The purpose of this study was to treat soils contaminated by pyrene through phytoremediation. The plant species selected were Phragmites communis Trin., Typha orientalis Presl, Vetiveria zizanioides, Rohdea japonica (Thunb.) Roth et Kunth, Cyperus malaccensis. Lam. subsp. monophyllus (Vahl) T. Koyama, Bolboschoenus planiculmis (F. Schmidt) T. Koyama and Bidens pilosa respectively. The degradation efficiencies of pyrene in soils and concentration of pyrene in the plant tissues were evaluated in this study. In addition, the change of microbial biota in soils was investigated in the tests of this study. The experimental results indicated that after twenty-two weeks, soils planted with V. zizanioides, R. japonica and T. orientalis have better pyrene degradation efficiencies. Especially, after fourteen weeks the pyrene degradation efficiencies were 86%, 84% and 77% respectively, which showed that the efficiencies 10% to 20% higher than those unplanted control experiments, which was 66%. In addition, the pyrene degradation efficiencies in summer were found to be higher than those in winter. The degradation efficiencies of pyrene in sterilized soil with and without T. orientalis were found equal to 59% and 55%, respectively. These values were found lower than those in the experiment without sterilization, in which the pyrene degradation efficiencies with and without T. orientalis were 77% and 66%, respectively, after the fourteen weeks experiment. Hence the rhizospheric microorganisms had a significant effect on the degradation of pyrene in soils. The pyrene degradation efficiencies were improved with application of fertilizer (HYPONeX No.2, HYPONeX Co., USA). After fourteen weeks, it was found that the experiment with fertilizer and with or without T. orientalis planted were 7% higher, which were 84% and 73% respectively, compared to 77% and 66% with no application of fertilizer. Proper surfactants have positive effect on phytoremediation. In this study, we found that addition of the surfactant Triton X-100 or combined surfactants (Triton X-100, Tween 20 and sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate) both presented better pyrene degradation efficiencies than the system without adding surfactant. After ten weeks, soils planted with V. zizanioides and added with surfactants showed the pyrene degradation efficiencies equal to 85% and 87% (combined) respectively, which showed that 4% and 6% higher rate than the system without adding surfactants (81% ). After twenty two weeks, soils planted with V. zizanioides and added with surfactants showed that the pyrene degradation efficiencies were 96% and 96% (combined) respectively. They were all higher than the system without adding surfactants (94%). Soils planted with R. japonica also showed the same results. In this study, it was also found that the degradation efficiencies were higher at the surface layer of the soil than subsurface layer due to better oxygen content there. Hence the activities of microorganisms in the surface layer were higher than those in the subsurface layer of soils. After twenty two weeks, soils planted with V. zizanioides showed the residual concentration of pyrene were 5.7mg/Kg (surface layer) and 10.8 mg/Kg (subsurface layer). The difference between them was about 50%. Soils planted with R. japonica, T. orientalis or unvegetation also showed the same results. The pyrene concentrations of the roots, stems and leaves were analyzed and the results showed that pyrene did not exist in the plant stems or its leaves. Since pyrene could not be absorbed into plant¡¦s tissues by plants, the phytoextraction and phytovolatilization did not occur in this study. It was concluded that the degradation of pyrene in soils was mainly in rhizoremediation. The soils planted with V. zizanioides showed that the inhibition of Lactobacillus sp, while the soils planted with R. japonica and T. orientalis showed unfavorable conditions to Rhibopus sp.. Four weeks after this experiment, both Lactobacillus sp. and Rhibopus sp. were not existent. The soils planted with V. zizanioides, R. japonica and T. orientalis showed an increase of the number of bacteria (CFU), and thus the pyrene degradation efficiency was increased.

