This dissertation contains three distinct chapters considering different challenges faced by a developing country; India. Chapter 1. Food price spikes induced by hot weather could be a threat to food security, human health and poverty. It could exacerbate the health status of households by reducing the nutrient food choices, particularly among the vulnerable groups who already have a more frail status. This paper examines the first possible causal link between milk average market price and hot weather in the short run at the household level in India. Using Human Development Survey data, it is empirically showed that hot weather has a significant adverse impact on the price in rural India. The impacts are more pronounced for non-poor families in both rural and urban areas. The effects are robust to alternative heat metrics. The paper further investigates the effect of hot weather on households' milk consumption. Evidence suggests that low-income (poor) families with purchased consumption, both in rural and urban areas, are significantly adversely affected compared to those with homegrown product. Chapter 2. Health-related behaviour and, in particular, attending antenatal care during pregnancy is essential to reduce the risk of pregnancy complications, stillbirth, and maternal mortality. This paper estimates the causal effect of years of formal education on the likelihood that a pregnant woman in India attends natal care and screening services. Despite the importance, insufficient documents exist on the determinants of natal care usage in developing countries. The current study investigates for the first time the hypothesis that women’s schooling attainments might have a causal impact on natal care usage in India. Drawing on the nationally representative India Human Development Survey (IHDS-II) and instrumenting for years of schooling with plausibly exogenous variation in age at first menarche, I find that delayed age at menarche significantly increases formal education. Further, evidence suggests that an additional year of schooling significantly enhances the likelihood of uptaking the antenatal checkups. However, attending a sonogram/ultrasound does not appear to be significant. Chapter 3. Adolescent girls are amongst the vulnerable groups exposed to the risks that challenge their healthy development into young women. India's Rajiv Gandhi Scheme for Empowerment of Adolescent Girls (SABLA) program was designed to address such challenges by building health awareness and encouraging decision-making autonomy as the first steps towards real change in women’s development. Using data from the nationally representative India Demographic and Health Survey (IDHS), with plausibly exogenous variation in the program’s rollout across districts and birth cohorts, we provide evidence that exposure to SABLA increases the likelihood of having knowledge of family planning and diarrhoea treatment, using contraception, and autonomy in personal financial decision-making for exposed women. The effects are more pronounced for women residing in urban areas, for women who have secondary education or higher, and primarily for Muslim women.

"Looked into the streets - the glaring lights and the tall buildings - and there I conceived Metropolis" exclaimed the Austrian filmmaker Fritz Lang at the sight of New York. This visit inspired him while creating the sets and background for the radical movie Metropolis released in 1927. Taken right after World War I, the movie set in 2026 was heavily symbolic with German expressionism and it captured a projected socio-economic condition which was a direct result of the fears of the people at that time. The working class lived in subterranean spaces distraught with mundane labor while the affluent lived in skyscrapers and exotic terraced gardens and drove around in elevated highways. The city seemed to be this well-oiled machine existing only to cater to the needs of the upper class. The poor eventually try to overthrow the rich. The movie finally ends with the message of hope, that the mediator would create harmony among the classes and create peaceful coexistence. The city of Mumbai in 2018 is in many ways - the Metropolis. When a city develops, it does not seem to cater to all sects of people. In fact, there seems to be a parallel relationship between the size of the city and its level of socio-economic disparity: the larger the city the less equal it tends to be. More often than not, the true soul of the city lies within that lower stratum of society who often live in slum-like settlements. Can architecture play the Mediator and bring about a connect? / Master of Architecture / At the time of Indian Independence in 1947, Gandhi said that “India is to be found not in its few cities but in its 700,000 villages. Villages were self-sustaining units which were rich in culture and tradition. He believed that the revival of the villages and all its cottage industries, handicrafts and agriculture was India’s answer to development. However in 2018, there are only about 597,464 census villages . At this rate, within a few centuries, India would loose its identity and will look like every other country in the world. Anybody who could afford to travel. moved to the cities. Villages are constantly abandoned and some get engulfed or morphed into cities. Cities grow at such rapid rates with the latest building technologies usually ignoring the needs of the people its supposed to serve. Is the city developed only for the rich and affluent? Can architecture support social inclusion and break down spatial segregation within a megacity? Can we capitalize on a city’s history and rich traditions without destroying them? Can a village survive a city? My thesis attempts to answer some of these questions through case studies, research and finally applying some of these theories and concepts on to a project that involves the redevelopment of a fishing village in the heart of Mumbai, India.

