碩士 / 輔仁大學 / 跨文化研究所翻譯學碩士班 / 104 / Nonviolent Communication (or NVC) is a model of communication developed in the 1960s by Marshall B. Rosenberg. With the purpose of supporting human beings to create peace by thinking and speaking compassionately, NVC centers on four components—observations, feelings, needs, and requests—in a two-part process of honestly expressing oneself and empathically listening to others. The model was officially introduced to the public in China and Taiwan in 2009 through the publication of Nonviolent Communication: A Language of Life, written by Rosenberg, and the model has continued to develop in Chinese culture through workshops and translations of other books. The present study aims to engage NVC as the subject of study from perspectives in translation in order to enrich the interdisciplinary field of translation studies, which currently has undertaken only limited exploration in the translation of self-help literature. Moreover, this study aims to complement the research on NVC with fresh perspectives from translation and glimpses of the development of the model in Taiwan and China. Translation in this study is a broad notion that encompasses the inter-contextual borrowing of NVC concepts from different sources as well as the inter-lingual and intercultural translation of these concepts into Chinese. This study aims to examine the borrowing of NVC concepts and explore the transfer of their historical, theoretical, and/or cultural meanings to the model. Specifically, this study traces the borrowing of the concept of nonviolence from Mohandas K. Gandhi and Martin Luther King, Jr., the concepts of feelings, needs, and empathy from psychology and Zhuangzi’s philosophy, and the concepts of vulnerability, mourning, and appreciation from everyday language. Furthermore, as these concepts were adapted to acquire new and specific definitions in NVC, this study explores how these concepts are further transformed when they were translated into Chinese. The methodology of this study includes the tracing of the concepts’ sources, investigation of their borrowing and adaptation to NVC, and examination of their Chinese translation and introduction to China and Taiwan. The materials examined for this study include textual materials such as books, articles, and translated NVC literature as well as non-textual materials such as workshops and interviews with practitioners, promoters, and translators of NVC in Chinese culture. This study has found that in the borrowing of concepts from various sources, adaptations were always present in order to incorporate the borrowed concepts within NVC principles and applications. This study has also found that in translating and introducing these concepts to the Chinese target audience, further shifts occurred that reflect the translators’ interpretation of the concepts and their values regarding the introduction of NVC into Chinese culture.

碩士 / 國立臺灣大學 / 政治學研究所 / 102 / In recent years, research interest toward faith-based nonprofit organizations increase gradually in both domestic and international academic circles. In addition, not only that nonprofit organizations cooperate with the government both publicly and privately, engaging in initiation both in policy and ideology, an important factor of the NPO utility, is also a vital part in the NPO-government relationship. This research encompasses the following four research goals and questions: 1. To investigate the policy advocacy experience, advocacy ideas and motives, the formulation of advocacy projects, the method of advocacy and their employment of advocacy of strategies of domestic Christian faith-based nonprofit organizations. 2. To explore the advocacy experience, motives, , the method of advocacy and their employment of advocacy of strategies of Christian organizations. 3. To address the advocacy modes of Christian faith-based nonprofit organizations and Christian organizations, to compare advocacy experience and to understand reasons and meaning of the differences between advocacy experience and motives of both parties. 4. To analyze the traits, discrepancies and origin of the advocacy of domestic Christian faith-based nonprofit organizations. The research proposes the idea of ‘faith density’ and distinguishes the nature of faith-based nonprofit organizations and religious organizations, according to which the framework of analysis is established for this research. Based on the framework three faith-based nonprofit organizations are interviewed, The Garden of Hope Foundation, Eden Social Welfare Foundation, and Operation Dawn, which all differ in their faith density and scale. In addition, a faith organization, The Zion Church of New Testament, is also interviewed in comparison with faith-based nonprofit organizations, highlighting the initiation traits of faith-based nonprofit organizations. Through examination of acquired data and literature, the research found the results as follows: 1. The initiation ideas of faith-based nonprofit organizations include faith factors and professional social work ideas. In the more developed faith-based nonprofit organizations, the executive level powers initiation. Larger faith-based nonprofit organizations highlight the importance of mass media and public relations. However, the environmental changes in the media circle have increased the difficulties of initiation through mass media. In addition, larger faith-based nonprofit organizations encounter the dilemma of whether to cooperate with the government or to engage in initiation. 2. Religious organizations apply oracles or prophecies as one of the driving factors of advocacy, engaging in the Gandhi-like passive inaction as means of advocacy. 3. Through comparison of the advocacy experience of faith-based nonprofit organizations and religious organizations, the researcher found that a. The advocacy demands originate from intention to actively reform the society in faith-based nonprofit organizations, but intention to isolate from the society in religious organizations. b. Organizations with higher faith density are more likely to confront external obstructs when engaged in policy advocacy than those with lower faith density.

