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Crisis, credibility, and corruption : how ideas and institutions shape government behaviour in IndiaBaloch, Bilal Ali January 2017 (has links)
Anti-corruption movements play a vital role in democratic development. From the American Gilded Age to global demonstrations in the wake of the 2008 financial crisis, these movements seek to combat malfeasance in government and improve accountability. While this collective action remains a constant, how government elites perceive and respond to such agitation, varies. My dissertation tackles this puzzle head-on: Why do some democratic governments respond more tolerantly than others to anti-corruption movements? To answer this research question, I examine variation across time in two cases within the worldâs largest democracy: India. I compare the Congress Party government's suppressive response to the Jayaprakash Narayan movement in 1975, and the Congress-led United Progressive Alliance governmentâs tolerant response to the India Against Corruption movement in 2012. For developing democracies such as India, comparativist scholarship gives primacy to external, material interests â such as votes and rents â as proximately shaping government behavior. Although these logics explain elite decision-making around elections and the predictability of pork barrel politics, they fall short in explaining government conduct during credibility crises, such as when facing nationwide anti-corruption movements. In such instances of high political uncertainty, I argue, it is the absence or presence of an ideological checks and balance mechanism among decision-making elites in government that shapes suppression or tolerance respectively. This mechanism is produced from the interaction between structure (multi-party coalition) and agency (divergent cognitive frames in positions of authority). In this dissertation, elites analyze the anti-corruption movement and form policy prescriptions based on their frames around social and economic development as well as their concepts of the nation. My research consists of over 110 individual interviews with state elites, including the Prime Minister, cabinet ministers, party leaders, and senior bureaucrats among other officials for the contemporary case; and a broad compilation of private letters, diplomatic cables and reports, and speeches collected from three national archives for the historical study. To my knowledge this is the first data-driven study of Indian politics that precisely demonstrates how ideology acts as a constraint on government behavior in a credibility crisis. On a broader level, my findings contribute to the recently renewed debate in political science as to why democracies sometimes behave illiberally.
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A liberdade nomeada: leituras de Cecília Meireles para Cânticos / The freedom named: reading of Cecília Meireles for SongsBezerra, Emília Passos de Oliveira January 2007 (has links)
BEZERRA, Emília Passos de Oliveira. A liberdade nomeada: leituras de Cecília Meireles para Cânticos. 2007. 136 f. Dissertação (Mestrado em Letras) – Universidade Federal do Ceará, Departamento de Literatura, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Letras, Fortaleza-CE, 2007. / Submitted by Liliane oliveira (morena.liliane@hotmail.com) on 2012-06-26T11:59:05Z
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Previous issue date: 2007 / The dissertation examines the work Songs, Cecilia Meireles, highlighting the historical context-cultural, ideological and artistic of the twentieth century, from the close relationship of literature produced by the poet with the mysticism of the philosophies of the East, in particular, Buddhism, with the mystical poetry of the Indian poet Rabindranath Tagore and the speeches of peace Mahatma Gandhi and Vinoba Bhave. The work of the poetic corpus, still uses to support the writer Complete Poetry, the critical study conducted by Amy Zagury, "Cecília Meireles: news biographical, critical study, anthology, literature, discography, the score," and in the testimony of letters, interviews, books and chronic prefaciados as princiapal refuge. Using the methods descriptive, analytical, interpretive-comparison, the search is divided into five stages, where: "Initial considerations", "The twentieth century", "Songs - named Freedom," "The Bilbioteca way" and, finally, as a conclusion, "The uniqueness of mystical corner." / A dissertação analisa a obra Cânticos, de Cecilia Meireles, destacando o contexto histórico-cultural, ideológico e artístico do século XX, a partir do estreito relacionamento da literatura produzida pelo poeta com o misticismo das filosofias do Oriente, em específico, o Budismo, com a poesia mística do poeta indiano Rabindranath Tagore e os discursos pacifistas de Mahatma Gandhi e Vinoba Bhave. O trabalho parte do corpus poético, utiliza ainda como apoio a Poesia Completa da escritora, o estudo crítico realizado por Eliane Zagury, em "Cecília Meireles: notícia biográfica, estudo crítico, antologia, bibliografia, discografia, partitura", e os depoimentos constantes de cartas, entrevistas, livros prefaciados e crônicas como amparo princiapal. Utilizando os métodos descritivo, analítico, interpretativo-comparativo, a pesquisa divide-se em cinco momentos, sendo: "Considerações iniciais", "O século XX", "Cânticos - A Liberdade nomeada", " A Bilbioteca via" e, finalmente, como conclusão, "A singularidade do canto místico".
