Doctor of Philosophy / Department of Statistics / Gary L. Gadbury / Studies commonly focus on estimating a mean treatment effect in a population. However, in some applications the variability of treatment effects across individual units may help to characterize the overall effect of a treatment across the population. Consider a set of treatments, {T,C}, where T denotes some treatment that might be applied to an experimental unit and C denotes a control. For each of N experimental units, the duplet {r[subscript]i, r[subscript]Ci}, i=1,2,…,N, represents the potential response of the i[superscript]th experimental unit if treatment were applied and the response of the experimental unit if control were applied, respectively. The causal effect of T compared to C is the difference between the two potential responses, r[subscript]Ti- r[subscript]Ci. Much work has been done to elucidate the statistical properties of a causal effect, given a set of particular assumptions. Gadbury and others have reported on this for some simple designs and primarily focused on finite population randomization based inference. When designs become more complicated, the randomization based approach becomes increasingly difficult. Since linear mixed effects models are particularly useful for modeling data from complex designs, their role in modeling treatment heterogeneity is investigated. It is shown that an individual treatment effect can be conceptualized as a linear combination of fixed treatment effects and random effects. The random effects are assumed to have variance components specified in a mixed effects “potential outcomes” model when both potential outcomes, r[subscript]T,r[subscript]C, are variables in the model. The variance of the individual causal effect is used to quantify treatment heterogeneity. Post treatment assignment, however, only one of the two potential outcomes is observable for a unit. It is then shown that the variance component for treatment heterogeneity becomes non-estimable in an analysis of observed data. Furthermore, estimable variance components in the observed data model are demonstrated to arise from linear combinations of the non-estimable variance components in the potential outcomes model. Mixed effects models are considered in context of a particular design in an effort to illuminate the loss of information incurred when moving from a potential outcomes framework to an observed data analysis.

Foram avaliadas 41 progênies de polinização aberta de Eucalyptus grandis procedência Luís Antônio (ex-Atherton, Austrália), em dois experimentos instalados na área experimental da empresa Votorantim Celulose e Papel, em Altinópolis-SP. Um dos experimentos era constituído de 20 progênies e outro de 21 progênies, ambos no delineamento em blocos ao acaso com 3 repetições e parcelas lineares de 6 plantas. A avaliação experimental foi realizada no ano 2000, à idade de 8 anos. Para isso foram escolhidas 2 árvores de cada parcela, caracterizadas por uma maior aptidão visual para serraria. No total foram avaliadas 242 árvores, 299 toras e 1.200 tábuas. De cada árvore foram retirados 3 discos de madeira, um em cada posição (base, meio e topo) a intervalos aproximados de 2,60m, para determinação da densidade básica e da umidade natural. As toras foram avaliadas quanto ao volume sem casca, excentricidade, teor de casca, rachaduras de extremidades e relação alburno/cerne. Posteriormente, as toras foram convertidas em tábuas na serraria industrial da empresa Eucatex S/A Indústria e Comércio, em Salto-SP, sendo o desdobro primário efetuado em serra de fita dupla e o secundário em serra múltipla circular. As tábuas foram avaliadas na condição verde quanto aos empenamentos e, nas condições verde e seca (12% de umidade), quanto às rachaduras de extremidades. As propriedades físico-mecânicas foram avaliadas na condição seca em corpos-de-prova oriundos da tábua mais externa. Os caracteres avaliados foram: massa específica, compressão paralela, cisalhamento paralelo e flexão estática. Os dados experimentais foram submetidos a análises estatístico-genéticas, como uso do programa estatístico SAS ® , aplicando-se o método da máxima verossimilhança restrita (REML) para a estimação dos componentes de variância. Foram detectadas diferenças estatísticas significativas para os caracteres densidade básica, rachaduras de tora, relação alburno/cerne, encurvamento, massa específica, compressão paralela e flexão estática, os quais mostraram ser promissores para o melhoramento, com herdabilidades entre médias de progênies de 0,34; 0,31; 0,39; 0,39; 0,61; 0,57 e 0,50, respectivamente. Para os caracteres umidade natural, rachaduras de tábuas, volume de tora sem casca, excentricidade de tora, teor de casca, arqueamento e cisalhamento paralelo não foi detectada a ocorrência de variação genética. Detectou-se