The thesis investigates the cultural interventions of Hindu nationalist, C. Rajagopalachari (CR), by offering a close reading of his re-tellings of the Hindu epics, The Mahabharata (1951) and The Ramayana (1956). It positions them alongside the writings of M. K. Gandhi and the key responses to Katherine Mayo’s controversial text Mother India (1927). The thesis explores the central female protagonists of the epics – Sita and Draupadi – asking how these poetic representations illuminate the ways in which femininity was imagined by an influential Hindu ideologue during the early years of Indian Independence. Using close textual analysis as my principal method I suggest that these popular-literary representations of sexual identities in Hindu culture functioned as one means by which Hindu nationalists ultimately sought to regulate gender roles and modes of being. I focus on texts emerging in the years immediately before and after Independence and Partition. In this period, I suggest, the heroines of these versions of the epic texts are divested of their bodies and of their mythic powers in order to create pliant, de-sexualised female icons for women in the new nation to emulate. Through an examination of the responses to Katherine Mayo’s Mother India (1927), and of Gandhi’s writings, I argue that there one can discern an attempt in the Hindu Indian script to define female sexual identity as maternal, predominantly in service to the nation. These themes, I argue, were later articulated in CR’s recasting of the Hindu epics. CR’s epics represent the vision of gender within Hindu nationalism that highlights female chastity in the epics, elevating female chastity into an authentic and perennial virtue. I argue, however, that these ‘new’ representations in fact mark a re-working of much older traditions that carries forward ideas from the colonial period into the period of Independence. I explore this longer colonial tradition in the Prologue, through a textual analysis of the work of William Jones and James Mill. Thus my focus concerns the symbolic forms of the nation – its mythologies and icons – as brought to life by an emergent Hindu nationalism, suggesting that these symbolic forms offer an insight into the gendering of the independent nation. The epics represented an idealised model of Hindu femininity. I recognise, of course, that these identities are always contested, always unfinished. However I suggest that, through the recasting of the epic heroines, an idea of female sexuality entered into what senior Hindu nationalist and Congressman, K.M. Munshi, called ‘the unconscious of India’.

Thesis: S.M. in Management Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Sloan School of Management, 2015. / Cataloged from PDF version of thesis. / Includes bibliographical references (pages 49-52). / "Sanitation is more important than independence." - Mahatma Gandhi. Lack of sanitation causes nearly three million deaths around the world annually. This issue compounded by the negative economic impact of poor sanitation, costing developing countries billions of dollars a year. Despite decades of effort, provision of basic sanitation facilities still remains one of the largest global development challenges. In some countries, problems with public sector supply of sanitation services have led to increasing awareness that more participation of the non-state sector is needed in the provision of these services. On the other hand, sanitation enterprises comprise primarily of small players that struggle with high upfront capital costs required for toilet installation. Thus, owing to resource and capacity constraints, such enterprises will find it challenging to work alone in this area. One way to engage the private sector is to encourage partnerships with the government and community in developing creative new approaches and encouraging lasting services over the long term. To this end, the paper explores all activities involved in the sanitation sector and how different entities define and understand the sanitation value chain. In particular, it develops an understanding of the types of enterprises engaged in toilet construction and the methods of engagement. Next, it undertakes a global review of enterprise models in the sanitation sector and identifies key organizing principles for successful Public Private Community Partnerships (PPCPs) models. Selected elements from the global learnings are then modified to situate the learnings in Indian experiences. The key idea of this paper is not to prescribe any specific methods of functioning but to lay out different models and consequently generate new learnings for enterprise solutions to deliver on rural sanitation services in India. Lessons and findings from the paper reveal ideal ways to engage with the private sector - through Franchise Models, Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) Models, Community Models and Integrated Models. While enterprise solutions can bring scale, sustainability and innovation, the government plays an integral role through enabling policies and provision of local institutional platforms. The paper shows how strategic alliances through PPCPs would effectively tackle the problem through scalable business solutions. / by Suneira Rana. / S.M. in Management Research

