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The recent study by Arnetz et al. (2015) concluded that hospital employees underreported incidents of workplace violence mainly because non-victims (witnesses) tended to report incidents far less often than victims. However, this conclusion is not well supported by the data in their study because of unclear definitions of violence, insufficient separation of the participants into the two groups of victims of violence and witnesses of violence, and plausible alternative explanations for the findings, as explained below.

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Thesis (MCur (Interdisciplinary Health Sciences. Nursing Science))--University of Stellenbosch, 2010. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Workplace violence in health care is a worldwide phenomenon. In nursing, the nature of workplace violence is predominantly non-physical in nature. Literature reveals the devastating consequences for the individual nurse, both physically and / or emotionally, depending on the nature of the violence. The consequences for the organisation / institution and the profession are equally devastating, manifesting in reduced standards of patient care and increased attrition from the profession. The pervasiveness of this problem indicates that to date, remedial and protective measures have been unsuccessful. However, most of the research done on workplace violence in nursing has been conducted amongst qualified nurses. The purpose of this study was to investigate the extent of workplace violence, targeting student nurses in clinical areas. The setting was the Western Cape College of Nursing and the population was second, third and fourth-year, pre-registration students. The research objectives addressed various aspects, for example, type, prevalence, perpetrators, consequences and management of workplace violence. A quantitative research design, utilising a survey, was chosen for the study. A probability sample of n = 255 students was selected, using stratified, random sampling as the sampling method. The variables selected for stratification were gender and year of study. A self reported, anonymous questionnaire, guided by the literature review and by the research objectives, was utilised for data generation. Summary statistics were used to describe the variables, whilst distributions of variables were presented in the form of histograms and frequency tables. Where appropriate, the relationships between demographic and research variables were described, using suitable statistical analyses. The findings revealed that the perpetration of non-physical violence against student nurses is widespread, particularly that perpetrated by co-workers, more specifically registered, staff- and assistant nurses. The under reporting of workplace violence was a common finding. Student nurses suffer grave emotional consequences as a result of workplace violence. Almost half of the respondents admitted that they had considered leaving nursing due to workplace violence and that it had negatively affected their standard of patient care. The overall conclusion was that, in accordance with a worldwide trend amongst all categories of nurses, student nurses are targets of workplace violence in the clinical areas. These findings have particular implications for the management of nursing education institutions. The fact that student nurses are targeted to the extent revealed in this study indicates that existing preventive measures in the clinical areas have not been effective. The recommendations arising from this study therefore focus on equipping the vulnerable trainee with the tools to withstand workplace violence. As such, the recommendations are directed at the management of the nursing education institution, to create awareness around the problem, to empower students to confront and cope with workplace violence and to support students traumatised by workplace violence. Finally, this study suggests avenues for further research, for example, research in the same setting after implementation of the recommendations, or further research into the dynamics of workplace violence, targeting student nurses from the perspective of qualified nursing staff or patients. