Magíster en artes con mención en teoría e historia del arte / Desde el siglo XIX la fotografía urbana se ha destacado por establecer una mirada modernizadora cuyo objetivo ha sido el reordenamiento de la ciudad. A lo largo de su devenir, esta mirada se ha descentrado del eje normativo permitiendo el surgimiento de estéticas cercanas al documental, la identidad y el discurso artístico, con diversos ejemplos locales, como Helsby, Garreaud, Merton, o Silva, e internacionales, desde Marville, Atget, la Nueva objetividad, la escuela de los Becher, hasta las propuestas contemporáneas. La imagen fotográfica en su desarrollo artístico redefiniría su coeficiente de objetividad, poniendo en cuestión problemas en torno al montaje, el referente y la imagen no indicial. En este sentido, la mirada presente en las series Extractos de Ciudad (2010) de Sachiyo Nishimura y Paisaje en tránsito (2009) de Rodrigo Casanova, permitirían abordar una lectura a los modelos representacionales de la ciudad desde una producción artística actual, considerando los problemas desarrollados por la imagen en la construcción de la mirada sobre lo urbano. De esta forma, los conceptos de espectralidad y vaciamiento que desarrollarían las propuestas de estos artistas, a partir de las ideas de tránsito, fractura y ausencia en relación al referente hasta la multiplicidad, saturación o yuxtaposición en el montaje, permitiendo observar nuevas configuraciones de la imagen fotográfica urbana. En consecuencia, la ciudad aparecería como una discontinuidad determinada por la construcción de perspectivas y miradas, cruzadas a su vez por sus propias referencialidades en diálogo hacia un discurso estético.

Jak se mohou navzájem ovlivnit dvě naprosto odlišná média, jako jsou fotografie a psaní? Tato práce si klade za cíl odpovědět na tuto otázku. Hlavní myšlenkou této práce je určit vztah mezi poezií a fotografií. Pár vybraných fotografií poslouží jako příklady a budou podrobeny rozboru. Práce je rozdělena do pěti kapitol, přičemž první část tvoří Úvod, druhá kapitola podává základní shrnutí obou médií. Třetí kapitola se zabývá rozborem prací japonského fotografa Masaa Yamamota. Čtvrtá kapitola rozebírá několik vybraných příkladů fotografií, které jsou nahlíženy metaforicky. Poslední, pátá kapitola přináší výsledek zkoumání této práce a shrnutí, jak se navzájem ovlivňují poezie a fotografie v dějinách a v tvorbě.

近十年來，因投機需求、游資充斥等原因使台灣房價成長之上升趨勢明顯高於許多國家，房屋交易方面則呈現明顯起伏不定之走勢，台灣政府單位為達成物價穩定、金融穩定與經濟成長等目標並且避免金融危機再度發生，透過制定及執行貸款管制政策，期能有效抑制假性需求與房價上漲趨勢。 然而，貸款管制是否能有效抑制房價，過去未有文獻針對購屋貸款管制工具與房價及住宅交易量觀察長期趨勢關係並缺乏整體性探討，故本研究欲藉由探究貸款成數與購屋貸款餘額占國內生產毛額比率與住宅市場間是否存在長期、短期影響或其間因果關係，以得知是否政策的投入能夠確切影響標的、達成目標。 本文嘗試以 2000 年第一季至2016 年第二季之貸款管制工具變數及總體經變數資料，運用 ARDL Bounds Test、ARDL-ECM 模型及Toda and Yamamoto 因果檢定探究購屋貸款管制變數對於台灣住宅市場間之長期與短期動態關係及因果關係。研究結果顯示，購屋貸款管制變數對於房價及交易量有顯著之影響，尤其對於住宅交易量方面具有較為明顯之效果，因此，期望透過本研究對於台灣未來金融、房市政策規劃提出建議。 / Over the past decade, an abundance of money and speculative demand from the Quantitative Easing (QE) monetary policy drove the housing price in Taiwan to rise sharply, and the volume of housing market is unstable. To stabilize the financial markets, the government have formulated policies on housing markets and mortgage control to curb rising housing prices. In order to understand the effect of mortgage control on curbing housing price, this study examines the long-run and short-run relationship and causality effect among loan-to-value ratio and mortgage-to-GDP ratio and housing markets. This study used ARDL model, bounds test and Toda and Yamamoto causality to analyze quarterly data over the period 2000-Q1 to 2016-Q2. Empirical results show that mortgage control has significant effects on the housing market. Results further shown that the influence on the volume is more obvious than on the price. Results of this study provide precious policy implications for future housing financial sectors.

