The Hundred Years War was a series of conflicts from 1337 to 1453 waged between the House of Plantagenet of England and the House of Valois of France. This thesis will analyze the affect that the Hundred Years War had on the societies of both England and France, and in doing so will show that the war was a catalyst for bringing England and France out of what is recognized as the Middle Ages and into the Renaissance and Early Modern Period. The thesis will do this by looking at three sections of English and French society: the royalty and nobility who commanded and who arguably started the war, the soldiers and mercenary companies who fought the war, and the non-combatants who either contributed to the war or were affected by it in positive or negative ways. The evolution in the power and role of the monarchs will be analyzed, while the nobility will be analyzed in their capacity as the leaders during the war and how their station in society was affected by the war. Analysis of those that served and fought in the war are of equal importance, as the Hundred Years War saw the rise of paid professional armies comprised mostly of the peasantry. Mercenary companies will also be looked at, especially in France where they contributed much to pillaging and acts of violence against the people. While the experiences of the combatants are important to understanding the history of the war, the experiences of those that did not directly engage in the war is important to understanding how the war affected society as a whole. Those peasants whose farms were destroyed by raiding armies, mercenaries, or bandits suffered greatly because of the war. Yet some, such as merchants, profited from the war and became greatly enriched. The church and its role in attempting to mediate and bring peace, while others of the cloth served as outlets of propaganda in support of their kingdom, will also be looked at in this thesis.

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Yes / Early interventions are recognised as key to improving life chances for children and reducing inequalities in health and well-being, however there is a paucity of high quality research into the effectiveness of interventions to address childhood health and development outcomes. Planning and implementing standalone RCTs for multiple, individual interventions would be slow, cumbersome and expensive. This paper describes the protocol for an innovative experimental birth cohort: Born in Bradford’s Better Start (BiBBS) that will simultaneously evaluate the impact of multiple early life interventions using efficient study designs. Better Start Bradford (BSB) has been allocated £49 million from the Big Lottery Fund to implement 22 interventions to improve outcomes for children aged 0–3 in three key areas: social and emotional development; communication and language development; and nutrition and obesity. The interventions will be implemented in three deprived and ethnically diverse inner city areas of Bradford. Method: The BiBBS study aims to recruit 5000 babies, their mothers and their mothers’ partners over 5 years from January 2016-December 2020. Demographic and socioeconomic information, physical and mental health, lifestyle factors and biological samples will be collected during pregnancy. Parents and children will be linked to their routine health and local authority (including education) data throughout the children’s lives. Their participation in BSB interventions will also be tracked. BiBBS will test interventions using the Trials within Cohorts (TwiCs) approach and other quasi-experimental designs where TwiCs are neither feasible nor ethical, to evaluate these early life interventions. The effects of single interventions, and the cumulative effects of stacked (multiple) interventions on health and social outcomes during the critical early years will be measured. Discussion: The focus of the BiBBS cohort is on intervention impact rather than observation. As far as we are aware BiBBS is the world’s first such experimental birth cohort study. While some risk factors for adverse health and social outcomes are increasingly well described, the solutions to tackling them remain elusive. The novel design of BiBBS can contribute much needed evidence to inform policy makers and practitioners about effective approaches to improve health and well-being for future generations. / Big Lottery

