Thesis (Ph. D.)--West Virginia University, 2004. / Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains xv, 175 p. : ill. (some col.). Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references.

No description available.

Submitted by Andresa Graciutti Botan (andresabotan@yahoo.com.br) on 2018-06-06T18:58:46Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissert Andresa G Botan.pdf: 1532972 bytes, checksum: af162b8b131f0fd6e440d9ae810290fc (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Silvana Alvarez null (silvana@ict.unesp.br) on 2018-06-06T19:37:16Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 botan_ag_me_sjc.pdf: 1532972 bytes, checksum: af162b8b131f0fd6e440d9ae810290fc (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-06-06T19:37:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 botan_ag_me_sjc.pdf: 1532972 bytes, checksum: af162b8b131f0fd6e440d9ae810290fc (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-05-03 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / As plantas medicinais e seus extratos têm sido utilizados na medicina tradicional para fins terapêuticos e como uma atrativa fonte de pesquisa em diversas vertentes ciêntíficas, dentre elas, a atividade anti-inflamatória. O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar a citotoxicidade e ação anti-inflamatória in vitro dos extratos glicólicos das plantas medicinais Morus nigra (amora), Ziziphus joazeiro (juá) e Vitis vinifera (uva) em macrófagos de camundongo RAW 264.7. A citotoxicidade dos extratos foi analisada pelo teste de viabilidade celular MTT em dois períodos de tratamento, 5 min e 24 h. A ação anti-inflamatória dos extratos foi avaliada em macrófagos RAW 264.7 estimulados pelo lipopolissacarídeo (LPS) por meio da quantificação das citocinas pró-inflamatórias fator de necrose tumoral (TNF-α) e interleucina-6 (IL-6) pelo teste imunoenzimático (ELISA), e da quantificação do óxido nítrico pela reação de Griess. Os valores obtidos foram submetidos à análise estatística ANOVA ou Kruskal-Wallis com comparação múltipla de Tukey ou Dunn, com nível de significância de 5%. Concentrações não citotóxicas foram observadas após exposição por 5 min e 24 h, respectivamente, para os extratos de M. nigra (≤ 50 mg/mL e ≤ 1,56 mg/mL), Z. joazeiro (≤ 6,25 mg/mL e ≤ 3,12 mg/mL) e V. vinifera (≤ 25 mg/mL e ≤ 3,12 mg/mL). Em relação à resposta anti-inflamatória, 0,78 e 1,56 mg/mL do extrato de M. nigra e 3,12 mg/mL de V. vinifera apresentaram inibição significativa na produção da citocina TNF-α, e o extrato de Z. joazeiro suprimiu de modo significativo a expressão da citocina TNF-α (3,12 mg/mL) e do óxido nítrico (1,56 e 3,12 mg/mL). O presente trabalho demonstrou que os extratos glicólicos de M. nigra, Z. joazeiro e V. vinifera apresentaram concentrações não citotóxicas em ambos os tempos de tratamento e exerceram efeito anti-inflamatório em macrófagos de camundongo RAW 264.7. / Medicinal plants and theirs extracts have been used in traditional medicine for therapeutic purposes and as a source of research in several scientific aspects, e.g. the anti-inflammatory activity. This study aimed to analyze the in vitro cytotoxicity and anti-inflammatory action of the glycolic extracts of the medicinal plants Morus nigra (black mulberry), Ziziphus joazeiro (juá) and Vitis vinifera (grape) in mouse macrophages cells RAW 264.7. The cytotoxicity of the extracts was analyzed by MTT cell viability assay in two periods, 5 min and 24 h. The anti-inflammatory action of the extracts was evaluated in lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulated RAW 264.7 cells by quantifying the pro-inflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and nitric oxide by Griess reagent. The values obtained were submitted to statistical tests ANOVA or Kruskal-Wallis with post-test Tukey or Dunn multiple comparisons with the significance level of 5%. After exposure for 5 min and 24 h, respectively, non-cytotoxic concentrations were observed for M. nigra (≤ 50 mg/mL and ≤ 1.56 mg/mL), Z. joazeiro (≤ 6.25 mg/mL and ≤ 3.12 mg/mL) and V. vinifera (≤ 25 mg/mL and ≤ 3.12 mg/mL) extracts. Concerning the anti-inflammatory response, 0.78 and 1.56 mg/mL of M. nigra extract and 3.12 mg/mL of V. vinifera extract showed significant inhibition of TNF-α cytokine production. Z. joazeiro extract suppressed significantly the TNF-α cytokine (3.12 mg/mL) and the nitric oxide (1.56 and 3.12 mg/mL) expression. In conclusion, the glycolic extracts of M. nigra, Z. joazeiro, and V. vinifera presented non-cytotoxic concentrations in both treatment periods and showed an anti-inflammatory effect in RAW 264.7 cells.