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Implementation Of A Democratic Decentralized Welfare Scheme : An Institutional PerspectiveUdayaadithya, A 02 1900 (has links) (PDF)
Decentralization leads to functional and financial devolution of authority, induces more transparency in the system and puts emphasis on local needs. It creates platforms to voice and institutionalize the interests of various groups, and comes nearer to the public by making all tiers of government accountable directly to the people. However, several complexities govern this effort in India. First, implementation involves several official agencies, creating administrative gaps, lack of coordination and fiscal complexities. Second, Indian society is largely agrarian and rural marked by divisions of religion, caste and economic class. Third, the socially vulnerable and poor are often trapped in interlocking economic transactions with affluent landlords making it difficult for them to go for collective change.
This research critically evaluates these dynamics taking the case example of the Mahatma Gandhi Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme (MGREGS). We followed a threefold methodology in order to understand the policy dynamics, namely, stakeholders’ interviews, primary survey data analysis and secondary data analysis. Case studies were useful in understanding policy implementation dynamics through field observations. The multi-level regression results reflected co-existence of agriculture and MGREGS dynamics, with their own rules and objectives, apparently contradictory, but leading to social and economic equilibrium. Searching explanations for these contradictory results led us to two larger understandings: 1) Actors are seen to take rational decisions based on local socio-politico-economic understandings of the world. 2) These decisions are, however, at multiple levels and at multiple action spaces. Institutional rational choice perspective proposed by Ostrom (1999) corroborated these findings.
Latent variable path analysis results indicated the dynamics of civil society and administrative bureaucracy as a negotiated equilibrium that has the potential to transform governance. The process of institutional evolution was through endogenous institutional change process as proposed by Grief and Laitin (2004). Furthermore, the effect of socio-structural factors on institutional structures was observed. The results indicated two major understandings: 1) the formation and effectiveness of institutional structures were dependent on social capital and in turn on social structures and networks 2) the influence of formal institutional structures on local governance and social dynamics affect the governance network formation (Hertting, 2001).
Scenario-wise regression analyses results revealed that the effort to improve social capital of the groups through governance procedures need to be mediated through ‘local’ social structures. Agent based model results indicated the following: 1) regulatory dynamics need not necessarily follow the trend of socio-economic dynamics. Instead, they were in line with advocacy dynamics (Sabatier, 1988), which in turn depend on the social structures and networks. 2) regulatory strategies were endogenous institutional rational choices, given the existing socio-economic structures and networks of the society. Hence, Institutional theories were observed to be instrumental in understanding the policy implementation dynamics in democratic decentralization setup.
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Polyurethanes plastic sheets and foams synthesized from aromatic triolsDumont, Marie-Jose 06 1900 (has links)
Novel plastic sheets and foams from vegetable oil-based monomers were produced. These new polyurethanes were synthesized from aromatic polyols, with erucic acid as the starting material. These monomers have the unique feature of containing an aromatic ring which was hypothesized to improve the rigidity of the polyurethane matrices and the overall physical properties of the plastics and foams. The benefits of the aromatic ring were proposed to be enhanced due to three terminal primary hydroxyl groups within the structure of the polyols.