AFRIKAANS: Willem de Sanderes Hendrikz was die eerste Suid-Afrikaanse beeldhouer wat in die rigting van die moderne ontwikkeling gewerk het. Hy het deur sy werk die Suid-Afrikaners laat kennis maak met die abstrakte en ander moderne rigtings. Hy het aanvanklik baie direkte beeldhouwerk geskep waarvoor hy ons Suid-Afrikaanse hout en klip gebruik het. As lektor, kunsskrywer en veral –kritikus, wat oor grondige kennis van sy onderwerp beskik het, het hy ‘n bydrae tot die kunsontwikkeling in Suid-Afrika gelewer. Onder die skuilnaam, Gideon Malherbe, het hy raak kunskritieke in dag- en weekblaaie geskryf. Sy grootste bydrae was egter op die gebied van die argitektoniese beeldhoukuns. Argitektoniese beeldhoukuns is ‘n kunsvorm in eie reg wat moet beantwoord aan ander vereistes as gewone beeldhoukuns daar dit in kombinasie met argitektuur gebruik word. Dit is belangrik dat boubeeldhoukuns nie net ornament moet wees wat die argitektuur versier nie, maar dat dit, behalwe om nie net die argitektuur te verryk, ook betekenis in sigself moet dra. Tot aan die einde van die 19de eeu was beeldhoukuns en argitektuur nou verbonde. Die funksionaliste het die twee egter geskei. Hendrikz het by die moderne beeldhouers aangesluit wat die breuk tussen die twee rigtings probeer herstel het. Deur sy opleiding as argitek sowel as beeldhouer het hy ‘n boubeeld-houtradisie in Suid-Afrika begin waarop nog steeds voortgebou word. Tot sy beste argitektoniese werk behoort seker die Volkskas-deure in Markstraat, Johannesburg – sterk in komposisie en ryk in vormspel- en die gedenkteken van die Mediese Korps teen die muur van die Ingramsgebou in Johannesburg. Hendrikz se werk het dikwels ‘n universele idée of gedagte bevat soos duidelik uit hierdie werke blyk. Van sy vrye werk is sy argitektoniese werk eweneens die heel geslaagdste. Ons dink hier aan die hangbeelde “Die heilige Theodosia” en “Ghandi”. Hendrikz se latere argitektoniese werk is onindrukwekkend, die sterkte en forsheid van die werk het verlore gegaan. Dit word oorpresies en daar is te veel detail. Hendrikz se persoonlike beeldhouwerk, sowel die argitektoniese as die nie-argitektoniese, gee vir ons ‘n beeld van waartoe hy werklik in staat was. Sy vroegste werke het in die rigting van die moderne ontwikkeling gestaan maar die werk het later alhoemeer na onverbloemde realisme geneig waarvan “Reën” die hoogtepunt vorm. Hendrikz is op sy beste met die uitbeelding van die menslike figuur. Deur die figuur in ‘n perfekte posisie, dikwels simmetries, te laat stol, dra hy aan ons ‘n idee oor. Hendrikz het as jong beeldhouer baie belofte getoon. Helaas het hierdie belofte nie heeltemal in vervulling gegaan nie. Daar is enkele hoogtepunte in sy werk maar gedurende die laaste sewe tot agt jaar voor sy tragiese dood het hy min blywends op kunsgebied gelewer. Hendrikz se gekompliseerde kunstenaars-persoonlikheid, asook finansiële-, gesondheids- en huweliksprobleme het waarskynlik tot die vroeë einde van sy skeppende vermoë bygedra. Willem Hendrikz is in 1910 in Brandfort in die Vrystaat gebore waar hy in ‘n regte plattelandse atmosfeer grootgeword het. Hy het argitektuur aan die Universiteit van die Witwatesrand studeer maar het net voor sy finale eksamen besluit om beeldhouer te word. Hy het vervolgens sy opleiding as beeldhouer in London en op die vasteland voltooi. Van 1937 tot 1945 was hy dosent aan sy alma mater. Die Tweede Wêreldoorlog het egter ‘n onderbreking in sy doseerloopbaan veroorsaak toe hy aan S.A. Kamoefleer Korps verbonde was. Aan die einde van die oorlog het hy na Amerika gegaan en met navorsing oor kunsopleiding wat hy daar doen, het hy sy M.A.