Submitted by Automa??o e Estat?stica (sst@bczm.ufrn.br) on 2017-08-01T13:42:40Z No. of bitstreams: 1 ManoelAndreDeSouzaNeto_DISSERT.pdf: 7004364 bytes, checksum: d76c6630a3cda4c0a9b9a90173056466 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Arlan Eloi Leite Silva (eloihistoriador@yahoo.com.br) on 2017-08-07T12:02:49Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 ManoelAndreDeSouzaNeto_DISSERT.pdf: 7004364 bytes, checksum: d76c6630a3cda4c0a9b9a90173056466 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-08-07T12:02:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ManoelAndreDeSouzaNeto_DISSERT.pdf: 7004364 bytes, checksum: d76c6630a3cda4c0a9b9a90173056466 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-07-28 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico (CNPq) / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior (CAPES) / A esp?cie Ziziphus joazeiro ? uma planta da Caatinga do Nordeste brasileiro, utilizada como antis?ptico, dentifr?cio, anticaspa, anti-inflamat?rio e antimicrobiano. A maioria dos estudos qu?micos relatou a presen?a de triterpenos nas cascas da esp?cie. Quanto ?s folhas, os estudos fitoqu?micos s?o escassos, envolvendo apenas a triagem fitoqu?mica. At? o momento n?o foram caracterizadas as subst?ncias respons?veis pela atividade antif?ngica das folhas e n?o foi encontrado nenhum estudo que tenha avaliado o seu efeito anti-inflamat?rio em modelo de doen?a inflamat?ria intestinal. Portanto, o trabalho tem como objetivo isolar e caracterizar os marcadores qu?micos do extrato hidroetan?lico das folhas (EHF) e desenvolver um m?todo anal?tico por Cromatografia L?quida de Alta Efici?ncia (CLAE) para quantifica-los. Em paralelo a isso, objetiva-se avaliar a atividade anti-Candida do extrato, fra??es e subst?ncias isoladas de Z. joazeiro, por meio de um fracionamento bioguiado, al?m de avaliar o efeito protetor do EHF em modelo de doen?a inflamat?ria intestinal (colite) induzida por DNBS. O EHF foi preparado por meio de macera??o, o qual foi posteriormente particionado com solventes de polaridade crescente. O extrato e as fra??es foram analisados por rea??es qu?micas cl?ssicas, Cromatografia em Camada Delgada, CLAE e CLAE acoplada a espectr?metro de massas (CLAE-EM), sendo observada a presen?a de saponinas, ?cidos fen?licos, cumarinas, e flavonoides glicosilados derivados de quercetina, canferol e isormanetina ou o seu is?mero, tamarixetina. Por meio das an?lises por CLAE-EM foi poss?vel identificar glicos?deos de quercetina (quercetina-3-O-rutinos?deo, quercetina-3-O-galatos?deo, quercetina-3-O-glicos?deo), canferol (canferol-3-O-rutinos?deo) e isoramnetina ou tamarixetina (isoramnetina ou tamarixetina-3-O-rutinos?deo, isoramnetina ou tamarixetina-3-O-galactos?deo, isoramnetina ou tamarixetina-3-O-glicos?deo). Para o isolamento dos flavonoides majorit?rios, a fra??o acetato de etila foi submetida ? t?cnica de Cromatografia em Contra-Corrente de Alta Velocidade aliada ao refinamento por zona de pH, seguido de cromatografia em coluna de fase reversa e CLAE semipreparativa. Desse processo, foram isolados 3 flavon?is (ZJF1, ZJF2 e ZJF3), os quais foram identificados, pela an?lise conjunta de dados cromatogr?ficos e RMN de 1H, como quercetina-3-O-rutinos?deo, canferol-3-O-rutinos?deo e isoramnetina ou tamarixetina-3-O-rutinos?deo, respectivamente. A partir da determina??o da concentra??o inibit?ria m?nima (CIM) por microdilui??o em caldo, aliada a bioautografia, observou-se que a fra??o butan?lica apresentou maior atividade antif?ngica frente ? Candida glabrata ATCC2001 (CIM = 0,625 mg/mL), e que o processo de concentra??o das subst?ncias hipoteticamente bioativas permitiu obter fra??es com maior atividade anti-Candida in vitro frente a cepas de refer?ncia e cl?nicas. Foi observado que as principais subst?ncias respons?veis s?o as saponinas, e a partir de uma dessas fra??es isolou-se a saponina bacopas?deo X, presuntivamente identificada por an?lises mono e bidimensionais de RMN. A atividade anti-inflamat?ria do EHF foi avaliada em modelo de doen?a inflamat?ria intestinal nas doses de 50, 100 e 200 mg/kg, n?o sendo observado efeito protetor do EHF em rela??o ao grupo controle positivo. Os resultados obtidos s?o in?ditos para a esp?cie e o estudo abre perspectivas para a realiza??o de novas investiga??es envolvendo o uso de flavonoides e saponinas no controle de qualidade