Reactions to produce hexasubstituted benzene derivatives containing alcohol groups in positions 1,2,4- and 1,3,5- around the benzene ring were suitably scaled up to provide amounts necessary for polyurethane production and characterization. These isomers (asymmetric and symmetric triols) were separated using chromatography. The pure triols were crosslinked with 4,4-methylenebis(phenyl isocyanate) into polyurethanes sheets (asymmetric and symmetric polyurethane respectively). The physico-chemical properties of these PUs were studied by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, x-ray diffraction,, differential scanning calorimetry dynamic mechanical analysis, thermogravimetric analysis coupled with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and tensile analysis. The asymmetric polyurethane sheet and the symmetric polyurethane sheet differed in their glass transition temperatures and crosslinking densities. This variation could be explained by the differences in crosslinking densities, related to the increase in steric hindrance between adjacent hydroxyl groups of the asymmetric triol monomers. It was found that both polyurethanes had similar mechanical and thermal properties.
Due to the similar properties of the asymmetric polyurethane and symmetric polyurethane sheets, the monomers were combined together in order to synthesize PU foams. The physical properties of these foams were studied by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, dynamic mechanical analysis, scanning electron microscopy, thermogravimetric analysis and were analyzed for close cell content and compression strength. The effect of the benzene ring in the monomer structure on the physical properties of these new polyurethane foams was mainly compared with high density canola polyurethane foams previously investigated. It was demonstrated that the physical properties of polyurethane foams made with aromatic monomers are comparable to those made with aliphatic monomers when enhanced with glycerol. / Bioresource and Food Engineering
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Renal proximal tubular handling of nucleosides by human nucleoside transporter proteinsElwi, Adam 11 1900 (has links)
Human cells possess multiple nucleoside transporters (NTs) that belong to either the human equilibrative or concentrative NT (hENT: hENT1/2/3/4; hCNT: CNT1/2/3) families. In the kidney, coupling of apical hCNT3 activities to basolateral hENT1/2 activities is hypothesized to mediate renal nucleoside proximal tubular absorption while apical ENT1 may have a role in secretion. The overall aim of this research was to increase understanding of the roles of hENTs and hCNTs in renal handling of physiological nucleosides and anti-cancer nucleoside analog drugs. This was achieved by investigating the distribution of hENTs and hCNTs in human kidney tissue and the function of hENTs and hCNTs in cellular uptake and transepithelial fluxes of nucleosides in cultured human renal proximal tubule cells (hRPTCs).
Immunolocalization of hCNT3 and hENT1 in human kidney tissue revealed that hENT and hCNT3 were present in apical membranes of proximal tubules. Production and characterization of adherent hRPTC cultures demonstrated endogenous hCNT3, hENT1, and hENT2 activities. These results provided evidence for the involvement of hCNT3, hENT1, and hENT2 in renal handling of nucleosides.
Comparison of adherent hRPTC cultures derived from kidneys from different individuals demonstrated that hCNT3 activities varied between cultures. Also, the extent of cellular uptake of fludarabine, an anti-cancer nucleoside drug, and degree of cytotoxicity was reflected in the different hCNT3 activities observed between cultures. These results suggested that hCNT3 plays an important role in fludarabine renal handling and is a determinant of potential renal toxicities.
Production of polarized monolayer cultures of hRPTCs on transwell permeable inserts enabled the functional localization of hCNT3 and hENT1 to apical membranes and hENT2 to basolateral membranes. Transepithelial flux studies demonstrated that (i) apical-to-basolateral fluxes of adenosine were mediated by apical hCNT3 and basolateral hENT2, (ii) basolateral-to-apical fluxes of 2′-deoxyadenosine were mediated, in part, by apical hENT1 and basolateral hOATs, and (iii) apical-to-basolateral fluxes of fludarabine, cladribine, and clofarabine were mediated by apical hCNT3.
These studies showed that coupling of apical hCNT3 to basolateral hENT2 mediates proximal tubular nucleoside reabsorption, that coupling of basolateral human organic anion transporters (hOATs) to apical hENT1 mediates proximal tubular nucleoside secretion, and that hCNT3 is a key determinant of fludarabine proximal tubular reabsorption and cytoxicity.
