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The clean-slate acts of the Hebrew Bible, i.e., the Year of Jubilee in Leviticus 25 and the Šemittah Year and the Law of Slave Release in Deut 15:1-18, are a part of the tradition of clean-slate acts in the ancient Near East. In these acts, those who have become indebted and have loss land and freedom, are given a fresh start. Through comparing the biblical clean-slate acts with the evidence of clean-slate acts in ancient Mesopotamia including the existing Edict of Ammiṣaduqa and fragments of an edict from Samsuiluna, the Holiness Code’s Year of Jubilee and Deuteronomy’s Šhemittah Year and the Law of Slave Release are brought into sharper focus. The goal of this book is to use the lens of the ancient Near Eastern clean-slate acts to better understand not only the biblical acts but the role they play within their respective law codes. Through the clean-slate acts, both the Holiness Code and Deuteronomy set economic justice as a cornerstone of their theology. They serve as a culmination of what it means to be the people of YHWH. Analyzing the biblical clean-slate acts in light of the larger tradition shows that the Year of Jubilee and the Šemittah Year and the Law of Slave Release call the people of Israel to be participants in renewal, blessing, and providing justice for the community.:Table of Contents Abbreviations vii A Note on the Spellings of Names ix Chapter 1: Introduction 1 General Tendencies of the Research 2 Leviticus 25 2 Deuteronomy 15:1-18 5 The Relationship between Lev 25 and Deut 15:1-18 8 Lev 25 and Deut 15:1-18 and the Ancient Near East 12 Ancient Near Eastern Literature and the Hebrew Bible 15 Methodology 17 Chapter 2: From Freedom to Slavery. 20 Introduction 20 Causes of Debt in the Hebrew Bible 21 Loans 22 Taxes and Corvée 23 Consequences of Debt in the Hebrew Bible 25 Oppression of the Poor in the Literary Prophets 27 Debt in Ancient Mesopotamia 32 Interest-Bearing Loans 33 Taxes and Corvée 36 Consequences of Debt in Ancient Mesopotamia 38 Loss of Land 38 Loss of Freedom 39 Conclusion 43 Excursus 1: Debt in Ancient Egypt 44 General Survey 44 Debt-Slavery under Joseph - Genesis 47:13-26 45 Chapter 3: Economic Justice and Clean Slate Traditions in Ancient Mesopotamia 47 Introduction 47 Ur-Namma (regnal years: 2112-2095 B.C.E., Ur): 49 Lipit-Ištar (regnal years: 1934-1924 B.C.E., Isin) 51 Ur-Ninurta (regnal years: 1923-1896 B.C.E., Isin) 53 Sumulael (regnal years: 1880-1845 B.C.E., Babylon) 54 Sabium (regnal years: 1884-1831 B.C.E., Babylon) 54 Hammurabi (regnal years: 1792-1750 B.C.E., Babylon) 55 Samsuiluna (regnal years: 1749-1712 B.C.E., Babylon) 58 Abiešuḫ (regnal years: 1711-1684 B.C.E., Babylon) 63 Ammiditana (regnal years: 1683-1647 B.C.E., Babylon) 63 Date and Attribution Uncertain 64 Ammiṣaduqa (regnal years: 1646-1626 B.C.E., Babylon) 64 Conclusion 71 Chapter 4: Esarhaddon’s Neo-Assyrian Clean-Slate Acts 73 Introduction 73 Sennacherib and Babylonia 73 Esarhaddon’s Restoration of Babylon 77 Conclusion 84 Chapter 5: Dating the Holiness Code and Deuteronomy 87 Introduction 87 Overview 87 Deuteronomy 88 The Holiness Code 90 The Role of the Covenant Code 93 Evidence from Jeremiah 34 98 Authorship 101 Deuteronomy 102 The Holiness Code 106 Conclusion 109 Chapter 6: The Year of Jubilee in Leviticus 25 111 Introduction 111 Textual Issues 112 Land as Subject of Sabbath 112 Meaning of יוֹבֵל and דְּרוֹר 112 Debates 114 Questions of Redaction 119 Pronoun Switching 119 Cities 120 Structure 122 Sabbath and Jubilee 123 The Debt-Spiral and Clean-Slate Remedies 126 Key Issues and Themes 134 Sabbath: Not for the Poor 134 Debt and Debt Relief 135 Cities 136 Theology 137 Particularity 137 The Exodus Event and the Israelites as YHWH’s Slaves 138 The Land is YHWH’s 142 The Jubilee as Holy 144 The Day of Atonement and Created Order 146 In the Context of the Holiness Code 149 Conclusion 150 Chapter 7: The Šemittah Year and Law of Slave Release in Deuteronomy 15:1-18 152 Introduction 152 Šemittah 152 Debates 154 Debt Forgiveness or Deferment 154 Same or Double Work in v. 18 156 Structure 157 The Šemittah Year (15:1-11) 161 The Law of Slave Release (15:12-18) 165 Key Issues and Themes 166 Sabbath Rhythm 166 Generosity 168 Right Attitude 171 חטא in Deuteronomy 172 Particularity 174 Slave Laws in Deuteronomy 15:12-18 and Exodus 21:2-11 175 Theology 179 Care for the Poor Kin 179 The Gift of Land 180 Slavery in Egypt and the Exodus Event 181 Sovereignty of YHWH 182 Šemittah Year, Torah, and Joy 185 Conclusion 186 Excursus 2: A Clean-Slate Act in Nehemiah 5:1-13 187 Introduction 187 The Narrative 188 The Vocabulary 189 Shared Themes 191 The Nehemiah Memoir as Self-Presentation and Propaganda 192 Conclusion 194 Chapter 8: Comparisons and Conclusions 196 Introduction 196 Divine versus Human Agency 197 Sabbath 201 Forward-Looking 204 Provisions for the Future 207 Divine Ownership 209 Exclusivity 209 The Exodus Event 212 The Land and the Promise of Blessing 215 Community Ethics 217 Different Approaches 219 Community in Deuteronomy 221 The Land and YHWH’s Sovereignty in the Holiness Code 224 Conclusions 225 Bibliography 228

