The cultured tissues and organs of Duboisia myoporoides, an endemic medicinal plant of Australia, were investigated with the aim of establishing a relationship between organogenesis, differentiation and alkaloid localization. Histological analyses explained the relationship between cell arrangement in the cultured tissues and organs and the cytokinin/auxin combinations used at the callus induction stage. The cultured tissues and organs were analysed histochemically to localize alkaloids in different types of cells by using selected alkaloid colour reagents i.e., platinic chloride (5%) and iodoplatinate. The presence or absence of nicotine, hyoscyamine and scopolamine in the cultured tissues and organs was then confirmed by GC-MS analysis. This is the first work to show that tropane alkaloid formation in the separated cultured organs is related to xylem differentiation and tropane alkaloid formation in the calli cultured in suspension may allow commercial tropane alkaloid production without regenerating the organs. The roots of the D. myoporoides field-grown trees were colonized by the AM fungi and the mycorrhizal infection was ranged from 0-30% which indicates that the secondary metabolite atropine and scopolamine did not prevent AM fungal colonization. / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

<p>Small GTP-binding proteins are molecular switches that serve as important regulators of numerous cellular processes. In animal and plant cells, the Rho family of small GTPases participate in e.g. organisation of the actin cytoskeleton, production of reactive oxygen species through the NADPH oxidase complex, regulation of gene expression. The three most extensively studied subgroups of the Rho GTPase family are Cdc42, Rho and Rac. One of the mechanisms by which animal Rac and Cdc42 GTPases regulate actin filament organisation is through activation of the ARP2/3 complex, a multimeric protein complex which induces branching and nucleation/elongation/polymerisation of actin filaments. Activation of the ARP2/3 complex by Rac and Cdc42 is mediated through the proteins WAVE and WASP, respectively.</p><p>In a search for Ras-like GTPases in Arabidopsis, we identified a family of genes with similarity to Rac GTPases. Screens of cDNA and genomic libraries resulted in the finding of 11 genes named ARACs/AtRACs. Genes encoding Rho, Cdc42 or Ras homologues were not identified. Expression analysis of AtRAC1 to AtRAC5 indicated that AtRAC1, AtRAC3, AtRAC4 and AtRAC5 are expressed in all parts of the plant, whereas AtRAC2 is preferentially expressed in root, hypocotyl and stem.</p><p>The AtRAC gene family can be divided into two main groups based on sequence similarity, gene structure and post-translational modification. AtRAC group II genes contain an additional exon, caused by the insertion of an intron which disrupts the C-terminal geranylgeranylation motif. Instead, group II AtRACs contain a putative motif for palmitoylation. Phylogenetic analyses indicated that the division of plant RACs into group I and group II occurred before the split of monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous plants. Analyses of the genes neighbouring AtRAC genes revealed that several of the plant RAC genes have been created through duplications.</p><p>The restricted/tissue-specific expression pattern of AtRAC2 led us to do a more detailed expression analysis of this gene. A 1.3 kb fragment of the upstream (regulatory) sequence of AtRAC2 directed expression of GUS or GFP to developing primary xylem in root, hypocotyl, leaves and stem. In root tips, the onset GUS staining or GFP fluorescence regulated by the AtRAC2 promoter slighty preceded the appearance of secondary cell walls. In stems, GUS staining coincided with thickening of xylem cell walls. Transgenic plants expressing constitutively active AtRAC2 displayed defects in the polar growth of leaf epidermal cells, indicating that AtRAC2 may be able to regulate the actin cytoskeleton. Surprisingly, an AtRAC2 T-DNA insertion mutant did not show any observable phenotypes. GFP fusion proteins of wild type and constitutively active AtRAC2 were both localised to the plasma membrane. The data suggest that AtRAC2 is involved in development of xylem vessels, likely through regulation of the actin cytoskeleton or NADPH oxidase.</p><p>The role of RAC GTPases in regulation of the actin cytoskeleton in plants is well documented. However, although the ARP2/3 complex had been identified in plants/Arabidopsis, the mechanisms regulating this complex were unknown. Through database searches, we identified three Arabidopsis genes, AtBRK1, AtNAP and AtPIR, which encoded proteins with similarity to subunits of a protein complex shown to regulate the activity of WAVE1 in mammalian cells. T-DNA inactivation mutants of AtNAP and AtPIR displayed morphological defects on epidermal cells undergoing polar expansion, such as trichomes and leaf pavement cells. The phenotypes were similar to those observed for ARP2/3 complex mutants, suggesting that AtNAP and AtPIR act in the same pathway as the ARP2/3 complex in plants. The actin cytoskeleton in atnap and atpir mutants was less branched than in wild type plants; instead, actin filaments aggregated in thick actin bundles.</p><p>Finally, we have recently discovered a small gene family encoding putative WAVE homologues. In mammalian cells, Rac activates WAVE1 through binding to PIR121 or Sra1 (the mammalian homologues of AtPIR). The discovery of a putative WAVE regulatory complex as well as putative WAVE homologues in Arabidopsis suggests that plant RAC GTPases regulate organisation of the actin cytoskeleton during polar growth at least partly through the ARP2/3 complex, using an evolutionarily conserved mechanism.</p>

