This study explored the experiences of Hausa young people in the Jos ethno-religious crisis. It sought to answer the following research question: is there evidence of trauma resilience among the Hausa young people in Jos? If established, further enquiry into the methods employed by the social organisation to make its young people resilient was made. A qualitative study of 32 young people (16 females and 16 males) drawn from the social organisation discussed their experiences during the crisis in a focus group forum. In addition, 16 parents (consisting of 8 males and 8 females) discussed their experiences and observations of the young people's behaviours during and after the crisis. Furthermore, focus group discussions were held with some hospital workers (comprising 2 male and 4 female staff) to gain insight into their experiences of working with the young people during the crisis. Five traditional/religious leaders in Jos were also interviewed to share their experiences during and after the crisis. Focus groups, picture drawings and individual interviews were used to capture and illuminate on the young people's experiences. The results revealed that there is high level of resilience among the young people. The young people through their discussions and pictures demonstrated that they had faced many difficulties during the crisis, and presented symptoms of trauma, but these symptoms were not severe enough to attract a diagnosis of PTSD and did not require treatment. All the young people reported a great deal of anxiety and fear (100%), and avoiding some parts of Jos (100%); however, none reported increased irritability (0%) and none reported symptoms of hypervigilance or insomnia (0%). However, the pictures drawn by the young people revealed lots of trauma, some dealing directly with crisis and others in different areas of their lives. Girls reported more traumatic incidents than boys. Likewise, the younger age group (7-12 years) reported more traumatic incidents than the older age group (13-18years). Furthermore, all the young people reported engagement with religiosity/spirituality; social support; cultural factors such as the socialisation process; and individual resources to contain the effects of the conflict and to remain healthy. The young people also gave reasons why they used religion/spirituality; most mentioned it gave them confidence, independence and hope. Gender and age differences were revealed. Girls used more emotion-focused channels to cope with the difficulties in addition to religion/spirituality. Boys used problem-solving channels in addition to religion/spirituality. The younger age group also used more of an emotion focus in addition to religiosity, while the older age group used more problem-solving techniques. The results from the parents, hospital workers and traditional/religious leaders further corroborate the findings from the young people. The findings were discussed alongside the literature (Millwood, 1995, Koenig, King, & Carson, 2012, Bracey, 2010). It is recommended that in times of recovery of a post-conflict society, religion and the indigenous methods should be explored and employed to get the young people out of their emotional difficulties.

This thesis explores how activities that young children are engaged in within the preschool environment, can be understood in terms of early language and literacy processes. The overall aim is to construct knowledge about young children’s spontaneous sign processes as well as meaning making and early literacy processes in preschool. A wider aim is to contribute to the theoretical understanding of young children’s multimodal use of language. More specifically, there is an interest to show how preschool educators describe and analyse young children’s literacy and how young children construct language in interaction with other children and technology. The overall theoretical view of is a social constructionist perspective of language and knowledge. Young childrens’ early literacy is seen from Early Childhood Literacy and multimodal views. The results are presented in four studies that together construct knowledge about the overall aim. The first two studies, based on focus groups, give insight into preschool educators’ views, and professional language about young children’s literacy. Young children’s interactions with each other and an interactive board (IWB), were then explored by video recordings in the third and fourth studies. The interactions are discussed in relation to sign- and meaning making, imagination and creativity. The professional language of Swedish preschool educators is eventually discussed as a dialogism of earlier theoretical and leading voices. The use of concepts such as bodily alliterations and pictographic writing are proposed as ways to expand the theoretical approach to young children’s literacy processes in preschool. By observing childrens interactions and view their bodily activities and their use of resources as doing literacy- and language their literacy could be challenged in preschools in its own right, and seen as literacy education.