-graad behaal. In 1945 het hy besluit om voltyds kunstenaar te word. Kort daarna het hy van die Raad vir Sosiale Navorsing ‘n reisstipendium ontvang en met sy gesin na Europa gegaan. Hy het daar internasionale erkenning ontvang met sy beeld “Reën”. Die reis is, eerder as wat oorspronklik beplan was, beëindig, omdat Hendrikz ernstig siek geword het. Terug in Suid-Afrika het hy ‘n plasie naby Plettenbergbaai gekoop, terwyl hy sy ateljee in Johannesburg behou het vir groot opdragte. Hendrikz het egter baie probleme ondervind en die lewe het naderhand vir hom te moeilik geword In 1959 het sy lewe tot ‘n einde gekom. ENGLISH: Willem de Sanderes Hendrikz was the first South African sculptor following the modern trends. With his work he brought to South Africa the abstract and other modern tendencies. He started off by doing direct sculpture using South African wood and stone. As lecturer, a writer on art and art critic, he knew his subject well and he did much for the development of the arts in South Africa. Under the pseudonym, Gideon Malherbe, he wrote a series of critique on art which was published in daily papers and magazines. His greatest contribution was however in the field of architectural sculpture. Architectural sculpture is a form of art on its own, with requirements other than ordinary sculpture since it has to be used in combination with architecture. It is important that architectural sculpture should not only be ornamental decoration of architecture, but it has to have, apart from enriching the architecture, a meaning in itself. Up to the end of the 19th century sculpture and architecture have been used in combination. Functionalism has divided the two. Hendrikz associated himself with the modern sculptors who tried to bring the two together again. Through his training as architect and his knowledge of sculpture Hendrikz started a tradition of architectural sculpture in South Africa that since has been built on. Of his best architectural work are the doors of Volkskas in Market St., Johannesburg – strong in composition and rich in form – and the memorial for the Medical Corps against the wall of Ingrams building in Johannesburg. Hendrikz’s work quite often has a universal idea locked up in it, as in the work mentioned. Of his work that was not commissioned his architectural work were the best, for example “Saint Theodosia” and “Gandhi”. His later architectural work are unimpressive, it is no more strong and powerful but tend to be over precise and with too much detail. From the personal work of Hendrikz, architectural and non-architectural, one can form an idea of what his real talent was. His first work strikes a modern note but it then tends to get more and more realistic. Of this realistic period “Rain” forms the climax. Hendrikz used the human figure in his best work. By placing the figure in a perfect position, often symmetrical, he tries to convey a certain idea to us. Hendrikz started off as a young sculptor with possibilities but he never quite fulfilled this promise. He achieved some success but the last seven to eight years before his tragic death his work wasn’t quite up to standard. His complicated artistic personality, financial-, health-, and marital problems mostly played a part in this. Hendrikz was born in Brandfort in the Free State in 1910 where he grew up in a real country atmosphere. He studies architecture at the University of the Witwatersrand but decided shortly before his final exams to become a sculptor. His training as sculptor he got in London and on the continent. From 1937 up to 1945 he lectured in Fine Arts at the University of the Witwatersrand. During the Second World War he was a member of the Camouflage Corps. At the end of the war he left for America to study methods of art education. He wrote his M.A.-thesis using this information. In 1945 he decided to be full time artist. Soon after this he received a travel grant from the Council of Social Research and went to Europe, taking his family with him. He became internationally known in art circles through his sculpture “Rain”. The journey was ended sooner than intended when Hendrikz became seriously ill. Back in South Africa he bought a small farm near Plettenberg Bay. His studio in Johannesburg he kept for commissions. Problems didn’t stay out and life for Hendrikz seemed too much. His life came to an end in 1959. / Dissertation (MA)--University of Pretoria, 2012. / Visual Arts / unrestricted