também a existência de correlações genéticas de magnitudes medianas a altas entre as propriedades físico-mecânicas e entre os caracteres densidade básica e rachaduras de tora, densidade básica e encurvamento, massa específica e encurvamento, relação alburno/cerne e encurvamento, volume de tora e encurvamento, volume de tora e rachaduras de tora. As estimativas dos ganhos esperados com a seleção entre médias de progênies, numa intensidade de 20%, indicaram a possibilidade de ganhos para os caracteres volume de tora (0,59%), densidade básica (- 2,15%), rachaduras de tora (- 7,69%) e encurvamento (- 2,65%), considerando que para os três últimos a seleção é para a redução das médias. Verificou-se também que um índice de seleção composto por esses quatro caracteres pode proporcionar ganhos de mesma magnitude daqueles que seriam obtidos individualmente para os três últimos caracteres. Quanto aos aspectos tecnológicos, as seguintes constatações foram observadas: a) o padrão de variação da densidade básica foi de um grande decréscimo inicial seguido de um pequeno aumento e, no caso da umidade natural, de um contínuo decréscimo; b) os caracteres teor de casca, relação alburno/cerne, encurvamento e rachaduras de extremidades de tora e de tábuas foram bastante influenciados pela posição de amostragem na árvore; c) um comportamento semelhante entre as primeiras e as segundas toras em relação às rachaduras e ao arqueamento da madeira serrada produzida. / Forty-one open pollinated progenies of Eucalyptus grandis provenance Luís Antônio-SP (ex-Atherton, Australia) were evaluated in two field trials established in an experimental area belonging to the private company Votorantim Celulose e Papel, at Altinópolis-SP. One trial was composed by 20 progenies and the other by 21 progenies, both in a completely randomized blocks design. A total of 242 trees, 299 logs and 1,200 boards were evaluated. Three discs from each tree were provided, each one corresponding to a different position (bottom, middle and top), 2.60m apart, in order to determine the basic density and the moisture content. The logs were evaluated for volume without bark, eccentricity, bark content, end splits and sapwood/heartwood proportion. The primary and secondary mechanical processing of the logs were carried out in an industrial sawmill equipped with a twin band saw and a two shafts circular saw, respectively. The boards were evaluated in green condition for warping and in green/dried (12% of moisture) condition for end splits. Wood samples from the outer boards of the logs were used to determine their physical-mechanical properties, such as: specific gravity, parallel compression, shear strength and static bending. The experimental data were submitted to statistical-genetic analysis by using the SAS ® software and, to estimate the variance components, the Restricted Maximum Likelihood Variance Components Estimation (REML) method was used. Significant differences were detected for the traits basic density, log end splitting, sapwood/heartwood proportion, bowing, specific gravity, parallel compression and static bending, which showed promising for breeding purposes, with estimates of heritability coefficients of 0.34, 0.31, 0.39, 0.39, 0.61, 0.57 and 0.50, respectively. Genetic variation was not detected for the traits moisture content, board end splitting, volume of log without bark, log eccentricity, bark content, crooking and shear strength. Estimates of genetic correlations, ranging from intermediate to high, were also observed among physical-mechanical properties and between the traits basic density and log end splitting, basic density and bowing, specific gravity and bowing, sapwood/heartwood proportion and bowing, volume of log and bowing and volume of log and log end splitting. The expected response to selection among progenies, under a selection intensity of 20%, revealed the perspective of immediate gains for the traits volume of log (0.59%), basic density (- 2.15%), log end splitting (- 7.69%) and bowing (- 2.65%), considering that for the latter three traits the selection was oriented to reduction of the means. It was also observed that a selection index composed by these four traits could give similar responses to those predicted by selecting each one of the latter three individually. In relation to technological aspects, the following findings were observed: a) the pattern of variation along the first part of the bole was of a large initial decrease followed by a small increase for basic density, and a continuous decrease for moisture content; b) the traits bark content, sapwood/heartwood proportion, bowing, log end splitting and board end splitting were very influenced by the position of sampling on the tree; c) a similar performance among the first and second logs in relation to end board splitting and crooking.