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Correla??es nos dfa de diversos perfis geol?gicos. estudo de caso: Bacia de Campos - RJRibeiro, Robival Alves 14 April 2010 (has links)
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Previous issue date: 2010-04-14 / This work aims to study the fluctuation structure of physical properties of oil well profiles. It was used as technique the analysis of fluctuations without trend (Detrended Fluctuation Analysis - DFA). It has been made part of the study 54 oil
wells in the Campo de Namorado located in the Campos Basin in Rio de Janeiro. We studied five sections, namely: sonic, density, porosity, resistivity and gamma rays. For most of the profiles , DFA analysis was available in the literature, though the sonic perfile was estimated with the aid of a standard algorithm. The comparison between the exponents of DFA of the five profiles was performed using linear correlation of variables, so we had 10 comparisons of profiles. Our null hypothesis is that the values of DFA for the various physical properties are independent. The main result indicates that no refutation of the null hypothesis. That is, the fluctuations observed by DFA in the profiles do not have a universal character, that is, in general
the quantities display a floating structure of their own. From the ten correlations studied only the profiles of density and sonic one showed a significant correlation (p> 0.05). Finally these results indicate that one should use the data from DFA with caution, because, in general, based on geological analysis DFA different profiles can lead to disparate conclusions / Esta disserta??o tem como objetivo estudar a estrutura de flutua??o de propriedades f?sicas dos perfis de po?os de petr?leo. Usou-se como t?cnica a an?lise de flutua??es sem tend?ncia (Detrended Fluctuation Analysis DFA). Fizeram parte do estudo 54 po?os de petr?leo do Campo de Namorado localizado na Bacia de Campos, no Estado do Rio de Janeiro. Foram estudados cinco perfis, quais sejam: s?nico, densidade, porosidade, resistividade e raios gama. Para a maioria dos perfis, a an?lise de DFA j? estava dispon?vel na literatura; entretanto o perfil s?nico foi estimado com o aux?lio de um algoritmo padr?o. A compara??o entre os expoentes de DFA dos cinco perfis foi feita usando correla??o linear de vari?veis; assim t?nhamos 10 compara??es de perfis. Nossa hip?tese nula ? que os valores de DFA para as diversas propriedades f?sicas s?o independentes. O principal resultado indica a n?o refuta??o da hip?tese nula. Isto ?, as flutua??es apresentadas pelos
DFA dos perfis n?o apresentam um car?ter universal; ou seja, em geral, as grandezas exibem uma estrutura de flutua??o que lhes ? pr?pria. Das dez correla??es estudadas, apenas os perfis de densidade e o s?nico apresentaram uma correla??o significativa (p<0,05). Enfim, estes resultados indicam que se devem usar os dados de DFA com cautela, pois, em geral, an?lises geol?gicas baseadas em DFA de perfis diferentes podem levar a conclus?es d?spares
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Transiente superdifusivo em caminhadas aleat?rias com perfil de mem?ria q-exponencialMoura, Thiago Rafael da Silva 02 May 2016 (has links)
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Previous issue date: 2016-05-02 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico (CNPq) / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior (CAPES) / Propomos nesta pesquisa um modelo de caminhada aleat?ria com perfil de decaimento q-exponencial. A fun??o q-exponencial ? uma generaliza??o da fun??o exponencial ordin?ria. No limite q?1, a fun??o q-exponencial torna-se a fun??o exponencial ordin?ria. Nosso modelo apresenta um comportamento difusivo Markoviano, onde se sabe que o Teorema Central do Limite proibe superdifus?o neste caso. Apesar de neste problema n?o ser esperado o surgimento de uma transi??o superdifusiva no limite assint?tico conseguimos observar tais transi??es para caminhadas de tamanho finito.