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Geweld in die gesondheidsdienste werksplek is ‘n wêreldwye verskynsel. In verpleging is geweld in die werksplek oorwegend nie-fisies van aard. Die literatuur wys op die ingrypende fisiese en / of emosionele gevolge vir die individuele verpleegkundige, afhangend van die aard van die geweld. Die gevolge vir die organisasie of instelling, asook vir die verpleegberoep, is eweneens ingrypend en manifesteer in verlaagde standaarde in pasiëntsorg en ‘n toename in verpleegkundiges wat die beroep verlaat. Die algemene verskynsel van die problem dui aan dat regstellende en beskermende maatreëls tot dusver onsuksesvol was. Die meeste navorsing oor geweld in verpleging is egter tot dusver onder gekwalifiseerde verpleegkundiges gedoen. Die doel van hierdie studie was om die omvang van werksplek-geweld, met studenteverpleegkundiges as teikengroep, in die kliniese areas na te vors. Die studie is by die Wes-Kaap Kollege van Verpleging uitgevoer en die populasie was al die tweede, derde en vierde-jaar, voor-registrasie studente. Die geformuleerde navorsingsdoelwitte vir die studie het verskeie aspekte aangespreek, soos byvoorbeeld, tipe, frekwensie, die uitvoerders van geweld, gevolge en die hantering van werksplek-geweld. ‘n Kwantitatiewe navorsingsontwerp, met gebruikmaking van ’n opname, is vir die studie geselekteer. ‘n Waarskynlikheidsteekproef van n = 255 studente is deur middel van gestratifiseerde, ewekansige steekproefneming geselekteer. Geslag en jaar van studie was as die veranderlikes vir stratifikasie gekies. Die instrument vir data-insameling was ‘n self-voltooide vraelys, gebaseer op die literatuurstudie en gerig deur die navorsingsdoelwitte. Opsommende statistieke is aangewend om die veranderlikes te beskryf, terwyl die verspreidings van veranderlikes in die vorm van histogramme of frekwensie-tabelle aangebied is. Waar toepaslik, is die verhoudings tussen demografiese en navorsingsveranderlikes met behulp van toepaslike statistiese analises beskryf. Die bevindinge het onthul dat die pleeg van nie-fisiese geweld teenoor studenteverpleegkundiges algemeen voorkom, veral daardie deur mede-personeel, meer spesifiek geregistreerde, staf– en assistent verpleegundiges. Die onderrapportering van werksplek-geweld was ‘n algemene bevinding. Studenteverpleegkundiges ly aan erge emosionele gevolge, as gevolg van werksplek-geweld. Byna die helfte van die respondente het erken dat hulle oorweeg het om die beroep te verlaat en dat sodanige geweld hul standaard van pasiëntsorg negatief beinvloed het. Die oorkoepelende gevolgtrekking was dat studenteverpleegkundiges, in ooreenstemming met ‘n wêreldwye neiging onder alle kategorieë van verpleegkundiges, die teiken van werksplek-geweld in die kliniese areas is. Hierdie bevindinge hou spesifieke implikasies vir die bestuur van verpleegonderriginrigtings in. Die feit dat studenteverpleegkundiges tot die mate, soos in die studie onthul, geteiken word, het aangetoon dat bestaande voorkomende maatreëls in die kliniese areas oneffektief is. Die voorstelle vanuit hierdie studie is dus daarop gerig om die ontvanklike nuweling toe te rus om werksplek-geweld teë te staan. As sulks is die voorstelle gemik op die bestuur van die verpleegonderrig-inrigting, om bewustheid rondom die probleem te skep, om studente te bemagtig om geweld te konfronteer en te hanteer, en om studente, wat as gevolg van werksplek-geweld getraumatiseer is, te ondersteun. Laastens word moontlikhede vir verdere navorsing voorgestel, soos byvoorbeeld, navorsing in dieselfde omgewing na die implementering van die voorstelle, of verdere navorsing in die dinamika van werksplek-geweld teenoor studenteverpleegkundiges, vanuit die perspektief van gekwalifiseerde verpleegpersoneel of pasiënte.