The Planet Formation Imager (PFI) project aims to provide a strong scientific vision for ground-based optical astronomy beyond the upcoming generation of Extremely Large Telescopes. We make the case that a breakthrough in angular resolution imaging capabilities is required in order to unravel the processes involved in planet formation. PFI will be optimised to provide a complete census of the protoplanet population at all stellocentric radii and over the age range from 0.1 to similar to 100 Myr. Within this age period, planetary systems undergo dramatic changes and the final architecture of planetary systems is determined. Our goal is to study the planetary birth on the natural spatial scale where the material is assembled, which is the "Hill Sphere" of the forming planet, and to characterise the protoplanetary cores by measuring their masses and physical properties. Our science working group has investigated the observational characteristics of these young protoplanets as well as the migration mechanisms that might alter the system architecture. We simulated the imprints that the planets leave in the disk and study how PFI could revolutionise areas ranging from exoplanet to extragalactic science. In this contribution we outline the key science drivers of PFI and discuss the requirements that will guide the technology choices, the site selection, and potential science/technology tradeoffs.

碩士 / 國立成功大學 / 中國文學系 / 103 / The dialogue between the environmental philosophy of Zhuangzi and the deep ecology from Arne Naess's view Tung-Lung Yu Chao- Cheng Lin Chinese Literature Department Summary The title of my study is “The dialogue between the environmental philosophy of Zhuangzi and the deep ecology from Arne Naess's view”, so it covers three concepts, “the environmental philosophy of Zhuangzi”, “the deep ecology from Arne Naess's view”, and “the dialogue” between them. From the discussion of the first two finds the bridge of the dialogue between their environmental philosophy. Key Words: Zhuangzi, environmental philosophy, deep ecology, Arne Naess Introduction The main body of my study begins at chapter two “the environmental philosophy of Zhuangzi”. I summarize and analyze the Zhuangzi’s cognitionof nature from his natural concept and equality concept. I explain the environmental philosophy of Zhuangzi is “Qihualiuxing”(氣化流行) from the “nature” meanings of Zhuangzi’s text . From the discussion of “Making All Things Equal”(齊物論) and “Autumn Water”(秋水) finds the real meaning of “Equal” of the Zhuangzi’s text. From the point of view of the Way knows “All together , what a long , whichever is shorter”(萬物一齊，孰短孰長), and furthermore knows “Heaven and Earth and I are interdependent, and the ten thousand things are one with me”(天地與我並生，萬物與我為一). Chapter three, “the deep ecology from Arne Naess's view”, open with a critical reexamination of the western world views which is an anthropocentrism that causes man’s domination over and alienation from nature. The background of the deep ecology combines the religion and the philosophy of the East world and the western world. I select three foundations of the deep ecology, “Spinoza”, “Gandhi”, “Gestalt”. Arne Naess construct his theory named “Ecosophy T” that consists of Self-Realization and Biocentric Equality from three of them. Its details contain eight principles named “Eight points of the platform”. In my opinion, I think the natural views from Zhuangzi and Arne Naess can dialogue with each other at three concepts, “Gestalt Ontology and Qi”, “Biocentric Equality and Making All Things Equal ”, “Self-Realization and Let Beings Be”.Zhuangzi think the existence of the root of object things construct the Qi. Arne Naess think the existence of the rootof object things construct the Gestalt. Therefore, Gestalt and Qi have same concern about the existence of the root. Arne Naess emphasize integration in Gestalt Ontology, so it’s natural to say “Self-realization” and “Biocentric Equality”. Similarly, in the world of Qihualiuxing, its natural emphasize “Making All Things Equal” and “Let Beings Be”.“Biocentric Equality” and “Making All Things Equal” reveal the sympathy for natural object things, two of them can think outside of the box to respect the existence of different forms of life in this world. Finally, the fulfillment of the philosophy of Zhuangzi and Arne Naess is “Self-Realization” and” Let Beings Be” that reveal the natural interaction. Theperfect display of “Self-Realization” and “Let Beings Be” is all the life can prosperous development. Conclusion This section can conclude the environmental philosophy from Zhuangzi and Arne Naess can dialogue with each other at three concepts, “Gestalt Ontology and Qi”, “Biocentric Equality and Making All Things Equal ”, “Self-Realization and Let Beings Be”.