e avalia??o da sazonalidade, al?m do estudo do mecanismo de a??o das saponinas das folhas sobre as leveduras do g?nero Candida. / The species Ziziphus joazeiro is a Caatinga plant from Northeast Brazil, used as an antiseptic, dentifrice, anti-dandruff, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial. Most chemical studies reported the presence of triterpenes in the bark of the species. Regarding the leaves, the phytochemical studies are scarce, only involving phytochemical screening. The substances responsible for the antifungal activity of leaves have not yet been characterized and no study has evaluated its anti-inflammatory effect in inflammatory bowel disease model. Therefore, this study aims to isolate and characterize the chemical markers of hydroethanolic extract of the leaves (HEL), and develop an analytical method by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) to quantify them. Parallel to this, the study aims to evaluate the anti-Candida activity of the extract, fractions and isolated substances from Z. joazeiro through a bioguided fractionation, and to evaluate the HEL protective effect in a DNBS induced model of inflammatory bowel disease (colitis). The HEL was prepared by maceration, which was further partitioned with increasingly polar solvents. The extract and the fractions were analyzed by classical chemical reactions, Thin Layer Chromatography, HPLC and HPLC coupled to mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS), being observed the presence of saponins, phenolic acids, coumarins and flavonoid glycosides derived from quercetin, kaempferol and isorhamnetin or its isomer, tamarixetin. Through HPLC-MS analysis it was identified quercetin glycosides (quercetin-3-O-rutinoside, quercetin-3-O-galatos?deo, quercetin-3-O-glycoside), kaempferol (kaempferol-3-O-rutinoside) and isorhamnetin or tamarixetin (tamarixetina-3-O-rutinoside, isorhamnetin or tamarixetin-3-O-galactoside, isorhamnetin or tamarixetin-3-O-glucoside). For the isolation of the major flavonoids, the ethyl acetate fraction was subjected to a pH-zone-refining high speed countercurrent chromatography, followed by reversed phase column chromatography and semi-preparative HPLC. In this process, 3 flavonols were isolated (ZJF1, and ZJF2 ZJF3), which were identified by the joint analysis of chromatographic data and 1H NMR as quercetin-3-O-rutinoside, kaempferol-3-O-rutinoside and isorhamnetin or tamarixetin-3-O-rutinoside, respectively. From the determination of the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) by broth microdilution, coupled with bioautography, it was observed that the butanol fraction had higher antifungal activity against Candida glabrata ATCC2001 (MIC = 0.625 mg / mL), and the process of concentration of the hypothetically bioactive substances afforded fractions which had more anti-Candida activity in vitro against clinical and reference strains. It was observed that the main substances involved are saponins, and through a saponin rich fraction it was isolated bacopaside X, presumptively identified by one and two-dimensional NMR analyzes. The anti-inflammatory activity of EHF was evaluated in a model of inflammatory bowel disease in doses of 50, 100 and 200 mg / kg and it was not observed protective effect of the HEL compared to the positive control group. The results are novel for the species and the study opens perspectives for new investigations involving the use of flavonoids and saponins in quality control and evaluation of seasonality, besides the study of the mechanism of action of leaves saponins on the Candida genus.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-12T16:30:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 arquivo2771_1.pdf: 1256620 bytes, checksum: 98290edc16ff7998ab17b4f497c38a4e (MD5) license.txt: 1748 bytes, checksum: 8a4605be74aa9ea9d79846c1fba20a33 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / Faculdade de Amparo à Ciência e Tecnologia do Estado de Pernambuco / A presença de radicais livres tem sido correlacionada com um grande número de doenças, tais como câncer, doenças renais, hepáticas, pulmonares, intestinais, cerebrais, articulares e oftamológicas. As metodologias mais comuns para se determinar a atividade antioxidante de modo prático, rápido e sensível são as que envolvem um radical cromóforo, simulando as espécies reativas de oxigênio (EROs), sendo o radical livre DPPH (1,1-difenil-2-picrilhidrazil) um dos mais utilizados. Os compostos fenólicos presentes em vegetais têm recebido considerável atenção por serem os principais componentes com atividade antioxidante, que desempenham importante papel na adsorção ou neutralização de radicais livres. