A larger amount of funding and attention are going toward highway infrastructure of Ontario for rehabilitation, maintenance and construction projects. These rehabilitation and maintenance activities on highways involve lane closures, which reduce the traffic throughput and cause delays for the road users. The impact of these activities is very important and has led to research into improvements of work zones in Ontario. To prevent the significant cost that these construction delays have on the general public, contractors are required to keep highway lanes open during the peak traffic hours and work at night. However, working at night may reduce the quality of the work by increasing cold joints and construction joints in the pavement, and may increase the amount of time needed to complete the work. Therefore, finding a balance between the times that the lanes can be closed and the times they should be kept open requires an accurate prediction of the construction work zone throughputs, which can increase the efficiency of the contractor work, save money and reduce the user delay costs. Consequently, this study which has been funded by the Ministry of Transportation of Ontario (MTO) Highway Infrastructure Innovation Funding Program (HIIFP) involves measurement of highway construction work zones throughput of Southern Ontario, to determine the factors affecting the throughput. It has been carried out in partnership with researchers at the University of Toronto. For this study, a manual counting method for collecting throughput data has been employed. This involved data collection of variables such as heavy vehicles which had not been included in previous studies. This provides the visual confirmation of queuing and assists in evaluating the intensity of work activity at the work zones. New generic models for throughput have been developed in this research to better describe current state-of-the practice on Southern Ontario highways. Furthermore, a better functioning highway specific model was developed to calculate the throughput of the MTO Southern Ontario Highway network. In addition to development of these new models, this project involved further development and refinement to a spreadsheet based model SZUDA (Simplified work Zone User Delay Analysis) that uses normal hourly traffic flows to calculate the resulting queue for that entire hour and approximate user delay cost associated with road user delay. Overall, the thesis describes a methodology for collection of data in work zones. This involved collection of data during 2009 and 2010 Ontario construction season. Furthermore, the data were then used to develop more reliable generic and highway specific models for the MTO. These models can be used to determine when and how work zones should be established. Finally the refined SZUDA model and case studies demonstrate the impact of various work zone configurations on the traveling public.

The Black Bay Shear Zone, northwestern Saskatchewan, lies within the Rae Province of the Canadian Shield. It is one of several major, northeast trending, steeply dipping shear zones that were active during the Paleoproterozoic Trans-­Hudson or Thelon Orogenies. For part of its exposed length of approximately 50 km it separates Archean supracrustal gneisses of the Tazin Group to the northwest, from the unconformably overlying Paleoproterozoic, red-bed sequence of the Martin Group to the southeast. Deformation fabrics along the Black Bay Shear Zone indicate the sequential development of early ductile to late brittle episodes of movement. The early ductile episode (D_{<font size=1>1</font>}, pre-Martin Gp) is characterized by a 1 km-wide mylonite belt in the Tazin gneisses, with mylonitic lamination (C-fabric), dextral ä-asymmetric winged porphyroclasts, stretch lineation (L<ub><font size=1>1</font></sub>) and rare sheath folds. This was followed by a ductile to brittle transition (D_{<font size=1>2</font>}, also pre-Martin Gp) characterized by small asymmetric folds in C, and small post-C compressional and extensional shear bands (SB) ranging from thin ductile shear zones to brittle fractures commonly vein filled. The late brittle phase (D_{<font size=1>3</font>}, post-Martin Gp), to which uranium vein mineralization is related, included the formation of a major brittle fault zone along the southeastern side of the mylonitic shear zone, and several sets of vein filled joints. Movement directions during D_{<font size=1>1</font>} to D_{<font size=1>3</font>} are reflected by various shear sense indicators. The D_{<font size=1>1</font>} dextral ä-asymmetrical winged porphyroclasts, combined with the gently NE and SW plunging L_{<font size=1>1</font>}, stretch lineation, indicate sub-horizontal dextral displacement during the ductile phase of deformation. Predominantly NE-verging and steeply dipping SW plunging minor D_{<font size=1>2</font>} folds, along with the predominantly dextral-verging, post-C shear bands, indicate that oblique dextral SE-side-up slip occurred during the ductile to brittle transition. Brittle movement (D_{<font size=1>3</font>})resulted in the preservation of an approximately 8-km thick succession of Martin Group on the SE-side of the fault, indicating a SE-side-down vertical throw of at least 8 km. The local presence of poorly preserved, down-dip slickenlineations suggests that at least some of this movement was dip slip. Time constraints on deformation are poor, tentatively all of the Black Bay Structure deformational history took place between 2300 Ma and 1700 Ma.