This dissertation offered a close reading of African diaspora young adult novels, written by African American, Afro-Caribbean and black African women. The four novels selected for this analysis - Coe Booth's (2010) Kendra, Nana Ekua Brew-Hammond's (2010) Powder Necklace, Lynn Joseph's (2010) Flowers in the Sky and Adwoa Badoe's (2010) Between Sisters - represented the life circumstances, concerns and issues facing black adolescent girls of this generation. Set in Ghana, the United States, the Dominican Republic and England, the novels collectively provided a compelling site to examine thematic parallels as well as points of departure in each author's representation of black female adolescent identity development. Given this focus, the study employed a methodology of critical content analysis, relying on theoretical arguments from black feminism, postcolonial studies, and a youth lens. The three theories were brought into dialogue with one another in order to examine how multiple social constructions, including age, interacted and overlapped in the lives of each of the protagonists. Findings revealed that age, and concomitantly race, class and gender significantly influenced the protagonists' sense of subjectivity and selfhood. Across the text set, the significance of age was brought into light through a dramatic shift in the protagonists' relationships with their mothers or mother figures. Specifically, it was the onset of sexual maturity that fueled a multiplying of oppressive experiences for each of the protagonists within her home. By attending to the ways in which the protagonists grappled with such experiences, the researcher uncovered new models for solidifying black female adolescent identity.

Στο πλαίσιο της παρούσας διδακτορικής διατριβής μελετώνται υπολογιστικά ζητήματα που προκύπτουν από τη θεωρία της κοινωνικής επιλογής. Ένα από τα κύρια θέματα της θεωρίας αυτής είναι οι εκλογές. Τα προβλήματα που σχετίζονται με τις εκλογές ανήκουν στη θεωρία ψηφοφοριών όπου βασικό πρόβλημα είναι η εύρεση του νικητή των εκλογών όταν έχουμε ως δεδομένες τις προτιμήσεις των ψηφοφόρων. Στη βιβλιογραφία υπάρχουν αρκετοί κανόνες ψηφοφορίας βάσει των οποίων γίνεται ο υπολογισμός της κατάταξης μιας ψηφοφορίας και της ανάδειξης του νικητή. Η θεωρία των ψηφοφοριών αποτελεί ένα σημαντικό κλάδο της θεωρίας της κοινωνικής επιλογής με άμεσες εφαρμογές στην κοινωνία, καθώς οι κανόνες αυτοί εφαρμόζονται στην πράξη σε βουλευτικές, δημοτικές ή τοπικές εκλογές, καθώς επίσης και σε αρκετές επιτροπές σχετικές με την λήψη συλλογικών αποφάσεων. Στη συγκεκριμένη διατριβή μελετούμε πρώτα τους κανόνες ψηφοφορίας που πρότειναν ο Dodgson και ο Young, οι οποίοι είναι σχεδιασμένοι έτσι ώστε να εντοπίζουν τον υποψήφιο που είναι διαισθητικά πιο κοντά στο να είναι ο νικητής σύμφωνα με το κριτήριο του Condorcet. Σύμφωνα με το κριτήριο αυτό, νικητής θα πρέπει να είναι ο υποψήφιος που έχει την προτίμηση της πλειοψηφίας έναντι των άλλων υποψήφιων. Ωστόσο κάτι τέτοιο δεν μπορεί να υπολογιστεί πάντα, καθώς οι προτιμήσεις της πλειοψηφίας μπορεί να είναι κυκλικές. Για παράδειγμα σε μια εκλογή με 3 υποψηφίους, ο υποψήφιος a να προτιμάται σε σχέση με τον b, ο b να προτιμάται σε σχέση με τον c, αλλά ο c να προτιμάται σε σχέση με τον a. Στην περίπτωση αυτή δεν μπορεί να καθοριστεί ο νικητής των εκλογών σύμφωνα με το κριτήριο του Condorcet. Για το λόγο αυτό χρησιμοποιούμε τους κανόνες ψηφοφορίας που προτάθηκαν από τους Dodgson και Young, οι οποίοι παρέχουν μια διαφορετική έννοια εγγύτητας ενός υποψήφιου στο να αναδειχθεί νικητής κατά Condorcet. Οι συγκεκριμένοι κανόνες αποτελούν ένα σημαντικό κομμάτι της βιβλιογραφίας της θεωρίας της Κοινωνικής Επιλογής διότι