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar comparativamente as cascas e folhas de Ziziphus joazeiro Mart. (Joazeiro) com relação à atividade antioxidante, o teor de taninos e flavonóides, o perfil fitoquímico e toxicológico preliminar frente a Artemia salina Leach. e atividade antimicrobiana. As coletas foram realizadas no município de Altinho - PE. A triagem fitoquímica foi realizada por cromatografia em camada delgada, a análise quantitativa de taninos e flavonóides foi baseada na técnica de complexação por Folin-Ciocalteu e AlCl3, respectivamente, a ação antioxidante foi analisada pela capacidade dos antioxidantes presentes nas amostras captarem o radical livre DPPH. O perfil toxicológico dos extratos foi avaliado frente Artemia salina Leach. e a atividade antimicrobiana baseada na metodologia descrita por Bauer-Kirby. Os dados destas quantificações receberam delineamento fatorial e tratamento estatístico através do Software BioEstat 4.0. Observou-se diferenças nos teores de fenóis totais, taninos e flavonóides para as duas partes estudadas (cascas e folhas). As folhas de Z. joazeiro apresentaram diversidade fitoquímica mais acentuada que as cascas, entretanto, cumarinas glicosídicas não foram visualizadas nas folhas e sim apenas nas cascas. O ensaio com as larvas de A. salina indicou que os extratos das cascas (CL50 = 796,6 μg/mL) e folhas (CL50 = 609,46 μg/mL) são moderadamente tóxicos. Com relação à atividade antioxidante, as folhas apresentaram melhor desempenho (IC50 = 461,8816 μg /mL), sendo mais eficiente que as cascas (IC50 = 1743,0541 μg /mL). A espécie foi fortemente ativa contra 66% das bactérias testadas. O extrato das folhas apresentou CMI de 0,25-0,5 mg/mL contra Micrococcus luteus (UFPEDA 100) e de 0,125-0,250 mg/mL frente Mycobacterium smegmatis (UFPEDA 71), o extrato das cascas apresentou CMI 0,5-1,0 mg/mL frente Mycobacterium smegmatis (UFPEDA 71). Os teores de metabólitos presentes nas folhas são superiores aos presentes nas cascas, sendo assim, as cascas (parte usada popularmente) podem ser substituídas pelas folhas, visando evitar a dizimação da espécie. Observou-se a presença de metabólitos secundários na espécie estudada ainda não mencionados na literatura. Ambos os extratos foram considerados moderadamente tóxicos. O extrato vegetal de Z. joazeiro devido ao seu potencial antimicrobiano pode ser considerado um recurso promissor para o tratamento de enfermidades causadas por bactérias

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-12T19:15:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 FranciscoEPD_DISSERT.pdf: 606620 bytes, checksum: 2fdc0311c7bc334a6f2661d688b06bee (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-02-28 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp., known as cowpea beans, is a perishable goods exposed to damages in relatively short time conservation periods, especially in traditional storage system or silo. This work had as its objective to verify physical, physiological and sanitary quality of cowpea beans seeds stored, during 150 days, with juazeiro leaf powder (Ziziphus joazeiro Mart.), jucá (Caesalpinia ferrea Mart.) and mulungu (Erythrina velutina Willd.). Experiments were accomplished Laboratório de Análise Sementes da Universidade Federal do Semi-Árido (UFERSA), Mossoró, RN, from April to September 2013. Cultivars BRS Marataoã e BRS Potiguar, whose seeds were stored in polyethylene bottles, during 150 days, containing leaves powder originated from forest species of Caatinga on the ratio of 10 g kg-1 seed. Statistical design was completely randomized in factorial scheme 4 x 5, consisting of four treatments (control, juazeiro leaf powder, jucá and mulungu) and five storage times (30, 60, 90, 120 and 150 days). The seeds were submitted to the following tests: humidity level, hectoliters weight, one thousand seeds weight, assessment of seeds infested by insects, germination test, emergence speed index, accelerated ageing, electrical conductivity and sanity test. The averages were compared by Scott-Knot test, at 5% probability, analyzed