Xylem vessels have long been proposed as a key innovation for the ecological diversification of angiosperms by providing a breakthrough in hydraulic efficiency to support high rates of photosynthesis and growth. However, recent studies demonstrated that angiosperm woods with structurally ‘primitive’ vessels did not have greater whole stem hydraulic capacities as compared to vesselless angiosperms. As an alternative to the hydraulic superiority hypothesis, the heteroxylly hypothesis proposes that subtle hydraulic efficiencies of primitive vessels over tracheids enabled new directions of functional specialization in the wood. However, the functional properties of early heteroxyllous wood remain unknown. We selected the two species of Canellales from Madagascar to test the heteroxylly hypothesis because Canellaceae (represented by Cinnamosma madagascariensis) produces wood with vessels of an ancestral form, while Winteraceae, the sister-clade (represented by Takhtajania perrieri) is vesselless. We found that heteroxylly correlated with increased wood functional diversity related mostly to biomechanical specialization. However, vessels were not associated with greater stem hydraulic efficiency or increased shoot hydraulic capacity. Our results support the heteroxylly hypothesis and highlight the importance integrating a broader ecological context to understand the evolution of vessels.

Small GTP-binding proteins are molecular switches that serve as important regulators of numerous cellular processes. In animal and plant cells, the Rho family of small GTPases participate in e.g. organisation of the actin cytoskeleton, production of reactive oxygen species through the NADPH oxidase complex, regulation of gene expression. The three most extensively studied subgroups of the Rho GTPase family are Cdc42, Rho and Rac. One of the mechanisms by which animal Rac and Cdc42 GTPases regulate actin filament organisation is through activation of the ARP2/3 complex, a multimeric protein complex which induces branching and nucleation/elongation/polymerisation of actin filaments. Activation of the ARP2/3 complex by Rac and Cdc42 is mediated through the proteins WAVE and WASP, respectively. In a search for Ras-like GTPases in Arabidopsis, we identified a family of genes with similarity to Rac GTPases. Screens of cDNA and genomic libraries resulted in the finding of 11 genes named ARACs/AtRACs. Genes encoding Rho, Cdc42 or Ras homologues were not identified. Expression analysis of AtRAC1 to AtRAC5 indicated that AtRAC1, AtRAC3, AtRAC4 and AtRAC5 are expressed in all parts of the plant, whereas AtRAC2 is preferentially expressed in root, hypocotyl and stem. The AtRAC gene family can be divided into two main groups based on sequence similarity, gene structure and post-translational modification. AtRAC group II genes contain an additional exon, caused by the insertion of an intron which disrupts the C-terminal geranylgeranylation motif. Instead, group II AtRACs contain a putative motif for palmitoylation. Phylogenetic analyses indicated that the division of plant RACs into group I and group II occurred before the split of monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous plants. Analyses of the genes neighbouring AtRAC genes revealed that several of the plant RAC genes have been created through duplications. The restricted/tissue-specific expression pattern of AtRAC2 led us to do a more detailed expression analysis of this gene. A 1.3 kb fragment of the upstream (regulatory) sequence of AtRAC2 directed expression of GUS or GFP to developing primary xylem in root, hypocotyl, leaves and stem. In root tips, the onset GUS staining or GFP fluorescence regulated by the AtRAC2 promoter slighty preceded the appearance of secondary cell walls. In stems, GUS staining coincided with thickening of xylem cell walls. Transgenic plants expressing constitutively active AtRAC2 displayed defects in the polar growth of leaf epidermal cells, indicating that AtRAC2 may be able to regulate the actin cytoskeleton. Surprisingly, an AtRAC2 T-DNA insertion mutant did not show any observable phenotypes. GFP fusion proteins of wild type and constitutively active AtRAC2 were both localised to the plasma membrane. The data suggest that AtRAC2 is involved in development of xylem vessels, likely through regulation of the actin cytoskeleton or NADPH oxidase. The role of RAC GTPases in regulation of the actin cytoskeleton in plants is well documented. However, although the ARP2/3 complex had been identified in plants/Arabidopsis, the mechanisms regulating this complex were unknown. Through database searches, we identified three Arabidopsis genes, AtBRK1, AtNAP and AtPIR, which encoded proteins with similarity to subunits of a protein complex shown to regulate the activity of WAVE1 in mammalian cells. T-DNA inactivation mutants of AtNAP and AtPIR displayed morphological defects on epidermal cells undergoing polar expansion, such as trichomes and leaf pavement cells. The phenotypes were similar to those observed for ARP2/3 complex mutants, suggesting that AtNAP and AtPIR act in the same pathway as the ARP2/3 complex in plants. The actin cytoskeleton in atnap and atpir mutants was less branched than in wild type plants; instead, actin filaments aggregated in thick actin bundles. Finally, we have recently discovered a small gene family encoding putative WAVE homologues. In mammalian cells, Rac activates WAVE1 through binding to PIR121 or Sra1 (the mammalian homologues of AtPIR). The discovery of a putative WAVE regulatory complex as well as putative WAVE homologues in Arabidopsis suggests that plant RAC GTPases regulate organisation of the actin cytoskeleton during polar growth at least partly through the ARP2/3 complex, using an evolutionarily conserved mechanism.