διαισθητικά παρουσιάζουν υψηλή εγγύτητα με τον κανόνα του Condorcet. Πιο συγκεκριμένα και σύμφωνα με τον κανόνα του Dodgson ισχύουν τα εξής: δεδομένου ενός συνόλου προτιμήσεων των ψηφοφόρων, ο βαθμός ενός υποψηφίου ορίζεται ως ο ελάχιστος αριθμός των ανταλλαγών που πρέπει να γίνουν μεταξύ γειτονικών υποψηφίων στην κατάταξη των ψηφοφόρων έτσι ώστε ο συγκεκριμένος υποψήφιος να αναδειχθεί νικητής κατά Condorcet. Ο υποψήφιος που έχει τον ελάχιστο βαθμό Dodgson είναι νικητής κατά Dodgson. Αντίστοιχα, σύμφωνα με τον κανόνα του Young ο βαθμός ενός υποψηφίου είναι το μέγεθος του μεγαλύτερου υποσυνόλου ψηφοφόρων έτσι ώστε, αν ληφθούν υπόψη μόνο αυτά τα ψηφοδέλτια, ο συγκεκριμένος υποψήφιος να γίνεται νικητής κατά Condorcet. Ο υποψήφιος με το μέγιστο βαθμό Young είναι νικητής κατά Young. Δυστυχώς, ο υπολογισμός του βαθμού ενός δεδομένου υποψηφίου είναι δύσκολος είτε με τον κανόνα του Dodgson είτε με τον κανόνα του Young. Για αυτό το λόγο τα υπολογιστικά ζητήματα που προκύπτουν και μελετώνται στην παρούσα διατριβή αφορούν στην προσέγγιση των δυο αυτών κανόνων ψηφοφορίας. Πιο συγκεκριμένα παρουσιάζονται δύο αλγόριθμοι που προσεγγίζουν το βαθμό ενός υποψηφίου σύμφωνα με τον κανόνα του Dodgson: ένας άπληστος αλγόριθμος και ένας αλγόριθμος βασισμένος σε γραμμικό πρόγραμμα. Οι δυο αυτοί αλγόριθμοι έχουν λόγο προσέγγισης H_{m-1}, όπου m είναι ο αριθμός των υποψηφίων και H_{m-1} είναι ο (m-1)-ος αρμονικός αριθμός. Επίσης, αποδεικνύεται ότι δεν υπάρχει αλγόριθμος πολυωνυμικού χρόνου που να προσεγγίζει το βαθμό Dodgson κατά λογαριθμικό παράγοντα, εκτός εάν υπάρχουν για τα προβλήματα της κλάσης NP αλγόριθμοι ψευδο-πολυωνυμικού χρόνου. Παρότι διαισθητικά υπερέχει ο άπληστος αλγόριθμος, στη συγκεκριμένη διατριβή υποστηρίζουμε ότι ο αλγόριθμος που είναι βασισμένος σε γραμμικό πρόγραμμα έχει πλεονέκτημα από την οπτική της θεωρίας της κοινωνικής επιλογής. Επιπλέον, αποδεικνύεται ότι ο υπολογισμός κάθε λογικής προσέγγισης της κατάταξης που παράγεται από τον κανόνα Dodgson είναι ένα υπολογιστικά δύσκολο πρόβλημα, γεγονός που εξηγεί, από την πλευρά της θεωρίας της πολυπλοκότητας, το ότι έχουν παρατηρηθεί μεγάλες διαφορές κατά τη σύγκριση εκλογών Dodgson με απλούστερους κανόνες ψηφοφορίας που εμπεριέχονται στη βιβλιογραφία της θεωρίας της κοινωνικής επιλογής. Τέλος, αποδεικνύεται ότι το πρόβλημα υπολογισμού του βαθμού ενός υποψηφίου σύμφωνα με τον κανόνα του Young είναι επίσης υπολογιστικά δύσκολο. Αυτό οδηγεί σε ένα αποτέλεσμα μη προσεγγισιμότητας για την κατάταξη υποψηφίων σε μια εκλογή σύμφωνα με τον κανόνα του Young. Αν και ο κανόνας του Dodgson είναι ένας από τους πιο καλά μελετημένους κανόνες ψηφοφορίας, παρουσιάζει σοβαρές ελλείψεις, τόσο από υπολογιστικής άποψης --- είναι υπολογιστικά δύσκολο ακόμη και να προσεγγιστεί ο βαθμός Dodgson ενός υποψηφίου --- όσο και από την πλευρά της κοινωνικής επιλογής, καθώς αποτυγχάνει σε βασικές επιθυμητές ιδιότητές της, όπως είναι η μονοτονία και η ομοιογένεια. Ωστόσο, αυτό δεν αποκλείει την ύπαρξη προσεγγιστικών αλγορίθμων για τον κανόνα του Dodgson που είναι μονότονοι ή ομοιογενείς, οπότε τίθεται το ερώτημα ύπαρξης τέτοιων αλγόριθμων. Στη διατριβή αυτή δίνονται οριστικές απαντήσεις στα ερωτήματα αυτά. Παρουσιάζεται ένας μονότονος αλγόριθμος εκθετικού χρόνου που πετυχαίνει λόγο προσέγγισης του βαθμού Dodgson ίσο με 2 και το αποτέλεσμα συμπληρώνεται με ένα αυστηρό αντίστοιχο κάτω φράγμα. Παρουσιάζεται επίσης ένας μονότονος προσεγγιστικός αλγόριθμος πολυωνυμικού χρόνου με λόγο O(logm) (όπου m είναι ο αριθμός των υποψηφίων): και στην περίπτωση αυτή το αποτέλεσμα είναι βέλτιστο, λόγω ύπαρξης αντίστοιχου κάτω φράγματος. Επιπλέον, αποδεικνύεται ότι μια μικρή παραλλαγή σε ένα γνωστό κανόνα ψηφοφορίας δίνει ένα