasil, ( 2009 - 2010), realizada em sete estados brasileiros sendo eles: Par?, Rio Grande do Norte, Minas Gerais, Goi?s, Paran?, Santa Catarina e Esp?rito Santo. Especificamente para o aprofundamento desse estudo foram selecionadas escolas no munic?pio de Currais Novos nas quais foram realizadas entrevistas semiestruturadas com 12 professores (regentes de sala de aula) do referido munic?pio. A pesquisa se insere em uma abordagem de cunho qualitativo e quantitativo e os instrumentos de pesquisa adotados foram: pesquisa documental, revis?o bibliogr?fica, entrevistas e o question?rio. A an?lise dos dados nos permite inferir que o trabalho docente dos professores dos estados que participaram da pesquisa vem sofrendo a influ?ncia das mudan?as no mundo do trabalho e das reformas educacionais e tem assumindo caracter?sticas como a flexibiliza??o, precariza??o e intensifica??o e essa tend?ncia tamb?m est? presente nas escolas que foram pesquisadas no munic?pio de Currais Novos. No que se refere ?s condi??es dos professores de sala de aula, esses ind?cios s?o mais acentuados, tendo em vista que tiveram suas fun??es e compet?ncias ampliadas para al?m da sala de aula. Os dados evidenciam ainda que, de modo geral, as condi??es de trabalho dos docentes em ?mbito nacional, estadual e local s?o deficit?rias e heterog?neas, aprofundando cada vez a dist?ncia entre unidades escolares e redes de ensino. Dessa forma, ? importante que sejam implementadas pol?ticas p?blicas que valorizem o trabalhador docente e melhorem suas condi??es de trabalho em todas as dimens?es que interferem diretamente no seu trabalho

Drawing on workplace ethnography at a farm in the East of England and interviews with former participants on the UK's temporary foreign worker programme, the Seasonal Agricultural Workers Scheme, this thesis contributes to understanding of the everyday work and living experiences of migrant workers in UK horticulture. In particular, it assesses the influence of supermarket-driven supply chains and of immigration status on these experiences. This thus reveals a labour process which is strongly shaped by structural factors, yet workers' agency is also shown to play an important part. The analysis is organised around working and living spaces. It first explores the living spaces of the camp in which migrant workers were required to reside as a result of the conditions attached to the Seasonal Agricultural Workers Scheme. Such conditions, it is argued, give rise to both social and physical enclosure and thus to employers' control of migrant workers. Secondly, the thesis focuses on everyday work spaces, illustrating how migrants' work efforts are influenced by two features of production operating in UK food supply chains: just in time and total quality control. The role of surveillance and technology are shown to be important in habituating migrants' bodies and their work efforts. The analysis of spaces of work also reveals how the piece rate form of payment and uncertainty over rates of pay are used to gain workers' consent and intensification of work effort. Moreover, it contributes to understanding of the bodily effects of that effort. The thesis further explores leisure and consumption spaces away from the camp. These can be sites of stigma, racism and exclusion and simultaneously reveal the working of a transnational social field. The analysis of these spaces provides evidence of how immigration status and nationality can shape both migrants' own identities and how others perceive them.

