Salivary cortisol is becoming an effective method with which to quantify cortisol levels, including the ability to track diurnal patterns and acute stress fluctuations. The purpose of this study was to validate salivary cortisol for use in African elephants (Loxodonta Africana), establish baseline cortisol values in three African elephants at Zoo Atlanta and explore the relationship between cortisol and various behaviors and husbandry events. Elephant salivary cortisol was found to be a valid measure based on correlations with serum cortisol and serial dilution results. Salivary cortisol also decreased across the day, but no definitive patterns were revealed. Using baseline values, salivary cortisol was used to examine the effects of enrichment, maintenance and novel training, and a mild stressor. Maintenance training was found to lead to lower cortisol values than novel training. Salivary cortisol after enrichment did not differ from individual overall means. The mild stressor initiated a rise in salivary cortisol. The final focus of this study was to investigate the link between salivary cortisol and stereotypic behavior. Stereotypies are described as repetitive behaviors with little variance and no discernible function or goal. There is not a straightforward relationship between stereotypies and welfare. Analysis of salivary cortisol at various durations into swaying bouts established that swaying appears to decrease cortisol levels. Additionally, behavioral data were collected. Behavioral data confirmed anecdotal reports of circular dominance in these animals. Behavioral data also revealed that although these individuals spend the majority of their time consuming food, one individual in particular devotes a significant amount of her time to swaying, a percentage much higher than that found when Wilson, Bloomsmith, and Maple (2004) examined stereotypic swaying rates in these same animals. Results of this study have direct ramifications for the current management requirements for captive elephants around the world. It helps tap into aspects of psychological well being of captive elephants to elucidate factors influencing welfare and stereotypic behavior. Research of this nature is a critical endeavor if we are to appropriately manage these magnificent animals in captivity.

In this thesis we studied individuals of 4 species of tortoises, often bred in captivity genus Testudo species T. hermanni, T. graeca, T. horsfieldi and T. marginata, in possession of the ZOO Hluboká nad Vltavou. We studied and analyzed their morphological parameters, size measurements, their weight and biometrical indexes, wheather they follow described sexual dimorphism as it was found out in non-captive populations. We also studied and analyzed their food preferences to find out differences between sexes and between keeping individual animal versus a group, by giving them a choice between 4 types of food (the red cabbage, leaves of dandelion and clover, and carrot roots). Sexual dimorphism displayed by different body proportions was most apparent in Testudo hermanni. In specimen from the ZOO of Testudo horsfieldi a T. graeca was sexual dimorphism less prominent. Measured Testudo females from the ZOO were in lowest, approximate and highest values bigger and heavier than males of the same species, which mirrors data from other studies of non-captive populations. Males are quicker to get to and quicker to start eating food than females. Males preffered red cabbage and carrot while the females clover and dandelion. The amplitude of preference change between individual and group experiment was not correlated by individual´s sex, species or size. We found out no apparent hierarchical enforcement from the side of faster or bigger specimen in the feeding process.

This diploma thesis deals with the matter of protection of feral animals against trafficing. The theme is composed for use at primary school within the framework of project teaching. The work is divided into theoretical and practical section, according to the content. The matter of CITES is expressed in the theoretical part, also the educational activities in the zoological gardens are described in this part (including the educational offer of the Zoo Ohrada) and last but not least the basic concepts for didactical aspect of the thesis are defined. The practical part includes a questionnaire studying the pupils´ attitude to animals generally; evaluation of educational activities offered by the zoological garden Ohrada (included evaluation of the commute); and the project itself. The outcome of the thesis is to check the service ability of the project in practise.