Threats and violence, or the risk of being subjected to threats and violence in the workplace, is a major health and safety problems that exists in many professions. To be exposed to threats and violence can have serious consequences for the employee's health but also for the organization in question. The aims of this study was to investigate the prevalence of threats and violence at the Swedish Migration Board detention, and to examine whether there were health problems among employees who may be exposed to threats and violence. A web-based questionnaire was answered by 29 employees (response rate = 51 percent). The results showed that more employees had been exposed to verbal threats (66 percent), compared to physical violence (10 percent), and they showed a greater tendency to report physical violence, as opposed to verbal threats. The participants indicated that factors such as working alone, convey rejection decisions and escape attempts increased the risk of threats and violence. However, the majority of the participants reported that the preventive work, including, alarms, training and available equipment, worked fine. Further everyone reported that they received good support from colleagues when they were subjected to a threat or violent situation. Generally the employees reported that their health was good, which might partly be related to an experience that the preventions worked well at this workplace. Future research should investigate such a relationship.

The workplace, in general, has been perceived as a comparatively violence-free environment. There have been many studies conducted on workplace violence in the helping profession in health-related occupations that involve substantial contact with clients, such as pre-hospital care, emergency medicine and nursing. However, there is a paucity of research that has explored the social workers’ experiences of workplace violence in South Africa. Workplace violence inflicted on employees may come from both internal sources, such as co-workers, and clients and external sources, such as robbers or muggers. A qualitative study was conducted using semi-structured interviews with 15 social workers from the Limpopo Department of Social Development in the Waterberg District. The study endeavoured to explore the experiences of social workers regarding workplace by external parties. Seven overarching themes and a number of sub-themes emerged from a detailed Thematic Content analysis. The themes highlighted a wide range of psychosocial factors associated with workplace violence. The themes examined are, namely: psychosocial effects on social workers, workplace resources and environment, management of workplace violence and human supervision, and types of workplace violence. The main finding of the study highlighted a lack of organisational resources that contributed to workplace violence and led to frustrations experienced by clients and social workers. This report concludes with a brief discussion of the psychosocial impact of workplace violence and recommendations.

Background: Physical and verbal aggression against healthcare staff, particularly nurses is an international concern. The emergency department is seen as a high-risk area for workplace aggression. Working as a nurse in such environment is demanding and involves facing a variety of risks and threats. Aim: To highlight nurses' experiences of threatening situations at emergency departments. Method: A literature study based on qualitative articles. Eleven articles were analysed and included. Results: How the nurse experience the threatening situation defines the outcome of the consequences. The nurses' experiences can be divided into three main themes; to constantly be on your guard, unseen and unheard, vulnerable and inadequate. The feeling of fear in their working environment effected the caring of all patients. Conclusion: The experience of threatening situations is individual and can be percieved in different ways. Often a feeling of fear and insecurity emerges. The patientcare is therefore negatively affected and nurses receive little support from the hospital management. / Hotfulla situationer är ett fenomen som ökar inom samhället, vilket också återspeglas inom vården. Akutmottagningar är en plats inom sjukvården som betraktas vara ett högriskområde för hot och våld. Att arbeta som sjuksköterska på en akutmottagning gör att risken för att hamna i hotfulla situationer är stor. Hur stor förekomsten egentligen är kan vara svårdefinierad då alla händelser kanske inte alltid rapporteras. Upplevelsen i samband med hotfulla situationer kan vara individuell och uppfattas på olika sätt. Genom en litteraturbaserad studie belystes området. I studien granskades 11 kvalitativa artiklar vilket genererade i ett resultat bestående av tre teman och sju underteman. De teman som framkom var att ständigt vara på sin vakt, att inte bli sedd och hörd och att känna sig sårbar och otillräcklig. Sjuksköterskorna ansåg att de ständigt fick vara på sin vakt, då de aldrig visste när en hotfull situation kunde uppstå. När hotfulla situationer uppstod fanns det brister i stöd från verksamheten, samtidigt som avvikelserapporteringen inte skedde på ett sätt som gjorde att förekomsten kom till ledningens kännedom. Verksamheten satte in åtgärder i form av överfallslarm och säkerhetsvakter, istället för att ordna förebyggande säkerhetsåtgärder. Sjuksköterskorna ansåg att det var en brist på känslomässigt stöd från ledningen, vilket ledde till att de kände rädsla och att omvårdnaden brast när de inte ville vårda hotfulla patienter. Sjuksköterskorna upplevde att de hade det svårt att se hur de skulle kunna hantera hotfulla situationer i framtiden, de hade svårigheter att hantera sina känslor och deras privatliv påverkades negativt.

Despite the high incidence of violence directed at registered nurses while on duty, there is limited qualitative data that explores the lived experience of returning to the workplace after an assaultive incident. This phenomenological study sought to explore and analyze the phenomena of registered nurses who are employed in high-risk settings. The research questions considered the detailed descriptions of the experiences of nurses returning to the workplace. The conceptual framework was resiliency, as these participants continued to survive and thrive after the adverse assaultive events. Data were collected using in-depth interviews from purposeful sampling. Registered nurses working in the high risk areas of inpatient psychiatry and emergency departments provided detailed descriptions about the phenomena. Data management was an inductive, iterative analysis completed and facilitated by the use of NVivo 10 software program. The study found that participants had a brief emotional response post assault mitigated by the community of nursing personal from their immediate surroundings and that assault is "part of the job." Providing a true culture of safety would include enhancements to the internal community of bedside nursing practice. In addition, research is needed on interventions that can effectively enhance the internal community after assault by patients. This study contributes to positive social change by providing registered nurses, an oppressed group, and a "voice" to mitigate negative consequences associated with assault in the hospital setting.