The first year of teaching has profound implications for career length, job satisfaction, and teacher effectiveness. Establishing relationships with multiple colleagues has been found to help new teachers improve their practice and create a sense of identity within their schools and within the profession. Lack of physical proximity among teachers, however, has been shown to inhibit the formation of these professional relationships. Despite these findings, research involving a close examination of how socio-physical arrangement of space can foster or hinder a sense of professional community is sparse, particularly with relation to new teachers. Hence, the purpose of this study was to better understand how first-year teachers’ interactions with their colleagues influenced the novices’ establishment within their school communities, their conceptions of teaching, their sense of place and identities as teachers, and the learning that occurs over the course of the first year. Using interviews and observations as primary sources of data, and supplementingthese with several other sources such as video tours, interaction logs, and relational maps, this study examined the interactions of three first-year teachers (in the same middle school) with their colleagues, while paying specific attention to the role of the spatial structures of the school in shaping these interactions. Ultimately, this study found that the arrangements of school structures, including space, time, and task, as well as the interrelatedness of these structures, influenced the frequency and nature of the novices’ interactions with their colleagues, thus playing a crucial role in their learning, identities, and conceptions of teaching as a collaborative versus independent endeavor. This dissertation concludes with implications for practice and research aimed at arranging these structures so as to make the first years of teaching more constructive and more satisfying for novice educators.

Objective. The research goal was to determine if behaviors indicative of sensory processing dysfunction are present in children with autism, if these behaviors can be grouped into distinctive patterns, and if there is a relationship between sensory processing dysfunction and self-care abilities. Method. Parents of 30 male children with autism ages 2–4 completed a Dunn Sensory Profile and a Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scale. A one sample t-test and Spearman rho calculation were used for data analysis. Results. Sixty percent of the 3–4 year old group scored below negative 1 standard deviation on the Sensory Profile. This group also exhibited a pattern of sensory dysfunction in auditory, tactile, and oral systems. For the total group, there was a statistically significant correlation (rs = .646, p = .01) between the scores on Dunn Sensory Profile and Vineland and a statistically significant correlation (p = .05) between system threshold scores and Vineland. Conclusion. The data endorse a difference in sensory responsivity in children with autism which has a specific pattern. A relationship between sensory processing and the occupation of self-care is present. Response threshold is related to a child's self care performance. There is a developmental trend of increased atypical sensory behaviors in children with autism that may have clinical significance for the occupational therapist.

