Esta tese é um estudo de epistemologia da história nos domínios da história econômica. Por ser um estudo de epistemologia histórica também é metodológico e historiográfico. Adotamos como objeto principal de investigação obra e pensamento do historiador francês Fernand Braudel (1902-1985). Nossa hipótese geral é a de que a disciplina de história econômica obteve com Fernand Braudel um novo significado no conjunto das ciências sociais e humanas. Já a nossa hipótese específica parte da noção de que economia mundo não se trata de um conceito comum na obra do autor, como tende a se sustentar na historiografia, mas sim de um mecanismo epistêmico dentro do conjunto braudeliano capaz não apenas de dar sentido à sua teoria histórica do capitalismo, mas fundamental para se compreender a partir da escrita estrutural associada à longa duração - a sua perspectiva de espaço-tempo nos domínios da história. Para comprovação das hipóteses apresentadas, três discussões nortearão esta pesquisa: i) a relação das disciplinas de história, economia e sua resultante, a história econômica; ii) o duelo entre a história estrutural braudeliana e o estruturalismo; e iii) os contextos da obra e pensamento braudelianos. Os resultados obtidos demonstraram que a história econômica não somente foi o maior campo de estudos do historiador francês, mas foi a base de seu projeto epistemológico para o conjunto das ciências sociais e humanas. Verificou-se também que o projeto braudeliano em boa parcela foi construído a partir da antinomia de método com o estruturalismo; uma incursão problematizadora dos princípios epistemológicos do método estruturalista demonstraram que seus formalismos impediram que seu maior expoente, Claude Lévi- Strauss, resolvesse a aporia do tempo. Essa incursão nos levou a estudar a concepção de espaço e de tempo na filosofia e na ciência. Verificou-se o debate entre ciência e filosofia em torno do novo problema espaço-tempo lançado pelo físico Albert Einstein enquanto contexto histórico do período de constituição dos paradigmas dos primeiros Annales e braudelianos. O projeto braudeliano, denominado de história global, de nada tem a ver com a pueril pretensão de estudar todos os fatos históricos humanos em todas as épocas possíveis, mas apenas de se inverter a ordem tradicional de investigação das ciências sociais e humanas que se autonomizaram na virada de século e no decorrer do século XX. Trata-se de não mais se restringir à dicotomia idiográfica hipotético-indutiva (empirista) versus nomotética hipotético-dedutiva (racionalista), trata-se de superá-la. / This thesis is a study of history epistemology within the domains of economic history. As it is a study of history epistemology, it is also methodological and historiographical. We have adopted the french historian Fernand Braudel\'s (1902-1985) work and thought as our investigation object. The general hypothesis is that the economic history discipline has had, with Fernand Braudel, a new meaning in the social and human sciences conjunct. In the other hand, our specific hypothesis is that world-economy is not about a commom concept in the author\'s theory, as it is maintained in historiography, but it\'s about an epistemical mechanism within the braudelian conjunct able to make sense not only to the author\'s historic theory of the capitalism, but fundamental to understand from the structural writing associated to long duration - , as well, his perspective of space-time in history domains. Three discussions will lead this research for validation of the hypothesis: i) the disciplines\' relations of history, economy and their resultant, economic history; ii) the battle between braudelian structural history and structuralism; and iii) the braudelian work and thought contexts. The obtained results have shown that economic history was not only the greater study field of the french historian, but also the bedrock for his epistemological project for the social science conjunct. It was also verified that the braudelian project was elaborated from the methodological antinomy with the structuralism; a problematical incursion of the epistemological principles from the structural method have shown that its formalisms prevented its greater exponent, Claude Lévi-Strauss, to solve the time aporia. This incursion lead us to study the concept of space and time in philosophy and in science. We have noticed that the debate between science and philosophy about the new problem space-time brought up by the physicist Albert Einstein, is related to paradigms from the earliest Annales, and the braudelians. The braudelian project denominated global history, has nothing to do with the puerile pretension of studying all the human historical facts of all possible times, but only to invert the traditional investigation order of social sciences which became independant by the century\'s upturn and throughout the XX th century. This is no longer about getting restricted to the hypothetical-inductive (empiricist) idiographic dichotomy versus hypothetical-deductive (rationalist) nomothetic, it is about to overcome it.