Submitted by Ana Carolina Dutra (anacadutra@gmail.com) on 2018-04-23T12:49:30Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Impactos ambientais de uma unidade agropecuária estimados pela avaliação do ciclo de vida.pdf: 1688085 bytes, checksum: 7dc15a80e79961a1b65e72cc0e1d384c (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Bruna Bacalgini null (bruna@sorocaba.unesp.br) on 2018-04-23T13:54:57Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 dutra_ac_me_soro.pdf: 1688085 bytes, checksum: 7dc15a80e79961a1b65e72cc0e1d384c (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-04-23T13:54:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 dutra_ac_me_soro.pdf: 1688085 bytes, checksum: 7dc15a80e79961a1b65e72cc0e1d384c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-03-27 / Com o passar dos anos, o desenvolvimento tecnológico e científico vem evoluindo rapidamente, levando a um aumento de consumo de matéria, recursos naturais e energia, além da geração de resíduos, emissões atmosféricas e efluentes. Dessa forma, políticas públicas e normas foram criadas para evitar, diminuir e mitigar impactos ambientais negativos resultantes de atividades antropogênicas. Nesse contexto, emergiu o pensamento do ciclo de vida, em que são analisados todos os impactos ambientais gerados por um processo ou produto desde a extração da matéria-prima até a disposição final. Como consequência, têm-se a ferramenta de Avaliação do Ciclo de Vida (ACV), a qual pode ser aplicada a inúmeros processos. Dessa forma, esse trabalho objetivou estimar os potenciais impactos ambientais gerados em uma unidade agropecuária multifuncional sob a perspectiva de ciclo de vida e a construção de um inventário de ciclo de vida (ICV) a partir dos aspectos ambientais pertinentes à unidade em estudo. A pesquisa foi desenvolvida na Divisão de Produção Rural (DPR) da Fundação Parque Zoológico de São Paulo, em Araçoiaba da Serra, a partir de sua divisão em subsistemas de acordo com as funções desempenhadas. Utilizou-se o software SimaPro para a inserção do ICV, o qual possui bases de dados contendo diversos aspectos ambientais, para a construção do ciclo de vida e cálculo dos potenciais impactos ambientais pelo método Eco-Indicator 99(H). Dentre as atividades desenvolvidas (educação ambiental, conservação e reprodução animal, produção agrícola e atividades de cunho administrativos), teve-se que os impactos ambientais da produção agrícola representaram 65,2% dos impactos globais da unidade no ano de 2016, sendo a maior parte influenciada pelo transporte semanal de produtos agrícolas. Destacam-se ainda os impactos ambientais decorrentes do cenário de destino final de todas as atividades, correspondendo ao deslocamento de resíduos não reciclados, principalmente resíduo orgânico e embalagens do tipo isopor, somando 53% dos impactos globais e fazendo com que a categoria de impacto ambiental mais influenciada fosse a de consumo de combustíveis fósseis. Estimandose um cenário de melhoria, encontra-se na compostagem de resíduos orgânicos a chance de diminuição de cerca de 10,3% dos impactos ambientais existentes em relação ao cenário original. / Over the years, technological and scientific development has evolved rapidly, leading to an increase in the consumption of matter, natural resources and energy, as well as the generation of waste, atmospheric emissions and effluents. In this way, public policies and norms were created to avoid, decrease and mitigate negative environmental impacts resulting from anthropogenic activities. In this context, life cycle thinking has emerged, in which all the environmental impacts generated by a process or product, from extraction of the raw material to disposal of residuals, are analyzed. As a consequence, there is the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA), an environmental management tool applied to various processes. This work aimed to estimate the potential environmental impacts generated in a multifunctional agricultural unit under the life cycle perspective and the construction of a life cycle inventory (LCI) from relevant resources for the unit studied. This research was developed in the Division of Rural Production (DRP) of the São Paulo Zoo Foundation, in Araçoiaba da Serra, dividing the unit in subsystems according to its functions. The SimaPro software, which has databases of different environmental aspects, was used to insert the LCI, the construction of the life cycle and the calculation of the potential environmental impacts by the Eco-Indicator 99(H) method. Among the activities carried out (environmental education, animal conservation and breeding, agricultural production and administrative activities), environmental impacts of agricultural production accounted for 65.2% of the total impacts of the unit in 2016, mostly influenced by the weekly transport of agricultural products. The environmental impacts from the disposal scenario of all activities are also highlighted, accounting for 53% of the global impacts and corresponding to the displacement of non-recycled waste, mainly organic waste and styrofoam packaging, implying consumption of fossil fuels the most influenced impact category. Estimating an improvement scenario, the organic decomposition of organic waste can decrease about 10.3% of environmental impacts in relation to the original scenario.