Dynamic exchange of water across the stream-riparian zone interface is important in increasing stream water transit time through basins and enhancing redox-sensitive biogeochemical reactions that influence downstream water quality and ecosystem health. Such exchange may be enhanced by beaver dams, which are common throughout low order streams in North America, Europe, and Argentina. Lateral exchanges of water and nitrogen (N) were observed along a beaver dammed, third-order stream draining a 1.3 km2 Canadian Rocky Mountain valley bottom capped in peat. Measurements of hydraulic heads and chloride concentrations from a network of 80 water table wells were used to identify areas of stream water and groundwater mixing in the riparian area, and their spatiotemporal dynamics in summer 2008. Beaver were found to be the greatest factor affecting lateral movement of channel water into the riparian area. Channel water flowed laterally into the riparian area upstream of the dams and back to the channel downstream of the dams. The hyporheic zone expanded by ¡Ü1.5 m in the un-dammed reaches, but upwards of 7.5 m or more when dams were present. High contributions of stream water were found far out in the riparian area where dams were not immediately present within the stream reach, suggesting that upstream dams directed stream water into the riparian area where it travelled down valley before returning to the stream. This suggests that multiple dams create hyporheic flow paths at multiple scales. Potential mass flux calculations show the riparian area immediately downstream of the beaver dam was a source of N and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) to the stream, and a sink along the rest of the reach. Cold spots of N and DOC availability were also found along the beaver-driven flow paths in the riparian area adjacent to the dam. This pattern likely developed due to flushing of nutrients along the beaver driven hyporheic flow vectors. This work enhances our understanding of stream-aquifer exchange and N dynamics in riparian areas, and the effects of beaver on these processes.

A MANET (Mobile Ad hoc NETwork) is a network with the features of infrastructure-less, multi-hop, self-configuring, and distributed-routing, which are quite different from a traditional wired network. Since nodes in a MANET are free to move, causing the topology of the MANET to change frequently, a routing protocol able to accommodate the rapidly changed topology is required. The MANET routing protocols can be classified into three categories based on routing information update mechanism: (1) proactive/table-driven protocol (2) reactive/on-demand protocol (3) hybrid protocol. Every category has its own advantages and disadvantages. Among these, the hybrid protocol tries to combine the advantages of proactive and reactive ones. This work presents a novel hybrid routing protocol - CG2R (Core Gateway Relay Protocol). The CG2R partitions a network into several regions called zones. The proactive mechanism is used within the zone, while the reactive one is applied outside the zone. Each zone contains one core gateway; the core gateway constitutes the backbone of the routing path. Unlike conventional cluster-based routing protocols which require the algorithm of electing cluster head to get some value such as ID number or Weight to elect cluster heads, the node in CG2R can decide itself a core gateway or not by using the algorithm that we present. The core gateway covers more cells and manages more nodes than the others to reduce the cases of a node moving out the zone. Based on this feature, the backbone of the network can be formed by the gateway nodes. The simulation results reveal that CG2R is more scalable and efficient than CGSR and AODV protocols.

Due to the economic booms in Taiwan, huge buildings were constructed frequently and with more versatility in use. Which makes the fire protection and egress becoming a more important issue. In evaluating the smoke management and egress effectiveness, the method published by the Ministry of the Interior (MOI), or named as Route B, was widely adapted in Taiwan. However, when using this method in evaluating rooms with less than 200 square meters, difficulty existed due to the lower ceiling height and fixed internal heat released rate. It is the goal of this research to analyze the feasibility in adapting a ¡§Simplified Zone Model¡¨ for this purposes. In this research, various mathematical models were analyzed and compared first, followed by quantitative comparison with smoke descending rates calculated by both methods. It is concluded that the Simplified Zone model is suitable for evaluating rooms with floor area less than 200 square meters. Otherwise, the Route B method as proposed by the MOI is appropriate as expected.