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T20:56:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Milene Carla Rovaron Moraes.pdf: 941767 bytes, checksum: 50ae3446cfb04953ecb0445fc7bebe20 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-05-15 / Secretaria da Educação do Estado de São Paulo / This study aims to understand the changes in the educational system from the Law 11.274/2006, which expanded elementary school for nine years duration including the entry of a child of six years , aiming to improve the equity and quality of basic education for children pursuing studies , achieving higher levels of education and to ensure that entering early, children have a longer time to the learning of literacy and literacy . Based on this assumption, the research aims to investigate, from the testimony of teachers , as is enabling the nine-year elementary school and entering the six year old in the first year at State Schools in the State of São Paulo . The survey was conducted with five teachers from the first year of elementary school in State Schools in the State of São Paulo and methodological option directed to the qualitative approach. We used semi-structured interview and, after collecting data using document analysis, characterization and interview subject, departed to the confrontation between these data to treat them and analyze them making this research relevant for studies in Education. Among the challenges mentioned by teachers are: the restructuring of the physical space to fit a child of six years; continuing education about the specifics of these children , as well as guidance on the use of teaching materials , the need to have an assistant professor class and reducing the amount of students per class. Therefore necessary to actualize what determines the Law 11.274/2006 changes are: partnership between ESS, managers and teachers in order to meet the needs of the school and the teacher feel supported to do their jobs; integration between school planning polyvalent teachers and specialists, that is, teachers of all disciplines and arts, and physical education, respectively, sufficient for teachers to maintain a decent standard of life and dedicate themselves only to the State Schools in the State of São Paulo remuneration / Este estudo busca compreender as mudanças do sistema de ensino a partir da Lei nº 11.274/2006, que ampliou o Ensino Fundamental para nove anos de duração incluindo o ingresso da criança de seis anos, visando melhorar as condições de equidade e de qualidade da Educação Básica, para as crianças prosseguirem nos estudos, alcançando maior nível de escolaridade e assegurar que, ingressando mais cedo, as crianças tenham um tempo mais longo para as aprendizagens de alfabetização e letramento. Partindo desse pressuposto, a pesquisa tem como objetivo investigar, a partir do depoimento de professoras, como está se viabilizando o Ensino Fundamental de nove anos e o ingresso da criança de seis anos no primeiro ano na Rede Estadual de Ensino do Estado de São Paulo. A pesquisa foi realizada com cinco professoras do primeiro ano do Ensino Fundamental I da Rede Estadual de Ensino do Estado de São Paulo e a opção metodológica direcionou-se para a abordagem qualitativa. Foi utilizada a entrevista semiestruturada e, após a coleta de dados utilizando a análise de documentos, caracterização dos sujeitos e a entrevista, partiu-se para a confrontação entre esses dados para tratá-los e analisá-los tornando esta pesquisa relevante para os estudos em Educação. Dentre os desafios mencionados pelas professoras estão: a reestruturação do espaço físico para adequá-lo à criança de seis anos; a formação contínua a respeito das especificidades dessas crianças, bem como orientações quanto à utilização dos materiais pedagógicos; a necessidade de ter um professor auxiliar de classe e a redução da quantidade de alunos por sala. Portanto, as mudanças necessárias para efetivarmos o que determina a Lei 11.274/2006 são: parceria entre a SEE, os gestores e professores, a fim de suprir as necessidades da escola e o professor sentir-se amparado para exercer sua função; integração do planejamento escolar entre professores polivalentes e especialistas, isto é, professores de todas as disciplinas e de arte e educação física, respectivamente, remuneração suficiente para os professores manterem um padrão de vida digno e se dedicarem apenas à Rede Estadual de Ensino do Estado de São Paulo

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-27T16:32:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Ana Lucia Simao.pdf: 5777019 bytes, checksum: 8e45e43c8d1188b432ea0337e41db0d4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-09-27 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This study aimed to investigate the work of the classroom´s teacher of the current 1st year of the nine years elementary school implemented in accordance with Law No. 11.274/06, which determines the inclusion of six years old children in a nine years term elementary school. We tried to capture the daily activities of the teacher of the six years old children, as well as the organization of the educational work. It is a qualitative research complemented by an analysis of the legislation enforcing the expansion of the term of the elementary school. Instruments were the observation and questionnaires , based in the work of two teachers and first year students in a public school in São Paulo. The theoretical framework was based on the investigative process in Wallon for understanding social interaction in the learning process and development of the child. The data point to a sudden commute of children in early childhood education to the elementary school, marked by the concern of teachers in literacy, but generally there is no understanding by the students in reading and writing. Time and space intended for recreational activities and collectives, were considered inadequate to meet the specifics of the education of children this age group / Este estudo teve como objetivo investigar o trabalho educativo da escola fundamental de nove anos, em especial o trabalho do professor da sala de aula de 1º ano atual, decorrente da Lei nº 11.274/06, a qual determina a inclusão das crianças de seis anos de idade na escola fundamental de nove anos. Buscou-se apreender como se dão as atividades cotidianas da escola e do educador, em especial às crianças de seis anos, bem como, a organização do trabalho pedagógico. Trata-se de uma pesquisa qualitativa acrescida da análise de documentos legais que tratam da ampliação da educação fundamental. Teve como instrumentos a observação e o questionário, tendo como sujeitos duas professoras de classe de 1º ano e seus alunos, em uma escola pública do município de São Paulo. A fundamentação teórica teve como base o processo investigativo em Wallon para o entendimento da interação social no processo de aprendizagem e desenvolvimento global da criança. Os dados apontam para uma passagem brusca da criança da educação infantil para a educação fundamental, acentuada pela preocupação por parte dos professores em alfabetizar, porém, de modo geral, não há, por parte dos alunos compreensão na leitura e na escrita. No que se refere ao tempo e ao espaço destinados para as atividades lúdicas e coletivas foram considerados inadequados para atender às especificidades ligadas à educação das crianças nessa faixa etária