through statistical program SISVAR and fit to regression lines. The powders with leaves of juazeiro, jucá and mulungu did not affect germination and seeds vigor stored during 150 days. Powders of juazeiro and mulungu leaves tended to reduce the infestation of seeds by insects during storage. The use of mulungu leaves powder in ratio10 g kg-1 made it possible low Rhizopus sp. fungal rate in cowpea beans, cultivaras cultivares BRS Marataoã and BRS Potiguar, during 150 days of seeds storage / O Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp., conhecido popularmente como feijão-caupi, é um produto perecível e sujeito a grandes perdas em períodos relativamente curtos de conservação, principalmente no sistema tradicional de armazenamento em sacas ou silo. Este trabalho teve como objetivo verificar a qualidade física, fisiológica e sanitária de sementes de feijão-caupi armazenadas, por 150 dias, com pós de folhas de juazeiro (Ziziphus joazeiro Mart.), jucá (Caesalpinia ferrea Mart.) e mulungu (Erythrina velutina Willd.). Os experimentos foram conduzidos no Laboratório de Análise Sementes da Universidade Federal do Semi-Árido (UFERSA), Mossoró, RN, no período de abril a setembro de 2013. Para isso, utilizaram-se as cultivares BRS Marataoã e BRS Potiguar, cujas sementes foram armazenadas em garrafas de polietileno, durante 150 dias contendo pós de folhas das espécies florestais da Caatinga na proporção de 10 g kg-1 de semente. O delineamento estatístico utilizado foi o inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial 4 x 5, constituídos de quatro tratamentos (controle, pós de folhas de juazeiro, jucá e mulungu) e cinco tempos de armazenamento (30, 60, 90, 120 e 150 dias). As sementes passaram pelas seguintes avaliações: grau de umidade, peso hectolítrico, peso de mil sementes, exame de sementes infestadas por insetos, teste de germinação, índice de velocidade de emergência, envelhecimento acelerado, condutividade elétrica e teste de sanidade. As médias foram comparadas pelo teste de Scott-knott, ao nível de 5% de probabilidade, analisadas por meio do programa estatístico SISVAR e ajustadas às curvas de regressão. Os pós com folhas de juazeiro, jucá e mulungu não afetaram a germinação e vigor das sementes armazenadas por 150 dias. Pós de folhas de juazeiro e mulungu tenderam a reduzir a infestação das sementes por insetos durante o armazenamento. O uso de pó de folhas de mulungu na dosagem de 10 g kg-1 proporcionou baixa incidência de fungos Rhizopus sp. em sementes de feijão-caupi, cultivares BRS Marataoã e BRS Potiguar, durante o armazenamento das sementes por 150 dias

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-12T19:18:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 FranciscoEPD_DISSERT.pdf: 606620 bytes, checksum: 2fdc0311c7bc334a6f2661d688b06bee (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-02-28 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp., known as cowpea beans, is a perishable goods exposed to damages in relatively short time conservation periods, especially in traditional storage system or silo. This work had as its objective to verify physical, physiological and sanitary quality of cowpea beans seeds stored, during 150 days, with juazeiro leaf powder (Ziziphus joazeiro Mart.), jucá (Caesalpinia ferrea Mart.) and mulungu (Erythrina velutina Willd.). Experiments were accomplished Laboratório de Análise Sementes da Universidade Federal do Semi-Árido (UFERSA), Mossoró, RN, from April to September 2013. Cultivars BRS Marataoã e BRS Potiguar, whose seeds were stored in polyethylene bottles, during 150 days, containing leaves powder originated from forest species of Caatinga on the ratio of 10 g kg-1 seed. Statistical design was completely randomized in factorial scheme 4 x 5, consisting of four treatments (control, juazeiro leaf powder, jucá and mulungu) and five storage times (30, 60, 90, 120 and 150 days). The seeds were submitted to the following tests: humidity level, hectoliters weight, one thousand seeds weight, assessment of seeds infested by insects, germination test, emergence speed index, accelerated ageing, electrical conductivity and sanity test. The averages were compared by Scott-Knot test, at 5% probability, analyzed through statistical program SISVAR and fit to regression lines. The powders with leaves of juazeiro, jucá and mulungu did not affect