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-07-29T15:00:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Fabiola simoesrodrigues.pdf: 920023 bytes, checksum: 77dd512ddf9f00049ba84ccc5db70cab (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-08-26 / The critical Environmental Education is gaining space in the research area due to the fact that it makes it possible to do a better reading of the environmental crisis. In this critical slope, the environmental understanding goes beyond natural resources, and covers the complex relationships between nature and society. According to Carvalho (2008), the main objective of the Environmental Education is to develop the ecological being, who is characterized by an ideal type, with an identity that is under construction, one who is able to translate the ideals of the social relations that revolve around environmental issues. Considering that the legislation regarding the Environmental Education suggests that it should happen either in formal and in informal education, research has shown that most activities are offered by informal schools. We can say that throughout these last years, such informal spaces have changed in order to offer and adjust their activities to the visiting public. In this context, the objective of this research was to get in touch with the activities regarding Environmental Education that are carried on at Goiania‟s zoo, as well as meet the professionals involved in the execution and elaboration of such project. Besides that, the profile and conceptions regarding Environmental Education have been surveyed. In the end, the analysis and observation in order to understand how the activities carried on at Goiania‟s Zoo can contribute to develop the ecological being. This research can be categorized as a case study, since this method is used in order to understand the individual, group, social, organizational and political phenomena. Besides that, it is a study where issues such as how and why are proposed, combined with the fact that the researcher has little control over the contemporary phenomenon to be unveiled. At the end of this research we have concluded that the Goiânia‟s zoo staff have their conceptions based on the conservationist and naturalistic schools of thought, thus the activities done aim at rebuilding a relationship with nature and adopting conservative behavior towards it. Therefore, such activities carried on at the Goiânia‟s zoo do not give any contribution towards the development of the so-called ecological being. / A Educação Ambiental crítica vem conquistando espaço no campo de pesquisa devido ao fato de possibilitar uma melhor leitura da crise ambiental. Nessa vertente crítica, a compreensão de meio ambiente vai além dos recursos naturais, e engloba as complexas relações que existentes entre sociedade e natureza. Carvalho (2008) defende que o principal objetivo da Educação Ambiental crítica é a formação do sujeito ecológico, caracterizado por um tipo ideal, com uma identidade em construção que seja capaz de traduzir os ideais das relações sociais que giram em torno da questão ambiental. Considerando que a legislação pertinente à Educação Ambiental sugere que esta aconteça tanto em espaços formais como nos não formais de educação, pesquisas vem sendo feitas mostrando a oferta de atividades por parte dos espaços não formais. Pode-se afirmar que nos últimos anos, esses espaços passaram por mudanças no sentido de oferecer e direcionar suas atividades ao público visitante. Nesse contexto, o objetivo dessa pesquisa consistiu em foi conhecer as atividades de Educação Ambiental realizadas no Zoológico de Goiânia, bem como os profissionais envolvidos em sua execução e elaboração. Além disso, foi feito um levantamento sobre o perfil e concepções de Educação Ambiental desses profissionais. Ao final, as observações e análises foram feitas no sentido de entender quais as contribuições das atividades do Zoológico de Goiânia para a formação do sujeito ecológico. Esta pesquisa caracteriza-se como um estudo de casos uma vez que este método é utilizado para contribuir com o entendimento dos fenômenos individuais, grupais, sociais, organizacionais, políticos e relacionados. Além disso, trata-se de um estudo no qual questões como e por que são propostas, combinadas com o fato do investigador ter pouco controle sobre o fenômeno contemporâneo a ser desvelado. Ao final da pesquisa concluímos que os profissionais do Zoológico de Goiânia têm suas concepções pautadas na corrente naturalista e conservacionista, o que implica diretamente em atividades com objetivos de reconstruir uma ligação com a natureza e de adotar comportamentos de conservação da mesma. Dessa forma, não existe a possibilidade das atividades do Zoológico de Goiânia contribuir com a formação do sujeito ecológico.