The sexual abuse of children is recognised worldwide as a problem of significant proportions. It is generally acknowledged that South Africa has one of the highest rates of sexual crime in the world. Despite high prevalence figures for child rape in South Africa, there has been no systematic attempt to explore the nature and scope of the problem in this country. The identification of factors which increase a child's risk for sexual abuse is of considerable importance in the design and implementation of appropriate prevention interventions. With this in mind, this investigation set out to identify psychosocial aspects associated with child sexual abuse in an urban sample of South African children. The main question that guided this investigation was: What were the psychosocial factors that might have contributed to the sexual abuse in the study sample? An integrated conceptual framework with some of the most frequently occurring etiologic factors across existing theoretical perspectives was used as a lens for understanding the various factors that might have contributed to child sexual abuse in the study sample? The identification of psychosocial aspects involved a file review of 245 cases of child sexual abuse reported to the Crisis Centre Unit at the Mahatma Gandhi Memorial Hospital during the period of November 2002 - April 2003. The site for data collection for this study was the Durban Region which is located in KwaZulu Natal and which has the second highest incidence rate for child sexual abuse in South Africa. A recording sheet was completed by the researcher with which data from the sample of content was taken. A wide range of variables was tapped, including ethnic distribution, socioeconomic status of the family, age and sex distribution of the child, type of family constellation, relationship of perpetrator to the child and probable psychosocial factors or mechanisms that contributed towards the sexual abuse. Descriptive statistics and the chi-square test of significance were used to analyse the data. The results showed clearly that situational factors (absence of other adults at home, poor or no supervision, child alone or unprotected and abduction) appeared high on the list among the psychosocial aspects. Other factors included child factors (child mentally retarded), perpetrator factors (psychiatric illness, unemployment and drug and alcohol abuse) and parental factors (marital problems in parents). Though the results showed clearly that situational factors appeared high on the list among the reported probable factors, whatever information obtained through socioeconomic status, family constellation, ethnicity and relationship of perpetrator to the child has thrown some light on understanding the various factors related to child sexual abuse in a South African setting. Living in a housing condition that was not protective, living in a family with a low income and living in a broken family setup, all of which have been associated with higher risks of abuse, were factors that were prevalent in most cases in the study sample. The results of this study indicated that sexual abuse is a complex phenomenon caused by the interaction of a wide variety of equally complex variables which is congruent with the conceptual framework for this study (based on a content analysis of different theories) that views child sexual abuse as a complex multifactorial phenomenon and not a simplistic cause and effect event. The research, therefore, concludes with recommendations to policy makers on primary prevention of child sexual abuse. This would mean actively involving themselves in programmes that assist in the eradication of poverty and, provision of better housing, recreational and after-school care. / Thesis (M.Ed.)-University of Durban-Westville, 2004.