No description available.

Xylem vessels have long been proposed as a key innovation for the ecological diversification of angiosperms by providing a breakthrough in hydraulic efficiency to support high rates of photosynthesis and growth. However, recent studies demonstrated that angiosperm woods with structurally ‘primitive’ vessels did not have greater whole stem hydraulic capacities as compared to vesselless angiosperms. As an alternative to the hydraulic superiority hypothesis, the heteroxylly hypothesis proposes that subtle hydraulic efficiencies of primitive vessels over tracheids enabled new directions of functional specialization in the wood. However, the functional properties of early heteroxyllous wood remain unknown. We selected the two species of Canellales from Madagascar to test the heteroxylly hypothesis because Canellaceae (represented by <em>Cinnamosma madagascariensis</em>) produces wood with vessels of an ancestral form, while Winteraceae, the sister-clade (represented by <em>Takhtajania perrieri</em>) is vesselless. We found that heteroxylly correlated with increased wood functional diversity related mostly to biomechanical specialization. However, vessels were not associated with greater stem hydraulic efficiency or increased shoot hydraulic capacity. Our results support the heteroxylly hypothesis and highlight the importance integrating a broader ecological context to understand the evolution of vessels.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Umeå : Sveriges lantbruksuniversitet, 2009. / Härtill 4 uppsatser.

No description available.

This thesis is the first report linking differential distribution of cadmium (Cd) among tissues of hydroponically-grown soybean with Cd amendments – lower seed Cd-accumulating OAC Champion and higher seed Cd-accumulating OAC Bayfield – and the mechanisms responsible for these differences. OAC Champion retains 94% (64% for OAC Bayfield) of accumulated Cd in the root stock and Cd in its xylem sap is eleven-fold less concentrated than OAC Bayfield by seed fill. Though the movement of Cd to shoots is more restricted in OAC Champion, the concentration in some seed still approximates or exceeds 0.1 mg Cd • kg-1, indicating that in soils with elevated available Cd, there is potential for many cultivars of soybean to exceed the new suggested maximum for soybean, under an amendment to regulation (EC) No 1881/2006. Phytic acid was also assayed in seed tissue and OAC Bayfield was found to contain the highest concentrations.

No description available.