This study investigates the distributions of trace metals and their controlling mechanisms in the Kaoping coastal zone. Concentrations of most dissolved metals were generally lower in the wet season than in the dry season in the Kaoping Estuary, showing clearly the effects of river discharge rate and water residence time on metal distributions. Dissolved trace metals (Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, Cd and Pb) behaved non-conservatively with addition in the estuary. Nevertheless, dissolved Pb was apparently removed from the estuary in the wet season. Particulate Al and Fe were derived mainly from continental weathering and their transports through the estuary depend highly on the distribution of total suspended matter (TSM). During the dry season, the occurrence oxygen-deficit condition in the low salinity region and possible pollution from the San-Wei fishery harbor likely determined the distributions and solid-solution partitions of Mn, Zn, Cu, Cd and Pb in the estuary. Distributions of dissolved trace metals in the Kaoping coastal zone were significantly influenced by terrestrial inputs from the Kaoping River. Seasonal variations were attributed largely from the mixing between river water and sea water in the mixing layer and sediment resuspension from canyon bed. The column integrated dissolved and particulate metals were generally higher in the summer season than in other seasons. The difference was especially pronounced in nearshore stations. Concentrations of dissolved Mn, Zn, Cu and Pb increased generally with depth, reflecting the effects of resuspension and lateral transport of bottom sediment. Dissolved Zn and Cu concentrations correlated well with dissolved Mn concentration, but particulate Zn and Cu correlated poorly with particulate Al, implying that distributions of Zn and Cu were controlled by terrestrial inputs and biogeochemical processes in the Kaoping Canyon. Positive and negative correlations are found between dissolved Cd and nutrients (N+N¡Aorthophosphate) and between dissolved Cd and dissolved organic carbon (DOC), respectively, indicating that Cd is a nutrient-type metal and controlled biogeochemically in the Kaoping Canyon. Specific events such as typhoon and earthquake influenced significantly the distributions of trace metals in the Kaoping coastal zone. The integrated suspended-matter and suspended-metal concentrations showed an order magnitude higher during the typhoon season than in the normal summer season. Under the influence of earthquake, the TSM values of the bottom waters were much higher (2-7 folds) during the post- earthquake cruise (Jan/2007) than in the normal season (Jan/2006). Meanwhile, particulate Al, Fe, and Mn can increase up to 2- to 10-folds after earthquake in the bottom layer of canyon. Metal enrichment factor (EF) is an indicator of metal pollution. The EFs show an order magnitude higher in the dry season than in the wet season both in the estuary and canyon. Such seasonal patterns clearly indicate the impacts of local and river inputs on metal distributions in the estuary and canyon.

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Analysis of Regional Economic Cooperation Strategies between Penghu and Mainland Special Economic Zones on the West Coast of Taiwan Straits Abstract After the establishment of air and sea transportation links between Taiwan and China, Penghu, which is geographically situated in the center of the cross-strait links shall make good use of its transfer function, by taking advantage of its tax incentives (duty-free) stipulated in "Offshore Island Development Act" and "Cross-strait Mini Three Link Policy" to develop new industries that can satisfy the requirements of "import consumption" and "export promotion." Penghu may foster closer economic and trade ties between Taiwan and Fujian Province, promote cross-strait tourism, expand cultural exchange, and develop sustainable industries that are necessary for continuing the economic prosperity. This study was conducted by a team of three students using the interactive management approach to tackle the main theme of regional cooperative strategies between Penghu and the Mainland special economic zones on the west coast of Taiwan Straits. The researchers looked into the sub-title issues from the economical, social, and governmental aspects respectively. The theoretical framework of this study was based on the public affairs management and research method -- Interactive Management (IM). To make the research results more comprehensive, the interactive management approach was combined with two methods often used in framework analysis: nominal group technology (NGT) and interpretative structure model (ISM). Together with literature review, expert interviews and data collection methods, the researchers gathered all relevant information about Penghu so as to provide a more objective basis for exploring the strategic economic cooperation between Penghu and the Mainland special economic zone on the west coast of Taiwan Straits. To ensure good progress in the panel discussion and anticipate fruitful results from discussions