During the twentieth century, Nursing Education in South Africa was traditionally provided by the public sector and religious orders. Sr Henriëtta Stockdale played a major role in the development of nursing education and the governing thereof. In 1914, the establishment of the South African Trained Nurses’ Association (SATNA) marked the drive for an improved system of education for professional nurses. Medical practitioners and members of the Colonial Medical Council supported this initiative. The Provincial Medical Councils recommended a uniform system of education, to abolish the apprenticeship system of training and that students should be supernumerary. However, it was difficult to persuade authorities to accept the recommendations. The apprenticeship system prevailed, except for Groote Schuur Hospital where a block system was introduced (Searle, 1965b:287). Nursing training at university level has been advocated by SATNA since 1914. Due to financial responsibilities and the limited number of recruits that met the entry requirements of tertiary institutions, it was unsuccessful. Furthermore, university training of nurses restricted the placement of student nurses at large hospitals linked to universities. In 1933, the University of Cape Town and the University of the Witwatersrand became the first two universities in South Africa to have nurses on campus (Potgieter, 1984:1). In 1916, the training of male nurses in the mining industry was allowed for the first time. All training interventions were funded by mining houses and could therefore be regarded as the first Private Nursing Education Institution (PNEI). In 1946, a small nursing school was established on the East Rand under the Simmer and Jack Native Hospital. The purpose was to train white male orderlies for medical stations at mines. This was the beginning of PNEI in South Africa. PNEI are still functioning presently. The role and contribution of these institutions to nursing education in South Africa are often ignored. The researcher strove to answer the following question: What is the history and development of PNEI and their contribution with regard to nursing education in South Africa from a historical perspective? The objectives of the study were to explore, describe and record the history of the development of PNEI and their contribution to nursing education in South Africa. The motivation for the private health care industry to embark on the establishment of Nursing Education Institution (NEI) was investigated and described. A qualitative research design and an explorative, descriptive, contextual, historical research approach were applied. Explorative research involves the exploration of the phenomenon to divulge its core components. A descriptive study design aimed to find more information on the topic within this particular field of study was also used. The topic and context of this study is PNEI in South Africa between 1946 and 2006. The purpose of the study is to preserve the history of the development and contribution of PNEI including Gold Fields Nursing College, Netcare Training Academy, Life Nursing College, Medi-Clinic Learning Centres and Gandhi Mandela Nursing Academy between 1946 and 2006. This research study is presented as a chronological narrative report (Objective 1). Data collection was done by individual oral history semi-structured interviews with information-rich individuals as well as document analysis. Oral history semi-structured interviews had been recorded after which each interview was transcribed verbatim. Data analysis was done by narrative and document analysis. Scientific rigour was ensured throughout the study. Objective 2 and Objective 3 were achieved through data collection and analysis. Recommendations based on the findings are made for nursing research, nursing education and nursing practice. / Thesis (PhD (Nursing))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2012

For centuries India has been seen and portrayed as an enigma to the world. Its archetypal mysticism, its extreme diversity, and Gandhian 'Ahimsa' (non-violence) comply with the stereotype. Beneath the veneer of this fascinating image, there is another India, struggling to stay united and democratic. With scores of nationalities, sub-nationalities and ethnic, tribal and vernacular groups spread all over the subcontinent, social conflicts and political violence are major and recurring problems. The Indian state's reaction to violence and insurgency keeps changing with political situations. The official action is sometimes responsive to peoples' anxieties but mostly it is synonymous with the use of force and questionable methods. The country may seem to be breaking apart with the sheer magnitude of violence and social conflicts but in the process it seems to be learning to cope with political dissent and is arguably finding more civilised ways to deal with insurgency. India is also among very few developing countries with strong traditions of democracy and an independent