Children living in risk environments can experience traumatic events that could affect their future life. Providing these children with the necessary strategies to cope with adversity and to develop in an optimal way is needed in order to avoid trauma or being damaged for the rest of their lives. Because of this reason, a systematic literature review was performed with the aim to examine how resilience is defined and implemented in studies focusing on young children at risk. The search was done through five electronic databases and conducted during the spring semester of 2016. During the research process, inclusion and exclusion criteria were taken into account and different search words were used for each database. According to the inclusion/exclusion criteria a title/abstract screening was performed. Thereafter, for the articles which were not excluded a full text review screening was conducted, which led to the inclusion of 14 articles in total. Articles were analysed using a data extraction tool (protocol). All the articles were about resilience, aimed at children between 0 and 12 years old. Eight out of the fourteen were studies that evaluated the resilience degree in young children, while seven were aimed at developing resilience with specially designed intervention programmes. A range of definitions of the term resilience were found, showing that resilience can be understood as a process or as ability. On this basis, studies focused on resilience were found to be mainly of two kinds: related to observation or intervention, using different methodologies and tools to measure or develop resilience in children. The outcomes found were in line with previous research, showing the great importance of supportive relationships, developing within a certain environment and having a positive self-perception as facts that can influence the development of resilience.

This thesis examines the meanings and experiences of citizenship for a particular group of working class young people. By using an ethnographic methodology it identifies the different social processes that influence how they experience citizenship and how they perceive themselves as present and future citizens. Ideas proposed by T.H. Marshall have dominated post war discourses on citizenship, but these have failed to explain what it means to the young working class to be a citizen. The meaning of youth has historically and culturally undergone change. What it means to be young and working class is greatly influenced by factors such as, the cultural context of community life, the structural relationships of production and consumption, and the wider ideological meanings and policies of political movements such as those of the New Right. It is within this context that citizenship in the 1990s, as a way of life for the young working class,needs to be understood. Sites such as community, work, and leisure and consumption remain central to young people's experience of citizenship. It is in these sites where they gain support and status towards moving into the adult world. Yet changes, especially in work and leisure, are making life increasingly difficult for the young. Opportunities to undertake transitions into adulthood are being affected by the lack of opportunities for full employment, the growth of social divisions and increased generational conflict. These can then undermine young people's feelings of responsibility and obligations. Young women's experience and meanings of citizenship differ from those of young men. Expectations of others around sexuality and gender are influential in 'shaping' young women's choices and opportunities. Young working class women are clearly aware of this and attempt to develop strategies within relationships and the job market which help them resist the inevitability of the 'motherhood trap'. Young people's responses to their experiences of citizenship are to reject the system that claims to represent their interests, that of Parliamentary democracy. But this is not to say that the young are non political, as they construct and act upon their own 'political theories' of the world. It may also be the case that if a wider definition of the 'political' is constructed, then certain actions around 'resistance', 'defence' and 'survival' could also be deemed as possible political responses to their experiences of citizenship.

The present study sought to define a possible role of phosphorus-stimulated ammoniagenesis, previously observed in vitro and in experimental animals, in the hypocalciuric effect of phosphorus in young men. It was hypothesized that titrating some of the hydrogen ions destined for excretion with ammonia would be beneficial to kidney calcium reabsorption because ammonium ion unlike hydrogen ion does not increase urinary calcium loss. To test this hypothesis, seven young men (22 - 31 years old and average weight of 70 kg) were fed a single menu providing 800 mg phosphorus, 1200 mg calcium, 11.7 MJ (~ 2800 kcal) and 14.5 g nitrogen for 10 days. In a subsequent 10-day period, dietary phosphorus was doubled to 1600 mg by the addition of cheddar cheese and milk to the menu. Dietary nitrogen, calcium and vitamin D were equalized for the two periods. Three 24-hour urine samples and a fasting blood sample were collected at the end of each experimental period. Comparison of period 2 with 1 showed urinary phosphorus excretion + 82%, urinary calcium excretion - 38%, serum phosphorus + 6.2%, serum calcium - 3.8%, urinary sulfate and creatinine excretion no change. Urinary ammonia nitrogen excretion increased in all seven subjects with an average increase of 13%. Furthermore each individual increase in ammonia nitrogen excretion was found to be directly correlated with urinary phosphorus excretion (r = 0.76, P < 0.05). Urinary urea nitrogen excretion was found to vary inversely with urinary ammonia nitrogen excretion with an average decrease of 12% and urinary total nitrogen excretion decreased 14% for the entire group. Results obtained therefore offer a mechanism by which phosphorus directly improves the non-parathyroid hormone portion of tubular calcium reabsorption. The magnitude of the effects seen however suggest that phosphorus-stimulated ammoniagenesis only plays a small role in the mechanism of the hypocalciuric effect of phosphorus in young men. / Graduation date: 1996

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Over the last decade there has been a steady growth of work related initiatives in education which have more latterly involved primary schools. There is, however, no clear evidence as to the impact these have made on teachers working with young children. Casual observation would suggest that work-related education remains peripheral in many primary schools and appears to be fragmented even when visible. The reasons for this are unclear but there are indications that certain pressures upon schools along with particular perspectives of teachers and industrialists have proved influential to the decision This study aims to determine what has motivated certain primary school teachers who are positively biased to embark upon work-related education and to ascertain the factors that have informed their views. It also seeks to discover why these teachers feel this aspect of work is important and what they hope to achieve from the activities in which they engage. At the same time the study enquires into the view of industrialists relating to work-related education in primary schools; explores what efforts are being made in this field; and aims to establish what industrialists hope to achieve. The study reveals that the greatest motivation for teachers involved in this study to engage in workrelated education is to prepare young people for life in a rapidly changing world. A positive link is exhibited between teachers who engage in work-related activities and their personal experience of business or industry. It is also revealed that industry, as represented by some of the large corporations, perceive links with primary schools to be essential. These links are, however, less common than links with secondary schools. A lack of some common understanding between educationalists and industrialists as to the outcomes of such endeavours is also disclosed. These points are discussed and a plan of action is offered.