Zugl.: Poznań, Adam-Mickiewicz-Univ., Diss., 2005

Foram avaliadas 41 progênies de polinização aberta de Eucalyptus grandis procedência Luís Antônio (ex-Atherton, Austrália), em dois experimentos instalados na área experimental da empresa Votorantim Celulose e Papel, em Altinópolis-SP. Um dos experimentos era constituído de 20 progênies e outro de 21 progênies, ambos no delineamento em blocos ao acaso com 3 repetições e parcelas lineares de 6 plantas. A avaliação experimental foi realizada no ano 2000, à idade de 8 anos. Para isso foram escolhidas 2 árvores de cada parcela, caracterizadas por uma maior aptidão visual para serraria. No total foram avaliadas 242 árvores, 299 toras e 1.200 tábuas. De cada árvore foram retirados 3 discos de madeira, um em cada posição (base, meio e topo) a intervalos aproximados de 2,60m, para determinação da densidade básica e da umidade natural. As toras foram avaliadas quanto ao volume sem casca, excentricidade, teor de casca, rachaduras de extremidades e relação alburno/cerne. Posteriormente, as toras foram convertidas em tábuas na serraria industrial da empresa Eucatex S/A Indústria e Comércio, em Salto-SP, sendo o desdobro primário efetuado em serra de fita dupla e o secundário em serra múltipla circular. As tábuas foram avaliadas na condição verde quanto aos empenamentos e, nas condições verde e seca (12% de umidade), quanto às rachaduras de extremidades. As propriedades físico-mecânicas foram avaliadas na condição seca em corpos-de-prova oriundos da tábua mais externa. Os caracteres avaliados foram: massa específica, compressão paralela, cisalhamento paralelo e flexão estática. Os dados experimentais foram submetidos a análises estatístico-genéticas, como uso do programa estatístico SAS ® , aplicando-se o método da máxima verossimilhança restrita (REML) para a estimação dos componentes de variância. Foram detectadas diferenças estatísticas significativas para os caracteres densidade básica, rachaduras de tora, relação alburno/cerne, encurvamento, massa específica, compressão paralela e flexão estática, os quais mostraram ser promissores para o melhoramento, com herdabilidades entre médias de progênies de 0,34; 0,31; 0,39; 0,39; 0,61; 0,57 e 0,50, respectivamente. Para os caracteres umidade natural, rachaduras de tábuas, volume de tora sem casca, excentricidade de tora, teor de casca, arqueamento e cisalhamento paralelo não foi detectada a ocorrência de variação genética. Detectou-se também a existência de correlações genéticas de magnitudes medianas a altas entre as propriedades físico-mecânicas e entre os caracteres densidade básica e rachaduras de tora, densidade básica e encurvamento, massa específica e encurvamento, relação alburno/cerne e encurvamento, volume de tora e encurvamento, volume de tora e rachaduras de tora. As estimativas dos ganhos esperados com a seleção entre médias de progênies, numa intensidade de 20%, indicaram a possibilidade de ganhos para os caracteres volume de tora (0,59%), densidade básica (– 2,15%), rachaduras de tora (– 7,69%) e encurvamento (– 2,65%), considerando que para os três últimos a seleção é para a redução das médias. Verificou-se também que um índice de seleção composto por esses quatro caracteres pode proporcionar ganhos de mesma magnitude daqueles que seriam obtidos individualmente para os três últimos caracteres. Quanto aos aspectos tecnológicos, as seguintes constatações foram observadas: a) o padrão de variação da densidade básica foi de um grande decréscimo inicial seguido de um pequeno aumento e, no caso da umidade natural, de um contínuo decréscimo; b) os caracteres teor de casca, relação alburno/cerne, encurvamento e rachaduras de extremidades de tora e de tábuas foram bastante influenciados pela posição de amostragem na árvore; c) um comportamento semelhante entre as primeiras e as segundas toras em relação às rachaduras e ao arqueamento da madeira serrada produzida. / Forty-one open pollinated progenies of Eucalyptus grandis provenance Luís Antônio-SP (ex-Atherton, Australia) were evaluated in two field trials established in an experimental area belonging to the private company Votorantim Celulose e Papel, at Altinópolis-SP. One trial was composed by 20 progenies and the other by 21 progenies, both in a completely randomized blocks design. A total of 242 trees, 299 logs and 1,200 boards were evaluated. Three discs from each tree were provided, each one corresponding to a different position (bottom, middle and top), 2.60m apart, in order to determine the basic density and the moisture content. The logs were evaluated for volume without bark, eccentricity, bark content, end splits and sapwood/heartwood proportion. The primary and secondary mechanical processing of the logs were carried out in an industrial sawmill equipped with a twin band saw and a two shafts circular saw, respectively. The boards were evaluated in green condition for warping and in green/dried (12% of moisture) condition