Blood We Did Not Spill, a historical political novel, begins in June 1997 when a young Indian Police Services officer stops at a small town to visit a retired police officer—delusional and very sick—on behalf of her boss. She sees him briefly, speaks with the family and then leaves. Fifteen days later she returns to the same town to take charge of a prison-in-flux on a temporary basis. She is the first woman in the history of the police force to be given this posting, only for five days while the officer-in-charge is on vacation. The prisoners of K—Jail are being moved to a newer facility and whilst most of them have been transferred, the young officer must oversee the relocation of one small group—dacoits—serving life terms. During the transfer she uncovers a discrepancy amongst these prisoners; an extra man is found. This discovery is further compounded by the fact that none of the prisoners will answer her questions honestly or directly. At the time it becomes difficult for her to find out the true identity of the men through official means. Pertinent files from the records room are missing. Instead, she finds a manila envelope containing illegible papers with blood splatter on them and letters—official and love letters—dating from 1977 onwards till 1996. The country has shut down for an extended religious holiday so she cannot get duplicate records that are kept at headquarters. What she learns from these men helps her put together some of the pieces of the puzzle that involve the retired police officer she visited, now deceased, and his twin daughters. Other events that play a part, especially those that happened during The Emergency of 1975-1997, a period that is considered one of the most controversial of Independent India’s history, come to light. With limited time on her, and pressure building, her investigation leads her to events historically rooted in the mistakes made by another pioneering woman—Indira Gandhi, India’s first female Prime Minister—and her allies. How the police officer conducts her investigation and what she chooses to do with the results of the discrepancy irrevocably changes the lives of all the people involved. / A Dissertation submitted to the Department of English in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. / Spring Semester 2017. / April 27, 2017. / Feminism, History, Mystery, Novel, Politics, Transnational / Includes bibliographical references. / Diane Roberts, Professor Directing Dissertation; Charles Upchurch, University Representative; Bob Shacochis, Committee Member; Robert Olen Butler, Committee Member; Jennine Capó Crucet, Committee Member; Jerrilyn McGregory, Committee Member.

My dissertation combines a critical history of the Indian diaspora’s political and intellectual impact on the development of African nationalism in South Africa with an analysis of African/Indian racial dynamics in Natal. Beginning in the 1940s, tumultuous debates among black intellectuals over the place of the Indian diaspora in Africa played a central role in the emergence of new and antagonistic conceptualizations of a South African nation. The writings of Indian political figures (particularly Gandhi and Nehru) and the Indian independence struggle had enormous influence on a generation of African nationalists, but this impact was mediated in complex ways by the race and class dynamics of Natal. During the 1930s and 40s, rapid and large-scale urbanization generated a series of racially-mixed shantytowns surrounding Durban in which a largely Gujarati and Hindi merchant and landlord class provided the ersatz urban infrastructure utilized by both Tamil-speaking workers and Zulu migrants. In Indian-owned buses, stores, and movie theatres, a racial hierarchy of Indian over African developed based on the social grammars of property, relationship with land, family structure, and different gender roles. In such circumstances, practices integral to maintaining diasporic identities—such as religious festivals, marriage, caste (jati), language, and even dress and food—became signifiers of ranked status and perceived exclusion. Despite the destruction of this urban landscape by forced removals beginning in the late 1950s, these social relationships powerfully shaped African and Indian identities in Natal, the popular memory of different communities, and the later politics of the anti-apartheid struggle. Although a few recent publications have attempted to break down the bifurcation that characterizes Natal’s historiography, the majority of academic writing on the province employs a race-based framework that focuses on either Indians or Zulu-speaking Africans. As a result, Natal’s African/Indian racial dynamic plays, at most, a secondary role in most scholarship on the region. In turn, Natal itself generally appears in histories of the anti-apartheid struggle as either an exception or a momentary interruption to a “national” narrative overwhelmingly centered on events, organizations, and individuals in the Transvaal. Rejecting a “race relations” approach that hypostatizes coherent racial groups, my dissertation examines how segregationist policies, African and Indian political organizations, and everyday social practices continuously reproduced an “African/Indian divide” despite both the enormous heterogeneity of each group and the quotidian intimacies of urban life. At the same time, it explores the ways in which this division shaped the development of the anti-apartheid struggle in Natal and the consequences of Natal’s politics for South Africa as a whole.