Orientador: Eduardo Barros Mariutti / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Economia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-20T05:23:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Vieira_CarlosAlbertoCordovano_D.pdf: 2383039 bytes, checksum: 9b9b111d3b268c91139ccb21b8facf89 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Resumo: O trabalho propõe uma discussão teórica e historiográfica em torno do capital mercantil no período de "transição" entre o "feudalismo" e o "capitalismo" e, sempre que vinculado a esse tema, propõe, também, uma discussão em torno do Estado absolutista. Para tanto, compõe-se de uma sessão teórica, em que discute, principalmente, os conceitos de "capital", "capital mercantil" e "capitalismo" à luz da crítica da economia política, bem como os traços gerais da acumulação primitiva. Compõe-se, também, de uma sessão historiográfica, em que contrasta duas vertentes, respectivamente ligadas à tradição do materialismo histórico e à historiografia de inspiração braudeliana, procurando, a partir da observação de suas contribuições e limites, propor uma chave para o exame dos nexos entre o capital mercantil e o absolutismo. Com isso, pretende-se demonstrar que a noção de Antigo Regime, como período específico de transição, permite uma melhor apreensão desses nexos e, pois, da dinâmica subjacente à formação do modo de produção capitalista / Abstract: In this work we propose a theoretical and historiographical discussion on mercantile capital during the transition from "feudalism" to "capitalism" and, since it?s concerned with this subject, we propose also a discussion on the absolutist state. This work has a theoretical session, in which we discuss mainly the concepts of "capital", "mercantile capital" and "capitalism", throught the critic of political economy, as well as the general aspects of primitive accumulation. It also has a historiographical session in which we contrast the tradition of historical materialism and the braudelian historiography concentrated in the connections between mercantile capital and absolutism. We aim demonstrate that the notion of Old Regime, as an specific period of transition, is a key to the apprehension of these nexus and of the dynamic of the transition to the capitalist mode of production / Doutorado / Historia Economica / Doutor em Desenvolvimento Economico

1 Abstract: Economic crises - nature and factors of its origin The purpose of my thesis is to analyze economic crises with focus on its origin, development and impact on society. The thesis is divided into three main parts: Introduction, Main body and Conclusion. The most important part of the thesis is the Main body that is further composed of seven self-contained chapters that deal with different aspects of the economic crises. Main body starts with introductory chapters 1-3 that discuss the meaning of the phrase economic crisis, its origin and determination among other commonly used titles that are frequently mistaken. Chapter number four describes history of important economic crisis such as The Great Depression 1929 and German Hyperinflation 1918- 1924. Chapter number five is subdivided into two parts and provides an outline of the origin of economic crisis and possible forecast of its origin. Chapter six defines the last financial crisis of 2009 and compares its impact to economy and counter-measures worldwide. Chapter number six illustrates possible solutions of the economic crisis and its prevention. Last part of the thesis is Conclusion that concentrates my thoughts and ideas about the thesis. Key words: economic crisis, financial crisis 2009, world economy

The thesis is dedicated to the position of India in the regional and world economy and to its future expectations. The fist chapter characterises India from the historical, geografical, demografical and political point of view. The second chapter is dedicated to the economic characteristics of India; to its structure as well as to its basic macroeconomic indicators. The last chapter summarises India's positive and negative features and points out future development of India, which is resulting from the predictions of IMF and World Bank and the evaluation of the previous analysis.

This thesis focuses on the analysis of the economic impact of Brazil and China in the context of BRICS countries on the world economy. The first chapter sets out the specifics of the BRICS group, with emphasis on Brazil and China. The second chapter analyzes the current economic situation of the two selected states through economic, social, political and technological indicators. In the final chapter, on the basis of the previous analysis identifies the main factors of economic power of Brazil and China, their possible future developments and risks associated with the dynamic development of these countries.

The aim of the thesis is to discuss the position of China within the "BRICS" economies (Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa). China is the strongest member of the group, which is shortly introduced from the economic point of view in comparison to each other. China managed to keep high paces og economic growth even in times of global economic downturn caused by the global financial crisis. Based on it's economic strength, China gains more and more influence in the global economy and international affairs. China is also a dominant member of the grouping. The thesis analyses the position of China within BRICS and in the broader context of the global economy at the same time. It contains a complex analysis of the economic reforms and structural changes, which led to the shift of China's position towards becoming a world economic power. It also contains an analysis of the impacts of the world crises on the group and compares, how the members dealt with it. It also tries to answer the question if the crisis could cause a change in the existing global economic order in favour of China.