The purpose of this diploma thesis „Parking Planning and Calculation„ is car parks at selected buildings. The goal of this thesis is to optimize the selected of targeted units for calculate the number of parking spaces. First part of the work is focused on the measurement itself and data analysis. The next part of the work consists of comparison of calculated parking places according to standards with real number of parking places.

<div>In the first chapter, our empirical tests use data from three sources. First, we obtain the Loughran and McDonald’s (hereafter LM wordlist) positive/negative wordlist and from the authors’ website. Second, we obtain the monthly Fama and French (1993 and 2015) factors (i.e. SMB, HML, Rm-Rf, CMA, and RMW) and momentum factor (MOM) from Kenneth French’s website for the sample period January 1994 through December 2016. Third, we obtain the monthly stock returns, monthly index returns, month end market value from the Center for Research in Security Prices (CRSP) as well as accounting information such as annual book</div><div>I the second chapter, we utilize five main datasets in this study. The first dataset is the stock market transaction level data for S&P 500 stocks, obtained from Trades and Quote (TAQ). The second dataset is the corporate bond transaction data from Trade Reporting and Compliance Engine (TRACE) through Wharton Research Data Services (WRDS) for the S&P 500 firms. The TRACE data provides over the counter (OTC) corporate bond market real-time prices.To examine the price discovery of bonds in equity prices we use a sample period of over 1,000 trading days from January 2004 through December 2008.</div><div>Our third data source is the institutional level transaction data from ANcerno, which provides transactional level trade data for corporate bonds and stocks for the first quarter of 2006 through the third quarter of 2010. Several studies have used equity transaction dataset to examine the ANcerno institutional trading behavior. See for example Puckett and Yan (2011), Bethel, Hu and Wang (2009), Chemmanur, He and Hu (2009), Goldstein, Irvine, Kandel and Wiener (2009). Additionally, Hu, Jo, Wang and Xie (2018) provide a comprehensive review of ANcerno dataset. The fourth source of data comes from Mergent Fixed Income Security Database (FISD), which provides details of bond characteristics and credit ratings from standard and poor’s (S&P) and Moody’s. Finally, we obtain the daily stock returns data from center for security prices (CRSP) database and match it with the daily bond returns to examine the lead-lag relationships.</div><div><br></div>

Esta tesis explora las configuraciones animales en tres obras literarias publicadas en el contexto del desarrollismo latinoamericano entre fines de los 50 y comienzos de los 70 en las cuales el animal se presenta como protagonista, a saber, las prosas breves en "Bestiario" (1972) de Juan José Arreola, el cuento "Alta cocina" (1959) de Amparo Dávila y el poemario El gran zoo (1967) de Nicolás Guillén. Estudios previos han analizado la presencia del animal en la literatura latinoamericana del período identificado tanto desde la perspectiva biopolítica (Giorgi, 2014) como desde una perspectiva preponderantemente filosófica centrada en la relación humano-animal (Yelin, 2010). Sin embargo, en la presente perspectiva crítica de las zoografías que se analizan en esta tesis se apunta a que estas obras no solo resaltan aspectos salientes de la configuración de lo animal en la literatura de esa época, sino que también permiten arrojar miradas críticas con respecto a las narrativas de progreso y desarrollo dominantes en los años 50 y 60. Combinando las teorizaciones que abordan lo animal y la animalidad desde las propuestas filosóficas sobre lo animal (Deleuze y Guattari, 2002; Derrida, 2008; Berger, 2009), la biopolítica (Giorgi, 2014; Yelin, 2017) y las propuestas centradas en la idea de extinción animal (Wolfe, 2003; Heise, 2003, 2009, 2016), a través del método de la literatura comparada, en esta tesis se explora cómo se presenta y emerge lo animal y la animalidad en las obras mencionadas, cómo se relacionan las configuraciones animales