Changes in weather patterns worldwide and global warming increased the demand for high-performance buildings resilient to climate change. Building Performance Simulation (BPS) is a robust technique to test, assess, and enhance energy efficiency measures and comply with stringent energy codes of buildings. Climate has a considerable impact on the buildings' thermal environment and energy performance; therefore, choosing reliable and accurate weather data is crucial for building performance evaluation and reducing the performance gap. Typical Weather Years (TWYs) have been traditionally used for energy simulation of buildings. Even if detailed energy assessments can be performed using available multi-year weather data, most simulations are carried out using a typical single year. As a result, this fictitious year must accurately estimate the typical multi-year conditions. TWYs are widely used because they accelerate the modeling process and cut down on computation time while generating relatively accurate long-term predictions of building energy performance. However, there is no certainty that a single year can describe the changing climate and year-by-year variations in weather patterns. Nowadays, with increased computational power and higher speeds in calculation processes, it is possible to adopt multi-year weather datasets to fully assess long-term building energy performance and avoid errors and inaccuracies during the preliminary selection procedures. This study aims to investigate the impact of Typical Weather Years and Actual Weather Years (AWYs) on a single-family house and a university building under two opposite climates, Winnipeg (cold) and Catania (hot). First, a single-family house in Winnipeg, Canada, was selected to evaluate how typical weather years affect the energy performance of the building and compare it with AWYs simulation. Two widely used typical weather data, CWEC and TMY, were selected for the simulation. The results were compared with the outcomes of simulation using AWYs derived from the same weather station from 2015 to 2019, which covered the latest climate changes. The results showed that typical weather years could not sufficiently capture the year-by-year variation in weather patterns. The typical weather years overestimated the cooling load while underestimating the heating demands compared to the last five actual weather years. A more extensive study was conducted for more confidence in the findings and understanding of the weather files. The research was expanded by comparing the results of building performance simulation of the single-family house and an institutional building with more complex envelope characteristics belonging to the University of Manitoba under cold (Winnipeg, Canada) and hot (Catania, Italy) climates. Overall, 48 simulations were performed using ten actual weather years from 2010 to 2019 and two TWYs from each climate for both buildings. The results showed that while the TWYs either overestimate or underestimate the cooling and heating demands of both buildings, cooling load predictions were highly overestimated in the heating-dominant climate of Winnipeg, ranging from 10.5% to 82.4% for both buildings by CWEC and TMY weather data. In the cooling-dominant climate of Catania, energy simulations using IWEC and TMY typical weather data highly overestimated the heating loads between 2.8% and 82.4%.

This thesis investigates whether players in the National Hockey League overperform during the last year of their contract. This phenomenon is called the contract year phenomenon and suggests that players have financial incentives to perform better during this specific season. Previous research has shown evidence of this phenomenon in the National Basketball Association and some evidence in Major League Baseball. To investigate this we have used data from 6 season in the NHL between 2016 to 2022. A linear regression was conducted to identify the relationship between points per hour and contract year. A negative relationship between the variables were identified, probably due to the fact that worse players tend to sign shorter contracts, getting a contract year more often. When fixed effect regression was conducted to compare individual players with themselves over time, no significant relationship between the variables was observed, indicating that there is no evidence of the contract year phenomenon in the NHL. The non existing effect remains when looking at specific contract statuses and position in combination with the contract year variable.

The purpose of this study was to examine the association between the retention rate and 9 firstyear student programs at Liberal Arts Colleges in the Mountain South, a region in the southern Appalachian Mountains of the United States. Nine first-year programs were studied: Summer Bridge Programs, Preterm Orientation, Outdoor Adventure Orientation, Targeted Seminars, Learning Communities, Early Warning/Early Alert Systems, Service Learning, Undergraduate Research, and Assessment. The data for this study were accessed via the college database of The National Center for Education Statistics (NCES, 2013). Chi Square tests were used for analysis to identify associations between first-year student retention and the presence of each of the 9 programs. The results indicated that the presence of each of the 9 first-year programs was not significantly related to first-year student retention.

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