of various sub-titles to turn into specific strategies, the interactive discussion seminar invited local representatives in order to incorporate the views of the people in Penghu. This information can provide reliable reference for the central government planning units in their policy formulation process. Using this approach can solve the problem of suspending issues whenever the interactive management (IM) is used. The seminar was joined by 27 representatives from all walks of life. The NGT process started from exposing the issues, clarifying the issues, voting for the issues, to making paired comparisons, supplemented by ISM software, and finally resulted in enhanced structural clearness and visually understandable connectivity. After panel discussions over the structural charts, appropriate revisions, and confirmation of a final version, 12 economic strategies were produced from discussions of regional cooperation between Penghu and the Mainland special economic zone on the west coast of the Taiwan Straits.These recommendations are given below: (1) requesting the Ministry of Communications to instruct the maritime and aviation companies to open scheduled transport lines within the shortest time for Makung-Kinmen, Penghu-Xiamen, and Penghu¡VShantou lines, and to extend the links gradually to other cities on the west coast of the straits; (2) directing Penghu to work with officials of mainland special economic zones on the west coast of the Straits for development of free trade zones ; it should be consulted through the Straits Exchange Foundation (SEF) and the Association for Relations Across the Taiwan Straits (ARATS) to establish a fair and transparent cooperative mechanism in order to protect the legitimate rights and interests of people on both VI sides of the Straits; (3) transforming Penghu into an international duty free zone; (4) requesting Penghu County Government units or related non-governmental organizations to communicate with relevant parties on the other side of the Straits to open forums for discussion of co-operative strategies between Penghu and mainland special economic zones on the west coast of the straits; (5) suggesting the Penghu County Government to ask for more funding for establishing marine life and culture zones, in order to promote green tourism and economic development; (6) requesting Penghu County Government to promote tourism and gaming industries, and also to give more thinking on other possibilities (for example ocean biotech industry); (7) requesting the central government to release the remote island transportation lines to outside operators using market competition to reduce the cost of air fares and enhance tourism competitiveness; (8) suggesting Penghu to proactively develop indoor and outdoor theme parks, on land and at sea, as well as opening of other shopping malls; (9) requesting the central government to lift the bans on the islands development so as to allow foreign and mainland investments to participate in Penghu's preferential land and housing projects, in turn to boost the prosperity of the Penghu area; (10) recommending the Penghu County Government to ask the Taiwan Power Company to strengthen the capacity of wind power, and asking the Taiwan water company to enhance the production of desalination water; (11) suggesting the government agencies to map out the development plans for Penghu and to find suitable areas that can draw the interests of outside contractors in order to strengthen the development and enhancement of their own standards, and to attract more mainland tourists to the island; and (12) suggesting the two sides of the Straits to sign reciprocal tax agreements to reduce the time and labor costs so as to enhance the marketing and promotion of special products with Penghu characteristics. The relationship between individual strategies needs to be further clarified for strengthening and production of enhanced structural connections, in order to determine the priority of strategies and their objective goals. The participants also felt that the most urgent task is to integrate the communication platform between the central and local government units in order to establish effective communication that will help the planning and implementation of cross-strait policies, and in turn conducive to smooth working with other strategies. More public forums shall be set up for open dialogue with various government units. This issue is to be delayed no further, and all strategies shall be given the best implementation, and shall ask local people to take part in public discussions that can facilitate the building of a citizen society. Keywords: Penghu County, Economic Zone on the West Coast of Taiwan Straits,Public Affairs Management¡]PAM¡^, interactive management, regional cooperation

Diss.--Fachbereich Rechtswissenschaften--Universität Hannover, 1999. / Contient un choix de documents. Bibliogr. p. 227-242.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Queensland, 2002. / Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Washington, 2003. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (p. 92-96).