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Análise multifractal e seções de Lévy de flutuações heterocedásticas. / Multifractal analysis and Lévy sections of heteroscedastic.Nascimento, César Moura 30 January 2008 (has links)
An important problem in Physics concerns the study of stochastic processes and fluctuations away from the mean of dynamical variables. In a wide range of systems, some of the observed variables have a macroscopic quality, in the sense that they represent averages or sums over time or space of "microscopic" quantities. When long-range memory or correlation effects do not play a significant role, then the necessary and sufficient conditions for the Central Limit Theorem to hold can become satisfied. Quite often, the second moments of the studied dynamical variable do not diverge, hence in many important instances, the fluctuations of many systems follow Gaussian statistics. On the other hand, complex systems generate some variabilities that often deviate them from Gaussian statistics. Here, we focus on two properties related to Gaussian fluctuations: (i) monofractality and (ii) homoscedasticity. Specifically, we first address the general question about the nature of the relationship between multifractality and heteroscedasticity. We applied multifractal detrended fluctuation analysis to a nonstationary high frequency financial time series obtained from currency markets. As a second test, we applied the technique to the audio time series of Beethoven's fifth symphony. We obtained results suggesting that heteroscedasticity can cause or increase multifractality. We also investigate in greater detail the convergence to the homoskedastic and monofractal Gaussian regime, using the mathematical formalism of Lévy sections, as previously applied to time series. We report several conclusions related to these questions and discuss the generality of these results in the context of the physics of complex systems. / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / Um importante problema em Física está relacionado ao estudo de processos estocásticos e flutuações de variáveis dinâmicas. Em uma variedade de sistemas, algumas das variáveis observadas têm uma qualidade macroscópica, no sentido de que elas representam a média ou a soma sobre o espaço ou tempo de quantidades microscópicas. Quando efeitos de memória de longo alcance ou correlação não desempenharem um papel significativo, então as condições necessárias e suficientes para a validade do Teorema do Limite Central podem ser satisfeitas. Frequentemente o segundo momento da variável em questão não diverge. Consequentemente em muitos exemplos importantes, as flutuações de muitos sistemas seguem uma estatística Gaussiana. Em contraste, sistemas complexos geram flutuações que muitas vezes os desviam da estatística Gaussiana. Aqui, nós focamos em duas propriedades relacionadas à flutuações Gaussianas: (i) monofractalidade e (ii) homocedasticidade. Especificamente, discutimos primeiro a questão geral sobre a natureza da relação entre multifractalidade e heterocedasticidade. Aplicamos a multifractal detrended fluctuations analysis a uma série temporal financeira não estacionária e de alta freqüência referente à taxa cambial. Como um segundo teste, aplicamos a mesma técnica de análise para a série de áudio da quinta sinfonia de Beethoven. Obtivemos resultados que indicam que a heterocedasticidade pode causar ou aumentar a multifractalidade. Também investigamos em detalhes a convergência para o regime homocedástico e monofratal Gaussiano usando o método matemático de seções de Lévy, como previamente aplicado a séries temporais. Apresentamos conclusões relacionadas a estes questionamentos e discutimos a generalidade destes resultados no contexto da Física de sistemas complexos.
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Expoente de Hurst e diagrama de fase para persistência induzida amnesticamente em processos não-markovianos. / Hurst exponent and the phase diagram for persistence induced amnestic on a non-MarkovianFerreira, Arlan da Silva 07 August 2009 (has links)
Nowadays there has been a growing interest in anomalous diffusion: the super difusive
and sub-difusive processes. The problem about normal diffusion already well established
whereas many problems still exist in anomalous diffusion. Several mathematical models and
computational techniques have been developed to model such processes. In this work we studied
a non-Markovian Random Walk (RW), in one dimension in which the development of the
process is governed by decisions taken in the distant past. We used as tool of analysis, analytical
and numerical procedures (Monte Carlo method). In this problem, the walker takes its decisions
(go right or left) at a given time t, based on the decisions taken in the past, namely in a fraction f
of the total time. As far as the decision making process is considered only the distant past is
taken into account. This loss of recent memory leads the probability density function of the
position to change from Gaussian to non-Gaussian and leads to the emergence of log-periodic
oscillations in position, besides producing a change in the behavior of non-persistent to
persistent, causing anomalous diffusion. This change is characterized by the Hurst exponent, and
is found, surprisingly, in a region where there is negative feedback. The diagram of phases
depending on the parameters f and p (fraction of old memory and feedback), shows the following
phases: classical non persistence, classical persistence, log-periodic non persistence, log-periodic
persistence, Gaussian and non Gaussian with respect to the position of the walker. / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Atualmente tem crescido o interesse por processos de difusão anômala, i.e., os super
difusivos e sub-difusivos. O problema voltado para difusão normal já é bem conhecido, enquanto
para difusões anômalas ainda existem vários problemas em abertos. Várias técnicas
computacionais e modelos matemáticos têm sido desenvolvidos para modelar tais processos.