μονότονο, ομοιογενή, O(m logm)-προσεγγιστικό αλγόριθμο πολυωνυμικού χρόνου, με τον καλύτερο δυνατό λόγο προσέγγισης, ακόμη και αν αυτό που μας ενδιαφέρει είναι μόνο η ομοιογένεια. Τέλος, μελετώνται διάφορες πρόσθετες ιδιότητες κοινωνικής επιλογής, για τις οποίες δεν υπάρχει αλγόριθμος με λόγο προσέγγισης που να εξαρτάται μόνο από το m . Αυτά τα αποτελέσματα της προσεγγισιμότητας του κανόνα αυτού αποτελούν σημαντική προσφορά της διατριβής καθώς μπορούν να θεωρηθούν ως κανόνες που υπολογίζονται σε πολυωνυμικό χρόνο και πληρούν μάλιστα επιθυμητές κοινωνικές ιδιότητες, ενώ ταυτόχρονα διέπονται και από την φιλοσοφία του κανόνα που θέσπισε ο Dodgson. Ένα άλλο σημαντικό υπολογιστικό πρόβλημα με το οποίο ασχολείται η παρούσα διατριβή είναι αυτό της δωροδοκίας των εκλογών. Στο πρόβλημα της δωροδοκίας μπορεί κάποιος με δεδομένο ένα χρηματικό προϋπολογισμό να αλλάξει τις προτιμήσεις των ψηφοφόρων ώστε να αναδειχθεί νικητής των εκλογών ο υποψήφιος της αρεσκείας του. Στη συγκεκριμένη διατριβή μελετώνται κανόνες ψηφοφορίας που βασίζονται στη βαθμολόγηση των υποψηφίων. Πιο συγκεκριμένα μελετάται η τάξη των κανόνων ψηφοφορίας όπου κάθε ψηφοφόρος εκχωρεί κ βαθμούς στον υποψήφιο που προτιμά ως πρώτο, λ βαθμούς στον υποψήφιο που προτιμά ως δεύτερο και 0 βαθμούς σε όλους τους υπόλοιπους υποψηφίους. Αποδεικνύεται ότι για αυτήν την τάξη των κανόνων βαθμολόγησης η δωροδοκία είναι ένα υπολογιστικά δύσκολο πρόβλημα. Στους κανόνες που βασίζονται στην βαθμολόγηση των υποψηφίων περιλαμβάνονται αυτοί της πλειοψηφίας και της 2-έγκρισης όπου μια βέλτιστη στρατηγική δωροδοκίας μπορεί εύκολα να υπολογιστεί, καθώς επίσης και ο κανόνας της 3-έγκρισης όπου η δωροδοκία είναι ένα υπολογιστικά δύσκολο πρόβλημα. Λαμβάνοντας υπόψιν την πολυπλοκότητα αυτών των κανόνων εξάγεται το συμπέρασμα ότι οι κανόνες που μελετήθηκαν είναι εκ των πιο απλών που δεν είναι ευάλωτοι στη δωροδοκία. / In this PhD thesis we study computational problems arising from the theory of social choice. One main aspect of Computational Social Choice is voting theory. The most important problem of voting theory is the computation of the winner of the elections when we have as input the preferences of the voters. In the literature there are many voting rules according to which the computation of the winner of the elections is done. Voting theory is a seminal subject in the Computational Social Choice theory with applications in the society. Voting rules are widely used in government and municipal or local elections and also in committees for taking decisions. In this thesis we start by considering voting rules proposed by Dodgson and Young. These rules are both designed to find an alternative closest to being a Condorcet winner. According to the Condorcet criterion, the winner of the elections should be the one that the majority of the voters prefer in relation to every other candidate. Unfortunately, the preferences of the majority may be circular. For example, in an election with 3 candidates, candidate a is preferred to b by the majority and b is preferred in relation to c, but c is preferred to a. Then a Condorcet winner does not exist. Each of these voting rules provide a different notion of proximity of how close they are to Condorcet rule. In the Dodgson rule the score of a candidate, given a set of preferences, is the minimum number of exchanges between adjacent candidates in order for the specific candidate to become a Condorcet winner. The Dodgson winner is the candidate with the minimum Dodgson score. In the Young rule the score of a candidate is the size of the largest subset of voters, when taking in account only these votes, the specific candidate becomes a Condorcet winner. The