Since the turn of the millennium the national Open Universities in China and India have been integrating online learning as an additional means of course delivery. Over this period both countries have witnessed exponential growth in Internet access and a commensurate need, mandated by government, to increase enrolments in higher education with one focus placed on using networked technologies. Prevailing arguments suggest there is a growing convergence towards a universal model of higher education based on a western world culture. The question of whether online learning may support, or accelerate, such a convergence by hastening the displacement of national ideas and values is the central question addressed in this investigation. Aspects of online learning in the Open University of China (OUC) and the Indira Gandhi National Open University (IGNOU) are compared: policy, curriculum and students’ experiences and perceptions A comparative case study methodology has been used, incorporating a mixed methods design. Data collection techniques include document analysis, interviews and surveys. The analysis of policy documents, covering the period from 1997 to 2011, and data from interviews with institutional policymakers point to differences in the experience of developing online learning in the two national institutions. The OUC has taken a top down linear approach backed by government oversight, whereas IGNOU has tended to devise policy based on the emerging experiences of instructors and students learning online. A consideration of the content of four courses in each institution, combined with data from interviews with course developers, offers a glimpse of curriculum design for online learning within the larger Open Universities. A rubric is used to quantify the extent of national and foreign content in some of the courses. The findings point to varying degrees of a national representation of knowledge in the presentation of content. The third data set presents findings of a student survey. Results point to general satisfaction with online learning at each Open University, including a positive outlook for future employment as an outcome of learning online. Additional findings indicate that students believe the representation of national knowledge in content may be compromised as the use of online learning grows. Tying these results together, this investigation aims to bring a deeper awareness of the impact of online learning within each Open University. As each institution enrolls approximately three million students, with growth expected, it is valuable for policymakers and curriculum designers to reflect on how national knowledge may be balanced with global learning content in this new and widely used medium. Finally, the fact that the two institutions are similar in infrastructure, enrolments and openness to online learning, results in insights into how each system may learn from the other as it goes forward.

Since the turn of the millennium the national Open Universities in China and India have been integrating online learning as an additional means of course delivery. Over this period both countries have witnessed exponential growth in Internet access and a commensurate need, mandated by government, to increase enrolments in higher education with one focus placed on using networked technologies. Prevailing arguments suggest there is a growing convergence towards a universal model of higher education based on a western world culture. The question of whether online learning may support, or accelerate, such a convergence by hastening the displacement of national ideas and values is the central question addressed in this investigation. Aspects of online learning in the Open University of China (OUC) and the Indira Gandhi National Open University (IGNOU) are compared: policy, curriculum and students’ experiences and perceptions A comparative case study methodology has been used, incorporating a mixed methods design. Data collection techniques include document analysis, interviews and surveys. The analysis of policy documents, covering the period from 1997 to 2011, and data from interviews with institutional policymakers point to differences in the experience of developing online learning in the two national institutions. The OUC has taken a top down linear approach backed by government oversight, whereas IGNOU has tended to devise policy based on the emerging experiences of instructors and students learning online. A consideration of the content of four courses in each institution, combined with data from interviews with course developers, offers a glimpse of curriculum design for online learning within the larger Open Universities. A rubric is used to quantify the extent of national and foreign content in some of the courses. The findings point to varying degrees of a national representation of knowledge in the presentation of content. The third data set presents findings of a student survey. Results point to general satisfaction with online learning at each Open University, including a positive outlook for future employment as an outcome of learning online. Additional findings indicate that students believe the representation of national knowledge in content may be compromised as the use of online learning grows. Tying these results together, this investigation aims to bring a deeper awareness of the impact of online learning within each Open University. As each institution enrolls approximately three million students, with growth expected, it is valuable for policymakers and curriculum designers to reflect on how national knowledge may be balanced with global learning content in this new and widely used medium. Finally, the fact that the two institutions are similar in infrastructure, enrolments and openness to online learning, results in insights into how each system may learn from the other as it goes forward.