germination and seeds vigor stored during 150 days. Powders of juazeiro and mulungu leaves tended to reduce the infestation of seeds by insects during storage. The use of mulungu leaves powder in ratio10 g kg-1 made it possible low Rhizopus sp. fungal rate in cowpea beans, cultivaras cultivares BRS Marataoã and BRS Potiguar, during 150 days of seeds storage / O Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp., conhecido popularmente como feijão-caupi, é um produto perecível e sujeito a grandes perdas em períodos relativamente curtos de conservação, principalmente no sistema tradicional de armazenamento em sacas ou silo. Este trabalho teve como objetivo verificar a qualidade física, fisiológica e sanitária de sementes de feijão-caupi armazenadas, por 150 dias, com pós de folhas de juazeiro (Ziziphus joazeiro Mart.), jucá (Caesalpinia ferrea Mart.) e mulungu (Erythrina velutina Willd.). Os experimentos foram conduzidos no Laboratório de Análise Sementes da Universidade Federal do Semi-Árido (UFERSA), Mossoró, RN, no período de abril a setembro de 2013. Para isso, utilizaram-se as cultivares BRS Marataoã e BRS Potiguar, cujas sementes foram armazenadas em garrafas de polietileno, durante 150 dias contendo pós de folhas das espécies florestais da Caatinga na proporção de 10 g kg-1 de semente. O delineamento estatístico utilizado foi o inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial 4 x 5, constituídos de quatro tratamentos (controle, pós de folhas de juazeiro, jucá e mulungu) e cinco tempos de armazenamento (30, 60, 90, 120 e 150 dias). As sementes passaram pelas seguintes avaliações: grau de umidade, peso hectolítrico, peso de mil sementes, exame de sementes infestadas por insetos, teste de germinação, índice de velocidade de emergência, envelhecimento acelerado, condutividade elétrica e teste de sanidade. As médias foram comparadas pelo teste de Scott-knott, ao nível de 5% de probabilidade, analisadas por meio do programa estatístico SISVAR e ajustadas às curvas de regressão. Os pós com folhas de juazeiro, jucá e mulungu não afetaram a germinação e vigor das sementes armazenadas por 150 dias. Pós de folhas de juazeiro e mulungu tenderam a reduzir a infestação das sementes por insetos durante o armazenamento. O uso de pó de folhas de mulungu na dosagem de 10 g kg-1 proporcionou baixa incidência de fungos Rhizopus sp. em sementes de feijão-caupi, cultivares BRS Marataoã e BRS Potiguar, durante o armazenamento das sementes por 150 dias

Diabetes mellitus is a growing threat to human health. Current pharmacological agents cause undesirable side-effects. Herbal remedies offer the potential for alternative treatment strategies that may prove more cost-effective and devoid of the undesirable side-effects. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the in vitro anti-diabetic activity of aqueous and methanol extracts of Sclerocarya birrea (A. Rich.) Hochst. (Anacardiaceae) and Ziziphus mucronata Willd. (Rhamnaceae), which are traditionally used for the treatment of diabetes mellitus in southern Africa. Polyphenolic contents of extracts were quantified using the aluminium trichloride and Folin-Ciocalteau methods. The capacity of individual extracts to scavenge both the 2,2’-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radicals was used as a measure of antioxidant activity. The inhibitory activities of the crude extracts of both plants on the enzymes, α-amylase and α-glucosidase, were determined using colorimetric assays. The effects of the crude extracts on cell viability was assessed in C2C12 myotubes, HepG2 hepatocarcinoma cells, 3T3-L1 adipocytes and RIN-m5F pancreatic β-islet cells, using the Sulforhodamine B assay. Fluorescence detection was used to investigate the effects of the crude extracts on glucose uptake in C2C12, HepG2 and 3T3-L1 cells. Insulin secretion was assessed in RIN-m5F cells, using ELISA. Crude extracts of both plants contained flavonoids and phenols, but flavonoid content was predominantly higher. All the extracts displayed antioxidant activity, with the methanol extract of S. birrea possessing the most potent free radical scavenging ability (IC50 = 2.16 μg/ml). Aqueous and methanol extracts of S. birrea displayed significantly (p < 0.05) greater inhibition of α-amylase, than the positive control, acarbose. Only the methanol extract of Z. mucronata inhibited α-amylase