Violence in South Africa is not only prevalent in society and the home environment, but is also present in the workplace. Although substantial research has been conducted into school violence and learner-focused, school-based violence, the study set out to determine the nature and extent of workplace violence that educators face; identify the effects and consequences of workplace violence on victims; profile educators as victims of workplace violence with specific reference to gender, age and occupational level; and determine the presence and role of policies and educator participation in managing and preventing educator-targeted violence. The comparative investigation further established difference in such experiences between private and public secondary schools. In pursuit of the objectives of the study, 274 self-administered questionnaires were delivered to three public and three private secondary schools in Gauteng after both probability and non-probability sampling methods were employed. A total of 122 completed questionnaires were returned. Using descriptive and inferential data analysis, by means of the Mann-Whitney U test and the Kruskal-Wallis H test, relationships, differences and similarities were determined. Both univariate and bivariate data are displayed in multiple formats. Evident from the results and corroborating existing literature, educators in the study reported having experienced both physical and non-physical (verbal and social) violence, although the survey findings indicate the latter to be dominant. Notably, educators are victimised by various perpetrators and the opportunity to become victimised is greatest during classes, especially in public schools. Educator-targeted violence appears to be the result of multiple interrelated contextual factors that result in a fear for personal safety and far-reaching personal and professional consequences for educators. The profile of educators as victims verified and further exposed various risk factors in terms of demographics and background. Female educators, unmarried educators, public school educators, educators working for long periods of time and educators with lower educational achievements presented greater risk of victimisation. Similarly, female educators and public school educators experienced deficits in power and control. In terms of the public and private divide, significant associations indicated that educators in public schools were more likely to experience physical violence, verbal violence, bullying and vandalism by learners thus justifying their increased likelihood of feeling threatened in the workplace, considering their school at high risk of violence, and viewing workplace violence as a serious problem. Furthermore, with a higher chance of victimisation by not being heard, favouritism and overcrowding, public school respondents were more likely to report lower levels of involvement in decision-making regarding school issues, which consequently affected their sense of power and control in the workplace and increased their risk of victimisation. The majority of respondents indicated having neither been provided with material(s) related to workplace violence nor having received training with regards to the phenomenon (in particular female respondents) therefore the researcher recommends, amongst others, an increase in training and the dissemination of information regarding workplace violence against educators, both in the school setting and among the community. / Dissertation (MSW)--University of Pretoria, 2017. / Social Work and Criminology / MSW / Unrestricted

Background: Healthcare workers are most at risk and most vulnerable toworkplace violence (WPV) when compared to other professions. Despite highrates of exposure to violence, it is highly underreported.Aim: To identify the prevalence rate of WPV and the existing demographicrelationship to WPV in the healthcare sector. To check for risk factors and healthimplications of this type of WPV on victims. Also, this research work intends tohighlight the proposed strategies and interventions that can be used to mitigateagainst this type of WPV.Methods: To achieve this aim, a literature review methodology was employed.The Malmö university library and google scholar search engines were utilizedwith several inclusion criteria to arrive at a total of 24 articles for this review.Results: Prevalence rate for WPV is high with the prevalence for non-physicalviolence being higher than physical violence. Age and years of experienceshowed a significant relationship with being a victim of WPV while gender didnot provide a conclusive result. There were few cases of physical injuries but ahigh percentage of victims of nonphysical violence suffered from psychologicaltrauma such as fear, depression, post-traumatic stress disorder - PTSD, andanxiety. Prevention strategies and interventions have been recommended byvictims and researchers of WPV.Conclusion: WPV is an existing phenomenon with adverse effects which reducethe quality of lives and services of workers. There is need for effective preventivemethods to reduce WPV such as the implementation of zero-tolerance policy toWPV, the presence of police officers in at-risk health care facilities andinvolvement of victims in the development of prevention strategies.