My dissertation combines a critical history of the Indian diaspora’s political and intellectual impact on the development of African nationalism in South Africa with an analysis of African/Indian racial dynamics in Natal. Beginning in the 1940s, tumultuous debates among black intellectuals over the place of the Indian diaspora in Africa played a central role in the emergence of new and antagonistic conceptualizations of a South African nation. The writings of Indian political figures (particularly Gandhi and Nehru) and the Indian independence struggle had enormous influence on a generation of African nationalists, but this impact was mediated in complex ways by the race and class dynamics of Natal. During the 1930s and 40s, rapid and large-scale urbanization generated a series of racially-mixed shantytowns surrounding Durban in which a largely Gujarati and Hindi merchant and landlord class provided the ersatz urban infrastructure utilized by both Tamil-speaking workers and Zulu migrants. In Indian-owned buses, stores, and movie theatres, a racial hierarchy of Indian over African developed based on the social grammars of property, relationship with land, family structure, and different gender roles. In such circumstances, practices integral to maintaining diasporic identities—such as religious festivals, marriage, caste (jati), language, and even dress and food—became signifiers of ranked status and perceived exclusion. Despite the destruction of this urban landscape by forced removals beginning in the late 1950s, these social relationships powerfully shaped African and Indian identities in Natal, the popular memory of different communities, and the later politics of the anti-apartheid struggle. Although a few recent publications have attempted to break down the bifurcation that characterizes Natal’s historiography, the majority of academic writing on the province employs a race-based framework that focuses on either Indians or Zulu-speaking Africans. As a result, Natal’s African/Indian racial dynamic plays, at most, a secondary role in most scholarship on the region. In turn, Natal itself generally appears in histories of the anti-apartheid struggle as either an exception or a momentary interruption to a “national” narrative overwhelmingly centered on events, organizations, and individuals in the Transvaal. Rejecting a “race relations” approach that hypostatizes coherent racial groups, my dissertation examines how segregationist policies, African and Indian political organizations, and everyday social practices continuously reproduced an “African/Indian divide” despite both the enormous heterogeneity of each group and the quotidian intimacies of urban life. At the same time, it explores the ways in which this division shaped the development of the anti-apartheid struggle in Natal and the consequences of Natal’s politics for South Africa as a whole.

Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) has become an effective borehole measurement option to assess petrophysical and fluid properties of porous and permeable rocks. In the case of fluid typing, two-dimensional (2D) NMR interpretation techniques have advantages over conventional one-dimensional (1D) interpretation as they provide additional discriminatory information about saturating fluids and their properties. However, often there is ambiguity as to whether fluids detected with NMR measurements are mobile or residual. In some instances, rapid vertical variations of rock properties (e.g. across thinly-bedded formations) can make it difficult to separate NMR fluid signatures from those due to pore-size distributions. There are also cases where conventional fluid identification methods based on resistivity and nuclear logs indicate dominant presence of water while NMR measurements indicate presence of water, hydrocarbon, and mud filtrate. In such cases, it is important to ascertain whether existing hydrocarbons are residual or mobile. The radial lengths of investigation of resistivity, nuclear, and NMR measurements are very different, with NMR measurements being the shallowest sensing. Even in the case of several radial zones of NMR response attributed to different acquisition frequencies and DC magnetic field gradients, the measured signal originates from a fairly shallow radial zone compared to that of nuclear and resistivity logs. Depending on drilling mud being used and the radial extent of mud-filtrate invasion, the NMR response of virgin reservoir fluids can be masked by mud filtrate because of fluid displacement and mixing. In order to separate those effects, it is important to reconcile NMR measurements with electrical and nuclear logs for improved assessment of porosity and mobile hydrocarbon saturation. Previously, Voss et al. (2009) and Gandhi et al. (2010) introduced the concept of Common Stratigraphic Framework (CSF) to construct and validate multi-layer static and dynamic petrophysical models based on the numerical simulation of well logs. In this thesis, the concept of CSF is implemented to reconcile 2D NMR interpretations with multi-layer static and dynamic petrophysical models. It is found that quantifying the exact radial zone of response and corresponding fluid saturations can only be accomplished with studies of mud-filtrate invasion that honor available resistivity and nuclear logs. This thesis indicates that the two interpretation methods complement each other and when applied in conjunction, improve and refine the overall petrophysical understanding of permeable rock formations. Examples of successful application include field data acquired in thinly-bedded gas formations invaded with water-base mud, where bed-boundary effects are significant and residual hydrocarbon saturation is relatively high. In such cases, numerical simulation of mud-filtrate invasion and well logs acquired after invasion enables reliable interpretations of petrophysical and fluid properties. The interpretation procedure introduced in this thesis also provides an explicit way to determine the uncertainty of petrophysical and fluid interpretations. / text