for end splits. Wood samples from the outer boards of the logs were used to determine their physical-mechanical properties, such as: specific gravity, parallel compression, shear strength and static bending. The experimental data were submitted to statistical-genetic analysis by using the SAS ® software and, to estimate the variance components, the Restricted Maximum Likelihood Variance Components Estimation (REML) method was used. Significant differences were detected for the traits basic density, log end splitting, sapwood/heartwood proportion, bowing, specific gravity, parallel compression and static bending, which showed promising for breeding purposes, with estimates of heritability coefficients of 0.34, 0.31, 0.39, 0.39, 0.61, 0.57 and 0.50, respectively. Genetic variation was not detected for the traits moisture content, board end splitting, volume of log without bark, log eccentricity, bark content, crooking and shear strength. Estimates of genetic correlations, ranging from intermediate to high, were also observed among physical-mechanical properties and between the traits basic density and log end splitting, basic density and bowing, specific gravity and bowing, sapwood/heartwood proportion and bowing, volume of log and bowing and volume of log and log end splitting. The expected response to selection among progenies, under a selection intensity of 20%, revealed the perspective of immediate gains for the traits volume of log (0.59%), basic density (– 2.15%), log end splitting (– 7.69%) and bowing (– 2.65%), considering that for the latter three traits the selection was oriented to reduction of the means. It was also observed that a selection index composed by these four traits could give similar responses to those predicted by selecting each one of the latter three individually. In relation to technological aspects, the following findings were observed: a) the pattern of variation along the first part of the bole was of a large initial decrease followed by a small increase for basic density, and a continuous decrease for moisture content; b) the traits bark content, sapwood/heartwood proportion, bowing, log end splitting and board end splitting were very influenced by the position of sampling on the tree; c) a similar performance among the first and second logs in relation to end board splitting and crooking.

Orientador: Marcia de Paula Leite / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Educação / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-07T20:28:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Poli_OdilonLuiz_D.pdf: 1915221 bytes, checksum: ff6b442c594b1f871a12449018dca2b7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006 / Resumo: A presente tese investiga como os agricultores familiares envolvidos na criação de agroindústrias familiares associativas no Oeste catarinense, uma resposta política à crise enfrentada pela agricultura familiar desde a segunda metade dos anos 70, vêm reelaborando sua experiência de vida e de trabalho a partir da implantação desses novos empreendimentos. Ela procura observar em que medida os ideais políticos que estiveram presentes na origem desses empreendimentos permanecem no imaginário desses trabalhadores e no seu cotidiano de trabalho. O problema que orientou o percurso de investigação pode ser assim proposto: como os camponeses envolvidos na criação e operação de agroindústrias familiares associativas ligadas à União Central da Agroindústrias Familiares do Oeste catarinense (UCAF), estão reelaborando suas experiências de vida e de trabalho a partir da implantação dessas unidades de produção? A hipótese com que trabalhamos é a de que a forte motivação política presente na origem desses empreendimentos foi um dos fatores que influenciou decisivamente a trajetória de organização e condução dos trabalhos no cotidiano das agroindústrias, bem como na forma de interpretar seu significado. Porém as decisões dos trabalhadores envolvidos na organização e funcionamento dos empreendimentos e o modo como esses empreendimentos são percebidos por esses trabalhadores, são influenciadas também por outros fatores de ordem objetiva (situação econômica, necessidades materiais, presença e atuação dos mediadores, etc) e de ordem subjetiva (representações sobre o futuro, objetivos e interesses pessoais, ideais políticos, expectativas de inserção social, elaborações pessoais sobre a inserção no trabalho, etc). O trabalho de pesquisa foi organizado em três momentos principais. Num primeiro momento, desenvolveu-se um estudo exploratório voltado à caracterização das experiências existentes na região Oeste catarinense que, atualmente, podem ser agrupadas em torno do conceito de economia solidária. Num segundo momento, realizou-se uma caracterização geral das agroindústrias familiares associativas vinculadas à União Central das Agroindústrias Familiares do Oeste Catarinense ¿ UCAF, que atuam no processamento de carne suína, com