con cuestiones socioambientales y cómo responden a la narrativa y las dinámicas del desarrollismo. A base de los resultados encontrados en el análisis se concluye que, a través del uso de un bestiario popular en las prosas breves de Arreola, la articulación de una extrañeza en torno al animal comestible en el cuento de Dávila y de la escenificación de un zoológico sarcástico en el poemario de Guillén, colectivamente, las configuraciones animales en las obras del corpus erigen miradas críticas hacia la industrialización, la comodificación y la desaparición del animal así como hacia la explotación del medioambiente, todas estas problemáticas socioambientales que remiten a las narrativas de progreso del desarrollismo latinoamericano.

Dolphins use stereotyped, individually distinctive, frequency modulated whistles, referred to as signature whistles, in order to broadcast their identity. In this study, we trained six dolphins at Kolmården Zoo, Sweden, to be called over, either upon hearing their own signature whistle (SW) or upon hearing a biologically irrelevant ”trivial” sound (TS), with the aim to prove the Whistle caller concept. The Whistle caller concept is based on the fact that dolphins occasionally use other dolphins’ signature whistles in order to address specific group members and convene.  Our hypotheses were that (1) dolphins call-over trained using their SW would learn the behaviour faster than dolphins trained using TSs, and (2) dolphins trained with their SW would be able to discriminate between different SWs better than dolphins trained with a TS would be at discriminating between different TSs.  Three out of three dolphins were successfully call-over trained using their SW, and two out of three dolphins using their assigned TS. When discriminating between different sounds, two of the dolphins trained using their SW performed significantly better than one of the dolphins trained using a TS. However, there were large intra-group differences in the results, indicating that we cannot eliminate the possibility that these results stem from individual differences in these dolphins’ ability to learn new behaviours overall, rather than an understanding of the sounds they heard. We suggest that future studies focus on (1) male-female differences in discrimination success when applying the Whistle caller concept, (2) how the characteristics of the trivial sounds affect discrimination success, and (3) the option of calling more than one animal at a time by sending out several SWs in succession.

By studying how captive animals use outdoor space, we can determine which areas fulfill their biological and behavioral needs to improve enclosure design for animal welfare and visitor experience. The aim of the study was to determine the differential use of outdoor space in a mixed exhibit of captive ring-tailed lemurs (Lemur catta) and red ruffed lemurs (Varecia rubra), and to assess both the effect of adding environmental enrichment and possible visitor and meteorological effects on the lemurs’ use of space and behavior. For one month, five-minute interval scan sampling was used to record lemur location and behavior, as well as the meteorological conditions and presence of zoo visitors in the lemurs’ outdoor enclosure. That baseline was followed by four alternating two-week periods of food or structural enrichment, both with and without visitors. Enrichment increased the lemurs’ use of the enriched sectors, decreased resting, and increased locomotion. Structural enrichment increased their exploratory behaviors and stimulated arboreal locomotion. Both species preferred sunny and warm conditions for sunbathing and resting, while moving more around the enclosure in cooler and cloudier weather. The visitor effect on the lemurs’ use of space was weaker than the effects of enrichment and meteorological conditions. The availability of areas to hide and possible habituation to humans may have played a role in the reduced visitor effect. The results of the study showed inter-specific differences in the lemurs’ use of space and behavior and a complex combined effect of enrichment, visitor presence and meteorological conditions.