press. Even the electronic media which worked under the control of the Information and Broadcasting Ministry since independence, is now being decontrolled and privatised. In Kashmir, in the extreme north of the country and in Assam, Manipur, Nagaland and Tripura, in the north-east, armed insurgency began several decades ago. In the relatively prosperous northern state of Punjab, where the Nehruvian dream of the Green Revolution became a success in the sixties, the first signs of political violence surfaced in the late seventies. In the next few years, the violent campaign of the Sikh rebels made news all over the world and stayed on in headlines for more than a decade, either for massacres and hijackings by insurgents or for violations of human rights by the security forces. India's Delhi-based national press and Punjab's own regional press in Punjabi, Hindi and English languages reported little else once' terrorism' became a daily occurrence. Most news items about India to appear in the international press in the mid eighties were on or about 'terrorism' in Punjab. The genesis of terrorism in Punjab calls for separate research? Opinion is divided over whether the last decade's violence, in which more than 20,000 people were killed, could be referred to as 'terrorism.' As a part of their struggle for freedom, armed supporters of the Khalistan movement used an extensively violent strategy, coupled with a nebulous religio-political ideology, which created an atmosphere of insecurity and terror all over North India. No walk of life seemed to be untouched by violence and insurgency. The victims included people of both Hindu and Sikh communities, state officials, security personnel, editors and journalists and even hawkers and distributors of certain newspapers. Most notable victims of this violence included the former Indian Prime Minister, Mrs Indira Gandhi, a former Chief of the Indian Army, General A S Vaidya, famous Sikh politician and former Akali Dal President, Harchand Singh Longowal and two successive editors of Punjab's biggest Hindi language paper, Punjab Kesari. The violent campaign for Khalistan was met with stern official violence by the security forces amid charges of human rights violations. Now the situation is said to be relatively calm and peaceful, even though India's Punjab problem is far from over. [Taken from the Introduction]

During the twentieth century, Nursing Education in South Africa was traditionally provided by the public sector and religious orders. Sr Henriëtta Stockdale played a major role in the development of nursing education and the governing thereof. In 1914, the establishment of the South African Trained Nurses’ Association (SATNA) marked the drive for an improved system of education for professional nurses. Medical practitioners and members of the Colonial Medical Council supported this initiative. The Provincial Medical Councils recommended a uniform system of education, to abolish the apprenticeship system of training and that students should be supernumerary. However, it was difficult to persuade authorities to accept the recommendations. The apprenticeship system prevailed, except for Groote Schuur Hospital where a block system was introduced (Searle, 1965b:287). Nursing training at university level has been advocated by SATNA since 1914. Due to financial responsibilities and the limited number of recruits that met the entry requirements of tertiary institutions, it was unsuccessful. Furthermore, university training of nurses restricted the placement of student nurses at large hospitals linked to universities. In 1933, the University of Cape Town and the University of the Witwatersrand became the first two universities in South Africa to have nurses on campus (Potgieter, 1984:1). In 1916, the training of male nurses in the mining industry was allowed for the first time. All training interventions were funded by mining houses and could therefore be regarded as the first Private Nursing Education Institution (PNEI). In 1946, a small nursing school was established on the East Rand under the Simmer and Jack Native Hospital. The purpose was to train white male orderlies for medical stations at mines. This was the beginning of PNEI in South Africa. PNEI are still functioning presently. The role and contribution of these institutions to nursing education in South Africa are often ignored. The researcher strove to answer the following question: What is the history and development of PNEI and their contribution with regard to nursing education in South Africa from a historical perspective? The objectives of the study were to explore, describe and record the history of the development of PNEI and their contribution to nursing education in South Africa. The motivation for the private health care industry to embark on the establishment of Nursing Education Institution (NEI) was investigated and described. A qualitative research design and an explorative, descriptive, contextual, historical research approach