Young winner is the candidate with the maximum Young score. The score of a given alternative is known to be hard to compute under either rule and so the computational problems that arise and we consider are related to the approximation of the voting rules proposed by Dodgson and Young. We put forward two algorithms for approximating the Dodgson score: a combinatorial, greedy algorithm and an LP-based algorithm, both of which yield an approximation ratio of H_{m-1}, where m is the number of alternatives and H_{m-1} is the (m-1)st harmonic number. We also prove that there is no polynomial time algorithm that approximates the Dodgson score by (1/2-ε)lnm, unless problems in NP have quasi-polynomial time algorithms. Despite the intuitive appeal of the greedy algorithm, we argue that the LP-based algorithm has an advantage from a social choice point of view. Further, we demonstrate that computing any reasonable approximation of the ranking produced by Dodgson's rule is NP-hard. This result provides a complexity-theoretic explanation of sharp discrepancies that have been observed in the social choice theory literature when comparing Dodgson elections with simpler voting rules. Also, we show that the problem of calculating the Young score is NP-hard to approximate by any factor. This leads to an inapproximability result for the Young ranking. Although Dodgson's rule is one of the most well-studied voting rules, it suffers from serious deficiencies, both from the computational point of view --- it is NP-hard even to approximate the Dodgson score within sublogarithmic factors --- and from the social choice point of view --- it fails basic social choice desiderata such as monotonicity and homogeneity. However, this does not preclude the existence of approximation algorithms for Dodgson that are monotonic or homogeneous, and indeed it is natural to ask whether such algorithms exist. In this thesis we give definitive answers to these questions. We design a monotonic exponential-time algorithm that yields a 2-approximation to the Dodgson score, while matching this result with a tight lower bound. We also present a monotonic polynomial-time O(logm)-approximation algorithm (where m is the number of alternatives); this result is tight as well due to a complexity-theoretic lower bound. Furthermore, we show that a slight variation on a known voting rule yields a monotonic, homogeneous, polynomial-time O(m logm)-approximation algorithm, and establish that it is impossible to achieve a better approximation ratio even if one just asks for homogeneity. We complete the picture by studying several additional social choice properties; for these properties, we prove that algorithms with an approximation ratio that depends only on m do not exist. In this thesis we consider also the important computational problem of bribery in elections, where the winning candidate is computed using a scoring voting rule. In the bribery problem we have an external agent who wants to change the preferences of some voters to make his favorite candidate win the election given a budget. In this thesis we consider scoring voting rules where the voter gives to the first candidate κ points, λ points to his second most preferred candidate and zero points to all other candidates. We prove that for this class of rules bribery is a computationally hard problem. The class of scoring voting rules includes plurality and 2-approval for which an optimal bribing strategy can be computed efficiently as well as 3-approval which is hard to bribe. Concluding we derive that the class of rules we consider is one of the most simple scoring voting rules that are resistant to bribery.