o intuito de reunir um conjunto de informações sobre os empreendimentos dessa cadeia produtiva, analisando suas características comuns e seu impacto econômico e social para os envolvidos. O terceiro momento voltou-se ao estudo em profundidade de dois empreendimentos da cadeia produtiva da carne suína, caracterizada no momento dois, definidos por escolha intencional. Os resultados obtidos confirmam a hipótese de trabalho e elucidam o modo como as novas experiências de vida e de trabalho vêm sendo elaboradas pelos envolvidos em cada empreendimento, num processo histórico específico em que interagem condições objetivas e subjetivas, além do patrimônio cultural dessa população / Abstract: This thesis investigates how the familiar farmers, are busy with the creation of the associate familiar agro industries associative in the West of Santa Catarina; a politic answer to face the crisis by the familiar agriculture since the second half of 70's; is re-elaborating its life and work experiences from implanting these new enterprises. The thesis tries to observe how the politics ideals, were presented in the origin of these enterprises, remaining in the workers imaginary and in their daily work. The problem that oriented the investigation course can be proposed like this: How the farmers are involved in the creation and operation of the associative familiar agro industries linked to UCAF (União Central das Agroindústrias Familiares do Oeste Catarinense) are they re-elaborating their life and work experiences from implanting these production units? The hipotese in this work is that the strong politic motivation present in the origin of these enterprises was one of the factors that has influenced strongly in the organization trajectory and work conduction in the daily agro industries, as well as the way to interpret its meaning. However, the decisions of the workers involved in the organization of the enterprises and the way that these enterprises are perceived by these workers, are also influenced by other factors in na objective order (economic situation, materials needs, presence and the mediator's performance etc.) and by the subjective order factors (representations about the future, objective and personal interests, politics ideals, social insertion expectancy, personal elaborations about the work insertion, etc.) The research work was organized in three main moments. In the first moment, it was developed an exploratory study directed to the experiences characterizations existing in the West of Santa Catarina that, nowadays, they can be joined to the concept of supportive economy. In the second moment, it came true a general characterization of the associative familiar agro industries linked to UCAF (União Central das Agroindústrias Familiares do Oeste Catarinense), that act in the pork meat process, with the intention to join an amount of information about the enterprises of this production chain, analyzing its common characteristics and its economic and social impact to the people involved. The third moment came directed to the deep study of two pork meat production chain enterprises, characterized in the second moment, defined by the intentional choose. The results obtained confirm the work hipotese and elucidate the way how the new life and work experiences are being elaborated by the people involved in each enterprise, in an specific historical process, in what they interact objective and subjective conditions, beyond the cultural patrimony of this population / Doutorado / Educação, Sociedade, Politica e Cultura / Mestre em Educação

It is estimated that approximately 2 million fires which occur in United States each year result in 1.2 million burn victims. Fibroblasts are responsible for responding to this tissue damage by breaking down the damaged extracellular matrix (ECM) and secreting a new ECM which aids in wound repair and supports the migration of immune cells. Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an opportunistic pathogen commonly associated with health-care infections (HCAIs) due to its ability to take advantage of immunocompromised hosts. However, little research has investigated how wound invading P. aeruginosa interacts with wound repairing fibroblasts. To address this lack of understanding, this thesis focuses on quantifying changes in fibroblast morphology, migratory behavior, and force exertion to investigate this host cell's response to representative cytotoxic (PAO1) and invasive (PA14) strains of P. aeruginosa. These assays study host cell-pathogen interactions on highly aligned nanofibers of varied spacing and diameter, which mimic the fibroblast deposited ECM and dictate fibroblast morphology. We discovered that the cytotoxic strain of P. aeruginosa induced significantly shorter fibroblast death times. Furthermore, two modes of death, sharp and gradual, were identified and found to be dependent on both fiber configuration and strain of