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L’opera analizza l’evoluzione del contratto di lavoro a tempo parziale nell’ordinamento europeo e italiano. In Italia successivamente a una fase pionieristica la prima regolamentazione legislativa, l. n. 864 1983, lascia aperti numerosi problemi interpretativi. L’ordinamento europeo tenta di superare la mancanza di una specifica regolamentazione a protezione del lavoro part-time, basandosi sul principio della parità di retribuzione tra uomini e donne, come affermato dalla Corte di giustizia. Infine il part time è regolato dalla Direttiva 97/81, che da un lato rappresenta l’apice del Dialogo sociale europeo, dall’altro è tra gli istituti su cui la Strategia europea per l’occupazione fa affidamento, soprattutto per aumentare il tasso di presenza femminile al lavoro. Successivamente, la legge n. 61/2000 traspone la direttiva nell’ordinamento italiano. A partire da allora in un’ ottica di favorire l’incremento del part time, alcune clausole subiscono numerose modifiche, che oscillano tra delega alla contrattazione collettiva e all’autonomia individuale. L’incremento del part time nel corso degli ultimi anni, anche a seguito della crisi, è rappresentato da part timers involontari, che accettano questo contratto soltanto in mancanza di un impiego a tempo pieno. Infine si compie un’analisi circa i futuri sviluppi della normativa sul tempo parziale. Più nello specifico, la perenne tensione tra contrattazione collettiva e autonomia individuale, entrambe indispensabili, dovrebbe tendere ad un nuovo equilibrio regolativo. Inoltre le auspicate modifiche legislative in ordine a un pieno diritto al part time, non potranno ignorare, in un’ ottica funzionale, una armonizzazione con le regole in tema di aspettative e permessi. / The study focuses on part-time work evolution in the European and Italian systems. After a pioneering phase, the first legislative regulation in Italy, law n. 864/1983, raises a number of interpretation problems. The European System attempts to overcome the lack of a specific regulation to protect part-time work by relying on the principle of equal pay for men and women as stated by the European Court of Justice. In the end, part-time is regulated by Directive 97 /81 which, on the one hand, represents the success of the European social dialogue and, on the other hand, is one of the most important means to increase the number of women in the work market according to the European Employment Strategy. At a later stage, the law n . 61/2000 transposes the Directive into the Italian system. Since then, in a perspective of increasing part-time, some clauses in Italy undergo numerous changes which specifically range from delegation to collective bargaining and to the individual autonomy. The increased number of part-timers in recent years, partly as a result of the economic crisis, is represented by the involuntary part-timer workers, which accept contracts only in the absence of full time employment. In the end, the study anticipates future developments in part-time work regulation. More specifically, the constant tension between individual autonomy and collective bargaining, which are both crucial, should tend to a new regulative equilibrium. In addition, future advocated legislative changes related to a full right to part-time should not ignore, in a functional perspective, the harmonization with the rules regarding leaves of absences and other permitted absences.

La presente tesi si focalizza sullo studio delle determinanti e delle conseguenze del rischio sul lavoro e degli incidenti occupazionali nel mercato del lavoro. Il primo contributo (Capitolo 1) fornisce una rassegna critica all'interno di un quadro di analisi armonizzato allo scopo di evidenziare le debolezze della letteratura teorica ed empirica, che si occupa di rischio sul lavoro e dei incidenti occupazionali. Nell’ indagare le determinanti degli incidenti sul lavoro (Capitolo 2), si analizza il ruolo delle condizioni di lavoro e della sicurezza sul posto di lavoro nel ridurre la probabilità di un infortunio e la durata della relativa assenza, tema inesplorato nella limitata letteratura empirica. I nostri risultati forniscono evidenze cross-country che una maggiore sicurezza contribuisce a ridurre la probabilità che un incidente si verifichi e le corrispondenti conseguenze, in termini di giorni di assenza per infortunio. Particolare attenzione viene posta nel considerare il ruolo delle regolamentazioni sulla sicurezza e delle pratiche di organizzazione del lavoro. Il Capitolo 3 studia le conseguenze degli infortuni. Ci si concentra a determinare come un incidente possa influenzare i costi sostenuti dal lavoratori, vale a dire una riduzione delle probabilità di occupazione e perdite salariali, sia nel breve sia lungo periodo. Utilizzando i dati BHPS, si trova che, nel breve periodo, uno stato di infortunio, in seguito ad un incidente occupazionale, porta ad una maggiore probabilità di perdere il lavoro; nel lungo periodo, i lavoratori infortunati possono subire consistenti perdite salariali che possono essere evitate se il lavoratore è occupato nel settore pubblico o in imprese sindacalizzate. / This dissertation focuses on investigating the determinants and the consequences of risk at work and occupational accidents in the labour market. The first contribution (Chapter 1) provides a critical survey within an harmonized framework of analysis to highlight the weaknesses of the theoretical and empirical literature. In investigating the determinants of accidents at work (Chapter 2), we analyze the role of working conditions and safety at work in reducing the probability of accidents at work and the corresponding duration of absence, which is an unexplored issue in the limited empirically literature on risk at work and occupational accidents. Our findings provide cross-country evidence that more safety at work contributes to reduce the probability that an accident occurs and its consequences, in terms of days off from work. Particular attention is used in considering the role of safety at work regulations and of work organization practices. Chapter 3 studies the consequences of occupational injuries. We focus in determining how an accident may affect workers’ costs, namely a decline of employment probabilities and earning losses, either in the short or in the long term. Using the BHPS data, we find that, in the short term, a state of injury, following an occupational accident, leads to a higher probability of losing job; in the long term, injured workers may support significant earning losses that may vanish if they are employed in the public sector or in unionized firms.