No description available.

The present study examined individuation and expectations for autonomous behavior (EAB) with incoming college freshmen and their parents. To test the theory that greater mismatch between young adults and their parents about EAB would be associated with more negative adjustment to college, Collins' (1990) Expectancy-Violation Model was applied. Data were initially collected with online questionnaires from incoming college freshmen and one of their parents before the transition to college. Follow-up data (W2) were collected three months later to assess adjustment to college. Individuation was measured with the Late Adolescence Individuation Questionnaire; EAB and reports of actual autonomous behavior were assessed with a measure based on the Psychological Separation Inventory. College student adjustment was measured with indicators of psychological well-being (i.e., psychosomatic symptoms, depressive symptoms, positive affect) and adaptation to college (i.e., college self-efficacy, satisfaction with college, and anticipated fall college grades). Open-ended data were collected from young adults and their parents describing topics of autonomy behavior where they perceived disagreement. A MANOVA indicated that there were significant differences between the four individuation groups (a) individuated (high connectedness and high separateness), (b) pseudoautonomous (low connectedness and high separateness), (c) dependent (high connectedness and low separateness), and (d) ambiguous (low connectedness and low separateness) on the young adults' adjustment to college. Post-hoc planned comparisons revealed that college students in the "individuated" group were consistently better off than those in the "ambiguous" group. Some support was found for the hypothesis that a higher discrepancy (a) between parent and young adult EAB and (b) between young adults' reports of expected versus actual autonomous behaviors was associated with lower W2 young adult well-being. Quality of parent-young adult communication was found to moderate some of these associations. Qualitative data somewhat supported the quantitative results, as well as illustrated unique areas for disagreement on EAB. Jointly, these quantitative and qualitative findings suggest that young adults' level of individuation from parents and a mismatch between parents' and young adults' perceptions of future autonomous behavior may impact college students' psychological well-being during the transition to college.

The purpose of this study is to create a performance guide for Young-Jo Lee's violin works, Honza Nori for solo violin and Doori Nori for violin and piano, and to introduce his work to a wider audience. This study contains a biography of the composer and a compositional analysis that shows how Lee includes the concepts and techniques of Korean traditional music in his violin pieces. In this analysis, I will identify the composer's characteristic style, inspired by Korean compositional techniques, traditional Korean instruments and their characteristics. Additionally, the incorporation of Asian philosophy, and Taoism in particular, into Lee's music will be examined and cited throughout, demonstrating how Lee employs these ideas to create compositional techniques that differ from other twentieth century Asian composers. Lee is one of the most significant Korean composers living today and is known for combining Eastern and Western musical styles. He utilizes the core of Korean traditional music and performance practice and applies this to his compositions in a distinctive style that amalgamates both Western and Eastern (particularly Korean) musical traditions. Lee creates a balance between his native heritage and his knowledge of Western traditions, and he extracts his distinctive compositional ideas from various genres of Korean music, such as court royal music, traditional folk music, harvest music, Pansori, Samul nori, and Korean zither music. Lee is also interested in Western compositional techniques such as twelve-tone technique and chromaticism, which he combines with his knowledge of Korean traditional music and its techniques to create various works in a unique and distinctive fashion.

Our exam paper is about young adults’ use of intensifiers in school papers. The theoretical background includes previous research about intensifiers in the Swedish language and above all young adults’ use of intensifiers. We have chosen to focus on all intensifying expressions which young adults’ use, because we did not want to limit our research material. We made a comparing study of 25 student papers from year 1999 and 25 student papers from year 2009 to find similarities and differences. Our result answers our four main questions: “How has the frequency of intensifiers changed from year 1999 to year 2009?”, “Which new intensifiers have been added?”, “In which contexts are intensifiers used?” and “Are there any differences in the use of intensifiers between boys and girls?”. The result shows that the number of intensifiers has increased during the 10 year period but that the selection of used intensifiers has decreased. Furthermore is a change in which intensifiers that are used and in which contexts they are used illustrated. The result also shows that boys in year 1999 use intensifiers more frequently than the girls, but in year 2009 the result was opposite.