activity. Furthermore, crude extracts of both plants also displayed potent α-glucosidase inhibitory activity. Most of the crude extracts had low toxicity, where concentrations of 100 μg/ml of crude extract of the plants did not induce 50% cell death. iv Although no significant increase in insulin secretion from cultured RIN-m5F cells was noted, the crude extracts of both plants significantly (p < 0.05) increased glucose uptake in C2C12, HepG2 and 3T3-L1 cells, with efficacy significantly (p < 0.05) higher than the positive control, insulin. From the results, the plant extracts appear to exert their hypoglycaemic effects independently of insulin, via an extra-pancreatic mechanism, possibly involving interactions with the different receptors. An additive hypoglycaemic effect originates from the inhibition of both α-amylase and α-glucosidase. The findings of the present study provide evidence that S. birrea and Z. mucronata possess in vitro anti-diabetic activity. Further investigations are required to elucidate the mechanism(s) of action of the crude extracts using more targeted in vitro assays. / Dissertation (MSc)--University of Pretoria, 2013. / gm2014 / Pharmacology / unrestricted

My thesis combines taxonomy, phylogenetics, divergence time estimations and ancestral area reconstructions, nomenclature, and other methods to shed light on the evolutionary processes that shaped the extant biodiversity of the buckthorn family (Rhamnaceae Juss.). In a first step, this thesis provides a major contribution to the taxonomic assessment and arrangement within the buckthorns. By describing the new genus Pseudoziziphus Hauenschild, and resurrecting four genera, this thesis highlights and compensates underestimated diversity. Simultaneously, it provides a phylogenetic framework based on the largest molecular data set in the family so far. In a second step, the taxonomic and phylogenetic framework was used to reconstruct solid divergence time estimates and ancestral area estimates for Rhamnaceae, with a focus on the ziziphoid lineage, and the genus complex Alphitonia Reissek ex Endl. sensu lato. By this, it was possible to unravel evolutionary processes within the history of Rhamnaceae and provide a biogeographic scenario for the ziziphoid lineages, including Alphitonia s.l.:General Introduction 1 Bibliography 19 Chapter 1 36 Phylogenetic relationships within the cosmopolitan buckthorn family (Rhamnaceae) support the resurrection of Sarcomphalus and the description of Pseudoziziphus gen. nov. 37 Bibliography 48 Appendix 1 50 Supplements 55 Chapter 2 56 Analysis of the cosmopolitan buckthorn genera Frangula and Rhamnus s.l. supports the description of a new genus, Ventia 57 Bibliography 67 Appendix 1 68 Supplements 71 Erratum 72 Chapter 3 74 The influence of the Gondwanan break-up on the biogeographic history of the ziziphoids (Rhamnaceae) 75 Bibliography 96 Appendix 1 105 Appendix 2 115 Supplements 117 Chapter 4 118 Biogeographic analyses support an Australian origin for the IndomalesianAustralasian wet forest-adapted tropical tree and shrub genus Alphitonia and its close allies (Rhamnaceae) 119 Bibliography 144 Appendix 1 153 Appendix 2 161 Appendix 3 166 General Conclusions 172 Bibliography 182 Appendix 186 Spatio-temporal evolution of Allium L. in the Qinghai-Tibet-Plateau region: Immigration and in situ radiation 187 Curriculum Vitae 200 Declaration of Independent work 207 Author contributions 208

Le jujubier (ou Ziziphus mauritiana Lam.) est une espèce à usages multiples (fruits, fourrage, bois de service) prioritaire pour le reboisement et l’arboriculture fruitière dans le Sahel. Dans ce contexte où les sols sont souvent dégradés et pauvres en minéraux (P en particulier), la mycorhization et la fertilisation phosphatée pourraient jouer un rôle important dans l’amélioration de la croissance et de la productivité des jujubiers.L’objectif principal de ce travail était d’améliorer la croissance et la production fruitière de Z. mauritiana par l’inoculation mycorhizienne dans deux vergers au Sénégal. Il avait pour objectifs spécifiques (i) d’évaluer les réponses à l’inoculation avec des CMAs de différentes espèces de Ziziphus et de provenances de Z. mauritiana en serre, (ii) d’évaluer l’impact de l’inoculation avec R. irregularis IR27 sur la croissance, la survie et la production fruitière de Z. mauritiana, (iii) d’évaluer l’impact de