An efficient housing finance system has significant importance both in meeting the housing needs of individuals and in reinforcing the development of the construction, finance and other related sectors of an economy. Today, developed countries have advanced housing finance systems in which funds flow from savers to home-buyers by the mortgage markets. On the other hand, despite its recognized economic and social importance, housing finance often remains under-developed in developing countries mainly due to the lack of macroeconomic stability. Turkey, being a developing country, has made an important step towards the development of a mortgage system with the passage of the new Mortgage Law by the Parliament. Accordingly, the purpose of this thesis is to examine the applicability of mortgage system in Turkey. For this purpose, housing finance systems of some developed and developing countries are reviewed, and the housing finance system in Turkey is explained. Further, causality between the total amount of housing loans issued, inflation and nominal interest rates in Turkey is analyzed with the Toda-Yamamoto VAR approach. VAR analysis shows the negative impact of nominal interest rates on the total amount of housing loans issued in Turkey. To sum up, considering its economic and social environment, Turkey has adapted best international experiences, and it is possible for a mortgage system to develop in the country by the new mortgage legislation combined with the lower interest rates as inflation declines.

Researchers tend to disagree on the direction of the relation among R&D and economic growth, suggesting that if economic performance determines R&D investments countries might overinvest in their R&D expenditure. The purpose of this thesis is therefore to shed new light to this question by first establishing a relation among the variables and thereafter investigate the Granger causality between them. This paper is based on a panel study consisting of 60 countries, with various levels of income during the period 1996-2015. Using a fixed effects model, we can establish a positive relation between growth in R&D expenditure and GDP growth and using Granger causality tests and the Toda-Yamamoto augmented Granger causality tests, we can conclude that the growth of R&D expenditure determines economic performance in the short-run for countries in all income levels, however no conclusions can be made regarding the direction of Granger causality in the long-run. Hence, our results show that R&D investments stimulate economic growth and should, to some extent, be favoured by policy regardless of a nation's level of development.

Background: In 2008, the financial crisis led to the deterioration of the global economy. The financial industry suffered severe setbacks. On the one hand, regulators strengthened their supervision over financial institutions and raised capital requirements. On the other hand, publics’ confidence in financial institutions declined. At the same time, the fintech industry has rapidly developed during this decade, they use technology to make financial innovation and pose a threat to the traditional financial industry. Purpose: This paper aims to study the linkage between U.S. fintech and the traditional financial sector, trying to figure out which industry's stock price changes will affect the stock price changes in another industry. In particular, it also considers whether the global financial crisis will affect this relationship. Method: We first perform the Granger causality test under the VAR framework for several selected indices sequences, and then use the Toda Yamamoto version of Granger causality approach to verify the reliability of the above tests. Testing is divided into different time intervals in order to detect the impact of financial crisis on the relationship between time series. Conclusion: The empirical analysis results show that the correlation between the index in the long-term and short-term is inconsistent, and also shows that the correlation between the index will be affected by the financial crisis, or say, it will change as time varying.