P. aeruginosa. In addition, fibroblasts exposed to PAO1 migrating on the parallel formation were found to be significantly slower and less persistent than those exposed to PA14, however, fibroblasts exposed to both strains of bacteria were shown to exert similar forces. Lastly, exposure to PA14 led to the greatest change in actin, evident by increased actin punctae and less prominent actin stress fiber formation. / Master of Science / It is estimated that approximately 2 million fires which occur in United States each year result in 1.2 million burn victims. Fibroblasts respond to burn wounds by breaking down the damaged tissue fibers, termed extracellular matrix (ECM), and secreting a new ECM. Unfortunately, severe thermal injuries place hospitalized burn victims at high risk of infection. Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an opportunistic pathogen commonly associated with health-care infections (HCAIs) due to its ability to take advantage of immunocompromised hosts. However, little research has investigated how wound invading P. aeruginosa interacts with wound healing fibroblasts. To address this knowledge gap, this thesis focuses on quantifying changes in fibroblast shape, migratory behavior, and force exertion to investigate this host cell's response to two strains of P. aeruginosa, which employ different mechanisms of invasion. These interactions are studied on a platform of suspended nanofibers with controlled spacing and diameter, to dictate fibroblast shape and mimic the fibroblast deposited ECM. We discovered that the two strain of P. aeruginosa induced significantly different fibroblast death times. During death, it was observed that fibroblasts either balled up quickly, termed sharp death, or remained spread out, termed gradual death, dependent upon fibroblast shape and strain of P. aeruginosa introduced. In addition, significant differences in migration speed and persistence were found between fibroblasts exposed to the two strains of bacteria, however, both groups were shown to exert similar forces. Lastly, the fibrous proteins which make up the cytoskeleton of the cell, actin stress fibers, were found to vary among the control and bacteria treated cells.

Submitted by Filipe dos Santos (fsantos@pucsp.br) on 2017-01-11T15:47:43Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Raquel Helena Valesi.pdf: 1773531 bytes, checksum: 7e531d9cba407e87360eda30fd73dcfb (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-01-11T15:47:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Raquel Helena Valesi.pdf: 1773531 bytes, checksum: 7e531d9cba407e87360eda30fd73dcfb (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-12-13 / Every transformation of social reality concerns the science of law to be based on the normative reality. There is no way to separate the right to change behaviors and rules. In the case of family law he was one of the Civil Law of the branches that more has changed with the advent of the Constitution of 1988. The Constitution determines legal protection to any form of family no matter the model from which it takes. The legal vertex is the protection of the family unit and which has as a starting point, and also its end, the protection of the human person. If it is in the family that promote affective values and human solidarity, one should not give different treatment to persons of its members is one derived from biological affiliation, marital or social-affective way. Therefore, the principles inherent to family, based on mutual affection between the members should be extended to the inheritance law equally, otherwise, to counter the constitutional dictum. For assignment due to each of the heirs, it would be important to have legal mechanism for immediate reference to membership, which brings together parents to biological children, adopted or social-affective, declared or recognized, because that would avoid some descendants and their strain, had not access to the inherited assets to which they are entitled by inheritance. This can be done by formal registration note of the descendants of parents birth certificate / Toda transformação da realidade social interessa a Ciência do Direito por basear-se na realidade normativa. Não há possibilidade de se separar o direito à variação de comportamentos e regras. No caso do Direito de Família ele foi um dos ramos do Direito Civil que mais sofreu alterações com o advento da Constituição de 1988. A Constituição condiciona proteção jurídica a qualquer forma de família não importando o modelo do qual ela se reveste. O vértice legal é a proteção ao núcleo familiar e, que tem como ponto de partida, e também seu término, a tutela da pessoa humana. Se é na família que se promoção os valores afetivos e de solidariedade humana, não se deve conferir tratamentos diferentes às pessoas de seus membros seja de uma filiação advinda de forma biológica, civil ou socioafetiva. Por isso, os princípios inerentes à convivência familiar, baseada no afeto recíproco entre os integrantes deve se estender ao direito sucessório de forma igualitária, sob pena, de contrariar o ditame constitucional. Para atribuição do devido a cada um dos herdeiros, seria importante haver mecanismo jurídico de imediata referência à filiação que associasse os pais aos filhos biológicos, adotivos ou socioafetivos, declarados ou reconhecidos, porque assim, evitaria que alguns descendentes e, sua estirpe, não tivessem acesso ao acervo hereditário a que tenham direito, por herança. Isso poderá ser feito pela anotação registrária dos descendentes em assento de nascimento dos pais