Estudamos neste trabalho uma caminhada aleatória, não Markoviana em uma dimensão, em que
o desenvolvimento do processo é regido por decisões tomadas em relação ao passado distante.
Utilizamos como ferramenta de análise uma abordagem analítica e numérica (via método de
Monte Carlo). Nesse problema, o caminhante toma suas decisões (entre ir para a direita ou para a
esquerda), num determinado tempo t, com base nas decisões tomadas no passado, numa fração f
do tempo transcorrido. Quando f<1 o passado recente é esquecido e apenas o passado distante é
considerado. Essa perda de memória recente induz a função densidade de probabilidade da
posição a passar de um regime Gaussiano para não Gaussiano e leva ao surgimento de oscilações
log-periódicas na posição, além de produzir uma mudança no comportamento, de não persistente
para persistente, ocasionando difusão anômala. Essa mudança é caracterizada pelo expoente de
Hurst e ocorre também, surpreendentemente, numa região de feedback negativo. O diagrama de
fases em função dos parâmetros f e p (fração de memória antiga e feedback), mostra as seguintes
regiões: não persistência clássica; persistência clássica; não persistência log-periódica e
persistência log-periódica; região Gaussiana e não Gaussiana da posição.
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Separação e recombinação de cargas em células solares fotoeletroquímicas. / Charge separation and recombination in photoelectrochemical solar cells.Santos, Agnaldo José dos 05 May 2010 (has links)
Interest in research concerning renewable energy sources has grown in recent
decades. In this context, the study of the physical processes that are important
in the conversion of solar energy radiation via the photovoltaic effect has increasingly
been the topic of theoretical and experimental research. In this thesis, we
discuss the photovoltaic effect in pn junctions found in Si solar cells, as well as the
photoelectrochemical effect at semiconductor-electrolyte interfaces. Specifically,
we propose a new linearizable model for the photocurrent-voltage characteristics of
nanocrystalline TiO2 dye sensitized solar cells, as well as ZnO solar cells. We also
report predicted values for fill factors. The model uses the Butler-Volmer and Nernst
equations to describe the photocurrent-voltage characteristics. A single free parameter
of the model controls the fill factor. Upon renormalization, diverse experimental
photocurrent-voltage data collapse onto a single universal function. These advances
allow the estimation of the complete current-voltage curve and the fill factor from
any three experimental data points, e. g., the open circuit voltage, the short circuit
current and one intermediate measurement. / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / O interesse em pesquisas sobre fontes de energia renováveis tem crescido nas últimas décadas. Nesse contexto, cada vez mais o estudo dos processos físicos relevantes
na conversão da energia da radiação solar, através do efeito fotovoltaico, tem
sido alvo de pesquisas experimentais e teóricas. Nesta tese, discutimos o efeito fotovoltaico
em junções pn que ocorrem nas células solares de Si, bem como o efeito fotoeletroquímico em interfaces semicondutor-eletrólito. Especificamente, propomos um
novo modelo linearizável para as curvas características de fotocorrente-voltagem de
células solares de TiO2 nanocristalino sensibilizado por corante, assim como células
solares de ZnO. Descrevemos também valores previstos para os fatores de preenchimento.
O modelo utiliza as equações de Butler-Volmer e de Nernst para descrever
as curvas características de fotocorrente-voltagem. Um único parâmetro livre do
modelo controla o fator de preenchimento. Após a renormalização, as curvas com
os dados experimentais de fotocorrente-voltagem colapsam em uma única função
universal. Estes avanços permitem a estimativa completa da curva de fotocorrentevoltagem
e o fator de preenchimento, usando apenas três pontos experimentais, tais
como, a voltagem de circuito aberto, a corrente de curto-circuito e uma medida intermediária.
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