The Åreskutan nappe complex consists of the partly molten rock migmatite, which originates from the subduction formed by the collision of continents Baltica and Laurentia. It is a so-called hot nappe, which has been deeply buried in the subduction zone, based on findings of high-pressure minerals in the migmatitic gneiss. As the nappe returned to shallower depths the rock was partially molten during the subsequent exhumation as the lithostatic pressure decreased. Tectonic forces led to thrusting of the nappe towards the east and the building of mount Åreskutan. It is generally accepted that the shear zone between the migmatite of the Åreskutan Nappe and the underlying Lower Seve Nappe is a mylonitic shear zone, but the question of whether similar shear zones can be found at other sites in the migmatite complex has now been raised. In this project two major shear zones have been identified and shear direction has been determined after detailed geological mapping. Many small shear zones have also been identified, but their sense of shear direction was more difficult to determine. The two major shear zones identified have been labelled the Eastern Major Shear Zone and Western Major Shear Zone. In these shear zones the original migmatite appearing on Åreskutan is deformed and sheared with a top to the east sense of shear. The strongest evidence for determining the shear sense are garnets found mantled by micas in a sigma-type shear microstructures, found during microscope analysis. A grade of mylonitization can be seen in the mineral microstructures, with the most fine-grained matrix in the centre of the shear zones. It indicates that ductile deformation dominates, even though some minerals tend to break in a brittle manner.

Acoustic emissions (AEs) are generated as a result of the creation of, or movement on microcracks in a rock mass. Hypocentres of AEs have been used as a very effective method of visualising the extent (amount and location) of microcrack damage. Studies have used AE locations to investigate both the behaviour of rock failure in laboratory experiments, and to evaluate damage in the Excavation Disturbed Zone (EDZ) around underground openings. The latter has particular significance for the safe storage of nuclear materials in deep underground facilities. Because AEs represent phenomena associated directly with the physical processes occurring in microcracking, then they can also be used to evaluate the fundamental mechanics of the failure. In this thesis a moment tensor (MT) inversion procedure is developed for AEs. This utilises full-waveform records from an array of ultrasonic piezoelectric transducers distributed around the rock mass. The procedure is tested using synthetic amplitudes and is shown to be robust even with high amplitude uncertainties. The inversion is particularly good at resolving the volumetric component in the source. The procedure allows a precise and well-constrained analysis of the forces that are creating the AEs, and, in some cases, that are actually creating the damage. The mechanics can then be related to the stress field in the rock mass, or can be compared to results from dynamic micromechanical models. Three case studies are performed. Two of these investigate the fundamental behaviour of microcracking in the laboratory. A series of laboratory tests are conducted using polyaxial stress to study the mechanics of damage under realistic in situ stress paths. The third case study investigates the mechanics of failure operating in the EDZ. AEs are shown to be truly scaled earthquakes although with often-complex non-double-couple mechanisms.

Natural hybrid zones provide opportunities to study a range of evolutionary phenomena from speciation to the genetic basis of fitness-related traits. Additionally, investing the structure of hybrid zones can provide valuable insight in the ecology and evolution of species. The present dissertation approaches the investigation of natural hybrid zones between Xiphophorus birchmanni and X. malinche from a population genetics perspective. The goal of the chapters herein are to investigate the genetic structure of these natural hybrid zones overall and the genetic structure of the populations within them in an effort to better understand the factors producing and maintaining spatial genetic patterns among this species pair and their hybrids. Using informative single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in one mitochondrial and three nuclear intron loci, I show that hybrid zones occur in replicated fashion in multiple stream reaches along a gradient from high to low elevation. Tests of FIS and linkage disequilibrium (LD) revealed significant genetic structure within a small subset of populations. Specifically, parentals and hybrids all three occur in some locations while other locations appear to be hybrid swarms. I then investigated a behavioral mechanism of reproductive isolation - social association, which might affect population structure. In clean water, individuals shoaled significantly more closely with conspecifics. Additionally, genotyping of females and their embryos revealed signatures of non-random mating in structured populations. Taken together, assortative social grouping, which may translate to assortative female mate choice, likely plays a role in maintaining population structure. Finally, I show that fluctuating asymmetry is significantly higher in unstructured than structure populations. This is a further indication that some form of non-random mating occurs in structured populations and has effects on male phenotypes.