Background: Vitamin D may have beneficial effects on cardiometabolic disease, but the evidence is equivocal. This may be due to unaccounted confounders, such as lifestyle factors and genetic variation. We examined the association between circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] and biomarkers of cardiometabolic disease risk, including biomarkers of inflammation, glycemic dysregulation and lipid metabolism, and a panel of 54 plasma proteomic biomarkers, and determined whether lifestyle variables and genetic variation modified these associations. Methods: Participants were from the Toronto Nutrigenomics and Health Study, an ethnically diverse population of individuals aged 20-29 years. Anthropometric measurements were obtained. Participants answered general health and lifestyle and food frequency questionnaires and provided a fasting blood sample for biochemical measurements and genotyping. Results: Across ethnic groups, women who used hormonal contraceptives (HC) had higher 25(OH)D and C-reactive protein (CRP) than women HC non-users and men. Circulating 25(OH)D was positively associated with CRP in the entire population in models not accounting for HC use. However, there was no association after accounting for HC use. 25(OH)D was also not associated with inflammatory cytokines after adjusting for HC use. 25(OH)D was inversely associated with insulin, HOMA-IR, and HOMA-Beta among Caucasians and East Asians and among men and women HC non-users. No biomarkers were associated with 25(OH)D among South Asians and women HC users, although non-significant inverse trends were observed for markers of glycemic dysregulation. Only two of the 54 plasma proteomic biomarkers were associated with 25(OH)D in women HC non-users, and none were associated in men. Among women HC users, after accounting for hormone dose, only three proteins were associated with 25(OH)D. Finally, 25(OH)D affected the association between rs2239182, a variant in the vitamin D receptor (VDR) and the pro-inflammatory cytokine interferon gamma-induced protein 10 (IP-10). However, the association was suggestive of heterosis and may have been due to chance. Conclusions: We identified a confounding effect of HC use on the association between 25(OH)D, biomarkers of inflammation and plasma proteomic biomarkers. In addition, HC use might also affect the association between 25(OH)D and biomarkers of glycemic dysregulation. Genetic variation in VDR did not modify any associations.

Background: Vitamin D may have beneficial effects on cardiometabolic disease, but the evidence is equivocal. This may be due to unaccounted confounders, such as lifestyle factors and genetic variation. We examined the association between circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] and biomarkers of cardiometabolic disease risk, including biomarkers of inflammation, glycemic dysregulation and lipid metabolism, and a panel of 54 plasma proteomic biomarkers, and determined whether lifestyle variables and genetic variation modified these associations. Methods: Participants were from the Toronto Nutrigenomics and Health Study, an ethnically diverse population of individuals aged 20-29 years. Anthropometric measurements were obtained. Participants answered general health and lifestyle and food frequency questionnaires and provided a fasting blood sample for biochemical measurements and genotyping. Results: Across ethnic groups, women who used hormonal contraceptives (HC) had higher 25(OH)D and C-reactive protein (CRP) than women HC non-users and men. Circulating 25(OH)D was positively associated with CRP in the entire population in models not accounting for HC use. However, there was no association after accounting for HC use. 25(OH)D was also not associated with inflammatory cytokines after adjusting for HC use. 25(OH)D was inversely associated with insulin, HOMA-IR, and HOMA-Beta among Caucasians and East Asians and among men and women HC non-users. No biomarkers were associated with 25(OH)D among South Asians and women HC users, although non-significant inverse trends were observed for markers of glycemic dysregulation. Only two of the 54 plasma proteomic biomarkers were associated with 25(OH)D in women HC non-users, and none were associated in men. Among women HC users, after accounting for hormone dose, only three proteins were associated with 25(OH)D. Finally, 25(OH)D affected the association between rs2239182, a variant in the vitamin D receptor (VDR) and the pro-inflammatory cytokine interferon gamma-induced protein 10 (IP-10). However, the association was suggestive of heterosis and may have been due to chance. Conclusions: We identified a confounding effect of HC use on the association between 25(OH)D, biomarkers of inflammation and plasma proteomic biomarkers. In addition, HC use might also affect the association between 25(OH)D and biomarkers of glycemic dysregulation. Genetic variation in VDR did not modify any associations.