were applied. Explorative research involves the exploration of the phenomenon to divulge its core components. A descriptive study design aimed to find more information on the topic within this particular field of study was also used. The topic and context of this study is PNEI in South Africa between 1946 and 2006. The purpose of the study is to preserve the history of the development and contribution of PNEI including Gold Fields Nursing College, Netcare Training Academy, Life Nursing College, Medi-Clinic Learning Centres and Gandhi Mandela Nursing Academy between 1946 and 2006. This research study is presented as a chronological narrative report (Objective 1). Data collection was done by individual oral history semi-structured interviews with information-rich individuals as well as document analysis. Oral history semi-structured interviews had been recorded after which each interview was transcribed verbatim. Data analysis was done by narrative and document analysis. Scientific rigour was ensured throughout the study. Objective 2 and Objective 3 were achieved through data collection and analysis. Recommendations based on the findings are made for nursing research, nursing education and nursing practice. / Thesis (PhD (Nursing))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2012

“The present work has been approached as a Mission Study. This is a wide enough category, but if I have had a model in mind, it has been E.J. Sharpe's study of the thought of J.N. Farquhar, published in the series, “Studia Missionalia Upsaliensia” ¹⁰ I have tried to take account of J. Kent's appeal, in an essay on “The History of Christian Missions in the Modern Era”, to take secular history more seriously “for its own sake”, than was the case in an earlier generation of mission studies.¹¹ Not that any other study of Andrews would have made much sense, so active and perspicuous a participant was he in that history. I have also suggested that it is helpful to see Andrews within the special context of The Cambridge Mission to Delhi and its distinctive theology of mission, and indeed, my argument that this theology found a new authentication in his work during these years, provides a framework to the thesis. Two omissions ought to be justified, I have not attempted an elaborate review of the 19th century background of “Protestant missionary thought”, desirable as this might have been, because this has been done very thoroughly in the first part of Sharpe's study referred to above. Sharpe's omission, however, of the Cambridge Mission to Delhi and of “the missions of the Catholic tradition” (“with one exception, the Oxford mission to Calcutta”) because they lie to “one side of the dominant Evangelical stream of missionary thought”, provides a convenient space in which to establish the distinctive approach of the Delhi Mission.¹² Another omission is any general survey of the history of the Cambridge Mission, partly because a useful one is already available, by F.J. Western, but partly also because the essential context of Andrews' work was the completely new situation that developed almost immediately after his arrival in India, for which the earlier activities of the Mission provided no precedents. The sources used are exclusively English sources for English was almost exclusively the language in which the matter of Indian nationalism at this stage, and of Hindu reformation and of much of progressive Indian Islam occurred.¹³ For the unpublished sources for this study, I have relied largely on the well-known collections, in particular the archives of the C.M.D. and of S.P.G., the papers of two of the viceroys, Minto and Hardinge, and the correspondence of Tagore, Munshi Ram and Gandhi. The published sources have been in many ways quite as important as the unpublished, for Andrews became, from late 1906, something of a compulsive communicator in the nationalist press, and the evidence for his developing thought is to a considerable extent in print here. Many of these published sources are excessively rare. Thus, for example, there is, in India, only one surviving run of the St. Stephen's College Magazine for these years, and the same is true of the journal, Young Men of India, while there is in Britain only one microfilm copy of the nationalist newspaper, the Tribune, so important for this study. Because of the interest of much of this source material, and a wish to make it more accessible, I have allowed the notes to tend towards the copious. A full account of these sources is given in the Bibliography. Although, as is said above, Andrews' approach to his work, as representing a sort of realization of a distinctive theology of mission, provides a thesis on which this study is constructed, it is perhaps more important simply to claim a profound intrinsic interest in the story of this "gentle, eager and many-sided saint” ¹⁴ and in his perception of the necessities, still far from fulfilled, of a Christian response to the Asian revolution.” – from the Introduction.