The diploma thesis discusses the island state of Mauritius, especially from the point of view of the macroeconomic situation and in terms of analysis and description of international tourism. The first chapter considers the theoretical foundations of international tourism, the world economy and the problems of developing countries, particularly small island developing states. The second chapter describes the island of Mauritius and its historical, geographical, social and political characteristics. The third chapter deals with macroeconomic characteristics of the island. In this section the main points rank the structure of the economy, indicators of economic performance, as well as the conditions for investment and also evaluation of the competitiveness of the economy. The fourth part reflects Mauritius as an important destination of international tourism. The island's economy is very dependent on international tourism. This chapter describes its characteristics, structure, focusing on inbound tourism and future trends of tourism. Diploma thesis concludes with a chapter on the comparison of the competitiveness of tourism in Mauritius and Seychelles.

My project aims to inform and enlighten people in our society about what Coca-Cola is doing wrong. Welive in a society that is fueled by consumerism which is not sustainable for us and our planet. If we keepup with today’s consumer pace, we will soon have nothing left. It is time that we as a society take chargeof what is right and wrong. We can’t let giant corporations do as they please anymore. It is not the peopleof the society's fault that we are buying Coca-Colas products, instead, we need to shift the responsibilityto the larger corporations in order for us to change our path. With my series of images, I hope to deliver amessage that will make the spectator realize how bad Coca-Cola is for us people and its consequences toour planet and our generations if we don't change now.

A pesquisa tem como objeto de análise a formação territorial do Ceará desde o estabelecimento das políticas pombalinas do Estado Português ao processo de emancipação política de sua colônia na América do Sul. Uma investigação que atravessa o interregno de 1750 a 1822, quando se pretendia aumentar o controle administrativo e a expropriação dos lucros nas terras conquistadas pela Coroa Portuguesa por meio de acordos de limites. Em movimento sincopado de expansão das fronteiras e corrida aos fundos territoriais defendidos por estratégias geopolíticas que priorizavam o povoamento das áreas fronteiriças, mas também daquelas afastadas da zona litorânea; pela doação de sesmarias; elevação de vilas e cidades; pelo controle e aldeamento dos nativos através de leis ou incentivo à guerra justa, para o aniquilamento, aos que não se adaptavam à imposição de um processo perverso de colonização que os subjugava. Retratamos a frente de apropriação dos sertões das capitanias do Norte, com ênfase no Ceará; uma história de expropriação, de espoliação das terras indígenas, a fixação das fazendas para o criatório do gado, que teve início com o parcelamento de suas terras no final do século XVII acontecimentos que promoveram impactos relevantes sob a sua estrutura fundiária e o introduziram à lógica da acumulação primitiva de capitais, através da implantação das políticas mercantilistas que se expandiram violentamente para além das nações europeias, em escala maior, inseridas agora dentro de um sistema mundial de conformação de uma economia-mundo capitalista em formação e dilatação. / The aim of this investigation was to analyze the territorial formation of Ceará from the stablishment of pombalinas politics of Portuguese state in the process of political emancipation in its colony in South America. An investigation that crosses the interregnum 1750-1822, when was pretended to increase the administrative control and the expropriation of profits in the lands conquered by the Portuguese crown in limits agreements. In a syncopated movement of expansion of borders and race to territorial founds defended by geopolitical strategies that prioritized the settlement of border areas; but also of those far from the coastal zone; for the donation of sesmarias; promotion of villages and cities; control and population of natives trough laws or encouraging to just war, for the destruction- annihilation to people that do not fit the imposition of a perverse evil process of colonization that subjugate them. We show the frente de apropriação of hinterlands captaincies of the north of Portuguese America, with emphasis in Ceará, a history of expropriation, of dispossession of indigenous lands to fixation of farms for cattle breeding that initiated with the installment of their land at the end of the XVII century, events that promote significant impacts in its land and introduced the logic of primitive accumulation of capitals, thought the implementation of mercantilist policies that expand violently beyond of European nations, in large scale, now inserted into a worldwide system of forming a capitalist word economy in development and expansion.

The Maghreb is a geostrategic region which attracts the attention of world powers. However the potential of its growth is limited by numerous problems. The aim of the master thesis is to analyze the position of Maghreb countries in the world economy and the perspectives of their future development. The first chapter concentrates on the economic facts of Maghreb countries with emphasis on their problems, including the preliminary reflections of impacts of the Arab spring on individual economies. The second chapter presents the external economic relations of Maghreb countries on three levels: inside the region, in the Euro-Mediterranean area and in the global dimension. The third chapter deals with the perspectives of Maghreb economies and the possibilities of reaching them. It evaluates the existing success of integration efforts in the region, in the Euro-Mediterranean area, but also the cooperation throughout the world economy.