The indebtedness of Swedish households has more than doubled in the last ten decades despite the implementation of a mortgage ceiling and stricter amortization requirements. This study takes form to investigate how it is possible that debt related to housing is rising while new regulations against it has been set and how housing prices continues to increase when lending is supposed to be harder.This analysis estimates whether there are indications of an existing price bubble in the housing market of Stockholm. It is done by testing fundamental economic factors to the price index of housing in Stockholm, to see if they support the price development. If the analysis shows that housing prices cannot be predicted by the fundamental economic factors, it is possible that the price is a self-running series1 which could be an indicator of a price bubble. If fundamental factors that are being used as control variables seem to follow the same trend as the price development of the housing market, the speculation of price bubble will be rejected.

Foreign direct investment flows are an important theme in the analysis of global capital flows. The study aims to analyse the effect a withdrawal of FDI has on the economy of Brazil. This is based on the sharp decrease FDI inflows have seen during 2020. The study is based on the theory of David Ricardo and microeconomic and macroeconomic FDI theories. A vector autoregressive model (VAR) was applied using the Toda andYamamoto methodology. The findings show that FDI inflows are positively affected by an increase in GDP and negatively affected by an increase in real average monthly wages. Furthermore, no effect of FDI on any of the considered variables could be determined. This can be attributed to the complexity of the Brazilian economy during the considered period of March 2012 – October 2021, as well as a possible omitted variable bias. This thesis is intended to serve as an avenue for further research on the effect FDI withdrawals have on the Brazilian economy.

M.Tech. (Fashion) / This study is an investigation of Japanese designers, Issey Miyake, Yohji Yamamoto and Rei Kawakubo, who are widely regarded as leading innovators in the fashion world (Kawamura 2004:36; Niessen 2003:216; Sudilc 1990:84). Collectively they have been described as avant-garde designers (Sudjic 1990:13; Breward and Gilbert 2006:58), creators of the Japanese fashion revolution in Paris (Kawamura 2005:96), and exponents of anti-fashion design (Kondo 1997:118). These designers defied the prevailing fashion norms and produced clothes referred to as "wearable art" through the use of advanced technology (Leventon 2005:25). While there are volumes of articles crediting them as revolutionary designers over the years, there is limited literature material that clearly articulates what these designers did differently. Various scholars have tried to uncover what it was that Japanese designers brought to international fashion (Koren 1984; Koda 1987; Coleridge 1989; Evans and Thornton 1989), yet none have been conclusive enough to provide the "recipe for success" that Miyake, Kawakubo and Yamamoto have achieved…

The samurai has been viewed as the Oriental equivalent of the feudalistic knights of Europe ever since the Europeans of old first landed on the shores of Japan in the 16th century. This comparison was not only because of their positions as the military class of their respective societies, but also because of the similarities in ethics and morality causing them to personify the concept of chivalry. The code of moral principles, based on the influences of Confucianism, Buddhism, and Shintoism, which the samurai was either instructed or required to observe, is called Bushidō or the Way of the Samurai. By the application of the theory of conceptual history, the study analysed the three works The Book of Five Rings by Miyamoto Musashi, Hagakure – The Way of the Samurai by Yamamoto Tsunetomo, and Bushido – The Soul of Japan by Inazo Nitobe. The purpose of the essay was to analyse and discuss how bushidō has been defined and explained by the three sources written in different time periods and how these three authors differ in their definitions of bushidō. Furthermore, the definitions were contextualized based on the societal changes of Japan between the time of writing the sources. The results showed how the authors focus on different aspects of what is included in bushidō and how the samurai was supposed to act for the benefit of society. Musashi added more focus on the way the samurai was supposed to excel on the battlefield. Tsunetomo, however, wrote his work while peace in Japan had established itself and thus focused on how the samurai was supposed to behave outside of the battlefield. Nitobe’s definition of bushidō also showed implications of a change in society based on how he chose to explain the concept of what bushidō was, and how it had evolved without the knights who had fostered it. Lastly, the study was discussed within an educational context. The samurai have seen a rise in popular history through games, film, advertisements, and more, and thus the curiosity of students, not only in Oriental culture, but Japanese culture in particular has been acknowledged. Therefore, teachers need further development of their own knowledge within the field of Oriental culture, which this study hopefully succeeds in.