Convergence is a topic that many point to as the driving force behind modern product development. The merger of similar devices into a single product form can create a number of advantages for both producers and consumers, but successful design must take more than just this into account. Convergence is the evolution of a product through a disruptive and uncertain environment of technology and user needs. While the digital revolution has certainly been the biggest recent disrupter to society and design, there are signs of convergence in both form and function that have occurred across many products, and product categories. Producers and consumers always clamor for devices that are useful and convenient, take advantage of the latest technologies, and yet remain intuitive, attractive, and easy to use. This paper will dissect the meaning of convergence in product design and provide a framework for understanding and dialog. Combined with an extensive survey and product mapping, this definition will then be used to delineate approaches and principles for the effective design of evolving products in today's changing environment. The findings of this paper will help designers make decisions when considering the trade-offs between aesthetics, functionality, and ease of use in technology based products.

Information system, methodology B2EPUS, questionnaire, analysis HOS8, analysis SWOT

This Master Thesis is the research done in the country of Rwanda. The project leads to study the climate of this country in order to establish whether this climate could be used to produce energy from air and to implement the first wind turbine for serving the nation.   After an introduction about the historical background of wind power, the thesis work deals with assessment of wind energy potential of Rwanda in focusing of the most suitable place for wind power plants. The best location with annual mean wind speed, the rate of use of turbine with hub height for an annual production per year, the mean wind speeds for 6 sites of Rwanda based on ECMWF for climatic data for one year at relief of altitude of 100m and coordinates are reported too.   The result of energy produced and calculations were done based on power hitting wind turbine generator in order to calculate Kinetic energy and power available at the best location to the measurement over the period of 12 months, that could be hoped for long term.   With help of logarithmic law, where wind speed usually increases with increasing in elevation and the desired wind speeds at all 6 sites were used. The annual energy production was taken into account at the best site with desired wind speed at the initial cost of turbine as well as the cost of energy (COE).However, with comparison of the tariff of EWSA, the price of Wind designed in this Research per kWh is cheaper and suitable for people of Rwanda. / <p><em>Rwanda has considerable opportunities development energy from hydro sources, methane gas, solar and peat deposits. Most of these energy sources have not been fully exploited, such as solar, wind and geothermal. As such wood is still being the major source of energy for 94 per cent of the population and imported petroleum products consume more than 40 per cent of foreign exchange. Energy is a key component of the Rwandan economy. It is thus recognized that the current inadequate and expensive energy supply constitutes a limiting factor to sustainable development. Rwanda’s Vision 2020 emphasizes the need for economic growth, private investment and economic transformation supported by a reliable and affordable energy supply as a key factor for the development process. To achieve this transformation, the country will need to increase energy production and diversify into alternative energy sources. Rwandan nations don’t have small-scale solar, wind, and geothermal devices in operation providing energy to urban and rural areas. These types of energy production are especially useful in remote locations because of the excessive cost of transporting electricity from large-scale power plants. The application of renewable energy technology has the potential to alleviate many of the problems that face the people of Rwanda every day, especially if done so in a sustainable manner that prioritizes human rights.</em></p>