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ABSTRACT Coast zones are ecology sensitive areas, coastal wetlands may provide many biological, chemical and physical functions. However, as a result of economy develops, it makes many industrial estate and large-scale reclamation along the coast, the coastal wetlands are facing critical threatens, includes of habitat loss, industrial wastewater, wetlands degradation , fishery reduction and coastal zones erosion. In order to achieve the sustainable use of coastal resources and pure industrial wastewater and provide wildlife habitat, creating or restoring wetlands may resolve many problems in Taiwan¡¦s coastal zones. Coastal wetlands restoration, enhancement, and creation can clear up wastewater, increase wetlands and slow environmental destruction. Coastal wetlands also achieve recreational, educational , cultural functions, environmental education, and sustainable development of Taiwan¡¦s coastal zones. This thesis collect constructed wetlands history, and application cases, aim at the sensitive coastal in Taiwan to suggest constructed wetlands strategies. Keywords: Coastal Zone, Wetland, Constructed Wetland, Taiwan.

A multiple scale theory is developed for the prediction of damage evolution in heterogeneous viscoelastic media. Asymptotic expansions of the field variables are used to derive a global scale viscoelastic constitutive equation that includes the effects of local scale damage. Damage, in the form discrete cracks, is allowed to grow according to a micromechanically-based viscoelastic traction-displacement law. Finite element formulations have been developed for both the global and local scale problems. These formulations have been implemented into a two-scale computational model Numerical results are given for several example problems in order to demonstrate the effectiveness of the technique.

The Jurassic Quiet Zone (JQZ) is a region of low amplitude, difficult-to-correlate magnetic anomalies located over Jurassic oceanic crust. We collected 1200 km of new deep-tow magnetic anomaly profiles over the Pacific JQZ that complement 2 deep-tow profiles reported in Sager et al. (1998). Our primary goals were to extend the correlation of deep-tow magnetic anomalies farther back in time, to evaluate the correlatability and repeatability of anomalies, and to refine the Jurassic geomagnetic polarity reversal time scale (GPTS). Correlations of anomalies were excellent over M34 and over supposedly older seafloor to the south of ODP Site 801. In contrast, the correlation in the region between M34 and Site 801 was difficult. Using anomaly correlation models, we made magnetic polarity block models to establish a revised Jurassic GPTS extending until 169.4 Ma. Age calibration was accomplished with radiometric dates from two ODP holes. Systematic changes in anomaly amplitudes occur along the survey lines with the amplitudes decreasing backward in time and then increasing again in the oldest part of survey area. The zone of the most difficult to correlate anomalies corresponds to a period of ~4 m.y. that appears to have an abrupt end. This low amplitude zone suggests unusual magnetic behavior during the Jurassic. It has been said that many of the larger anomalies are likely caused by changes in polarity, whereas smaller anomalies may be intensity fluctuations. Although it is impossible to identify which anomalies are caused by reversals and which are not, magnetization structures observed in ODP Hole 801C suggest that many of the smallest anomalies, particularly around Hole 801C indicate polarity reversals. We concluded that (1) the new data demonstrates repeatability and correlatability of the JQZ magnetic anomalies implying that they are seafloor spreading lineations and (2) good correlations made new GPTS models extending back to 169.4 Ma; and (3) the origin of the JQZ may be a combination of rapid polarity reversals in the Jurassic low magnetic dipole field and closely spaced, tilted magnetization structure in the oceanic crust.

Based on the Lyapunov stability theorem, a decentralized adaptive sliding mode control scheme is proposed in this thesis for a class of mismatched perturbed large-scale systems containing dead-zone input to solve regulation problems. The main idea is that some adaptive mechanisms are embedded both in the sliding surface and in the controllers, so that not only the mismatched perturbations are suppressed during the sliding mode, but also the information of upper bound of perturbations is not required. The sliding surface function is firstly designed through the usage of a pseudo controller which is capable of stabilizing the reduced-order systems. The second step is to design the controllers so that the trajectories of the controlled systems are able to reach sliding surface in a finite time. Once the controlled system enters the sliding mode, the asymptotical stability is guaranteed for each subsystem even the mismatched perturbations exist. A numerical example and a practical example are given to demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed design technique.