l’inoculation sur la diversité des communautés de CMAs associés à Z. mauritiana en plantation et (iv) de déterminer la persistance de R. irregularis IR27 dans les racines de Z. mauritiana en plantation. Le champignon R. irregularis IR27 s’est avéré le plus efficace parmi les CMAs testés dans ce travail. Le couple Z. mauritiana /R. irregularis IR27 a donc été choisi comme modèle pour étudier l’impact de l’inoculation sur la production fruitière de deux provenances, Gola (variété indienne sélectionnée pour ses fruits de grosse taille) et Tasset (provenance locale à fruits de petite taille) dans deux sites contrastés (Amally et Keur Mangari). Nos résultats ont montré un effet positif de l’inoculation sur la croissance, la survie et le taux de mycorhization de Z. mauritiana à 13 et 24 mois respectivement à Amally et à Keur Mangari. L’inoculation a également augmenté la production fruitière des jujubiers à 18 et 30 mois de plantation à Keur Mangari. Ces résultats montrent la grande capacité de R. irregularis IR27 à compétir face aux CMAs indigènes. Le séquençage Illumina MiSeq du gène 18S a permis de révéler un impact négatif de l’inoculation sur la diversité et la richesse des communautés de CMAs natifs à Amally contrairement à Keur Mangari où l’inoculation n’a pas eu d’impact ni sur la diversité ni sur la richesse des CMAs. Le gène RPB1 s’est révélé pertinent comme marqueur pour détecter R. irregularis IR27 dans les racines de Z. mauritiana inoculés et évaluer par qPCR l’intensité de la colonisation racinaire des jujubiers par R. irregularis IR27 qui a représenté 11 à 13% à 13 mois de plantation à Amally et 12 à 15% à 24 mois de plantation à Keur Mangari. Cependant, il s’avère important d’évaluer à plus long terme l’impact de R. irregularis IR27 et son devenir dans les racines de Z. mauritiana en plantation dans une large gamme de conditions environnementales. / The jujube (or Ziziphus mauritiana Lam.) is an important multipurpose species (e.g. fruits, fodder, wood) for reforestation and fruit farming in the Sahel. In this context where soils are often degraded and deficient in P, mycorrhization and phosphorus fertilization could play a major role on improvement of jujube growth and productivity. The main objective of this work was to improve growth and fruit production of Z. mauritiana by mycorrhizal inoculation in two orchards at Senegal. This work aims (i) to evaluate the responses of different species of Ziziphus and provenances of Z. mauritiana to inoculation with AMF in greenhouse conditions, (ii) to assess the impact of inoculation with R. irregularis IR27 on growth, survival and fruit production of Z. mauritiana, (iii) to assess the impact of inoculation on diversity of native AMF communities associated to Z. mauritiana after planting and (iv) to determinate the persistence of R. irregularis IR27 in roots of Z. mauritiana after planting.The fungus R. irregularis IR27 proved to be the most effective AMF tested in this work. The pair Z. mauritiana /R. irregularis IR27 has been chosen as model to study the impact of inoculation on fruit production of two provenances, Gola (Indian variety selected for its large size fruits) and Tasset (local cultivar with small-sized fruits) in two sites with contrasting rainfall (Amally and Keur Mangari). Our results showed a positive effect of inoculation on growth, survival and mycorrhizal colonization of Z. mauritiana plants at 13 and 24 months after planting at Amally and Keur Mangari respectively. Inoculation increased also fruit production of jujubes at 18 and 30 months after planting at Keur Mangari. These results indicated the high ability of R. irregularis to compete with indigenous AMF. The MiSeq Illumina sequencing of 18S rRNA gene revealed a negative impact of inoculation on AMF richness and diversity at Amally, unlike at Keur Mangari where inoculation had no impact on AMF richness and diversity. The RPB1 gene proved to be an appropriate marker to detect of R. irregularis IR27 in inoculated Z. mauritiana roots and to evaluate by qPCR the root colonization of R. irregularis IR27 which accounted for 11 to 13% at 13 months after planting at Amally and 12 to 15% at 24 months after planting at Keur Mangari. Therefore, it is important to assess at long-term the impact of R. irregularis IR27 and its persistence in inoculated Z. mauritiana roots in large environmental conditions.