Ancrée dans une pratique personnelle de la gravure s’associant à la photographie, la vidéo et l’installation, cette thèse en arts plastiques explore l’hybridation entre arts et sciences. Elle commence par une recherche des spécificités de la gravure pour construire un point de vue singulier sur les œuvres d’artistes travaillant entre arts et sciences quels que soient leurs médiums. La première partie questionne l’hybridation de la gravure et du numérique comme voie d’accès à la contemporanéité définie par Giorgio Agamben comme «en déphasage» avec son temps. Dans une deuxième partie, l’imagerie médicale et la photographie questionnent l’altérité animale. La recherche se poursuit par l’analyse d’œuvres de Nagi Noda, Wanda Wulz et Xavier Lucchesi qui amènent la question de la référence aux mythes dans le travail personnel. Enfin dans une troisième partie, la recherche théorique et le travail plastique achèvent leur hybridation. Les mythes de Méduse, Orphée ou Épiméthée deviennent le point de départ de créations entre arts et sciences où le processus de la gravure actualise les mythes par l’empreinte qu’elle laisse dans les photographies, les vidéos ou les installations qui mettent en scène des images médicales. Notre thèse est que la gravure constitue, à l’image des archées – organismes récemment découverts par les biologistes – une pratique vivante qui se retrouve là où on ne l’attend pas. L’hybridation dans notre pratique artistique rapproche les archées de l’archè, qui signifie proche de l’origine. / Rooted in my personal practice of engraving combined with photography, video and installation art, this plastic arts thesis explores the hybridisation of arts and science; starting with research into the specificities of engraving to then construct a singular point of view on the works of artists whose practice falls between arts and science, whatever the medium. The first part questions the hybridisation of engraving and digital techniques as an access route to a contemporaneity described by Giogio Agamben as “out of phase” with its time. In the second part, medical imagery and photography question animal alterity. Then the research will be furthered through the analysis of works by Nagi Noda, Wanda Wulz, and Xavier Lucchesi which bring us to the matter of references to myths in personal work. Lastly, in a third part, theoretical research and physical art practice complete their hybridisations. The myths of Medusa, Orpheus and Epimetheus become the starting point of works between art and science where the process of engraving actualises the myths by the imprints it leaves in photographs, videos or installations which show medical imagery. Our thesis is that engraving is, like the archaea – recently discovered microorganisms –, a living practise that can sometimes be found where one least expects it. The hybridisation of our practise bring archaea closer to the arche, and thus closer to the origin.

Le néomalthusianisme est un courant de pensée qui réunit des pédagogues, des médecins, des anthropologues et des militants féministes et anarchistes. Sa réflexion et son action ont une dimension politique, économique et scientifique. Son projet est une transformation profonde des sociétés humaines par la limitation des naissances afin d'aboutir à une meilleure organisation sociale, capable de répondre à l'aspiration légitime des êtres humains au bonheur. Les moyens pour atteindre cet objectif sont la généralisation de la prophylaxie anticonceptionnelle qui comprend les techniques contraceptives et l'avortement. Le mouvement néomalthusien a été particulièrement actif en France, des années 1890 à la veille de la Seconde Guerre mondiale. Il a également soulevé de nombreuses oppositions et a été activement combattu, notamment après la Première Guerre mondiale. S'intéressant au nombre des naissances, le néomalthusianisme souligne l'incompatibilité entre l'augmentation exponentielle de ce dernier et la possibilité pour les membres composant une collectivité de disposer du nécessaire afin d'atteindre le bonheur.De ce fait, le néomalthusianisme français est inséparable de l'eugénisme, thème central dans l'histoire de ce mouvement, de son émergence à ses derniers développements dans les années 1930. Le présent travail a pour objectif de tracer un portrait synthétique inédit du néomalthusianisme français en privilégiant son rapport aux sciences biomédicales et à la culture scientifique. [...] / Neo-Malthusianism is a line of thought which gathers education specialists,doctors, anthropologists and women's and anarchist activists. Its reflexion and its actionhave a political, economic and scientific dimension. Its project is to deeply transformhuman societies through birth control in order to reach a better social organisation, likelyto meet human beings’ legitimate aspiration for happiness. The means implemented toreach this goal are the generalisation of contraceptive prophylaxis, which includescontraceptive methods and abortion. The neo-Malthusian movement was particularlyactive in France, from the 1890ies to the eve of World War II. It has also met with strongopposition and was actively fought, noticeably after World War I. Observing the number ofbirths, neo-Malthusianism points how incompatible the exponential increase of births iswith the possibility for the members of a given community to have what they need to reachhappiness. Hence, French neo-Malthusianism is inseparable from eugenics, which is acentral theme in the history of this movement, from its emergence to its last developmentsin the 1930ies. The objective of the present work is to draw a new and previouslyunpublished synthetic portrait of this movement, focussing on its link to bio-medicalsciences and scientific culture. [...]

Doctorat en sciences médicales / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Doctorat en sciences médicales / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Doctorat en sciences médicales / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Text in English / In this study an attempt has been made to reflect upon T.G. Mashaba's transcultural themes. For the purpose of this study, the researcher had to differentiate between traditional and professional cultural themes. All of these were mirrored in some of Mashaba's works through the employment of descriptive devices in a manner that enables one to picture her philosophy of transcultural nursing care, her ideas and ideals, conceptions, opinions and beliefs. The chief aim of this study was to survey the significance and contribution of Mashaba transcultural themes to nursing. In identifying the two systems, Mashaba was attempting not only to help nurses to become aware of these systems, but to consider ways to make reciprocal interfaces with the two systems. Marked caring differences among health care systems exist as well as similar features. Efforts were made - by Mashaba - to explicate these caring aspects in order to provide a sound rationale and therapeutic nursing care. The design used in this study was purely descriptive, investigative, interpretive and analytic with the specific aim of elucidating Mashaba's ideas, ideals and thoughts. This approach helped in bringing to light the value of the themes while at the same time focusing attention on their transcultural nature. Leininger's Cultural Theoretical Model was applied - as a conceptual Model - for the analysis of transcultural themes. This research study gives us a picture of a gifted and hardworking woman. She was ambitious and had set definite goals for herself. Her sense of cultural observation and imaginativeness elevate her as- a spokesperson for the underprivileged, not only of her race, but of any nationality. In her efforts, she was a moderate who believed that engagement in a dialogue would bring better and more lasting solutions than war. This gives her work the universal relevance and appeal. / Health Studies / D.Litt. et Phil. (Advanced Nursing Sciences)

Text in English / In this study an attempt has been made to reflect upon T.G. Mashaba's transcultural themes. For the purpose of this study, the researcher had to differentiate between traditional and professional cultural themes. All of these were mirrored in some of Mashaba's works through the employment of descriptive devices in a manner that enables one to picture her philosophy of transcultural nursing care, her ideas and ideals, conceptions, opinions and beliefs. The chief aim of this study was to survey the significance and contribution of Mashaba transcultural themes to nursing. In identifying the two systems, Mashaba was attempting not only to help nurses to become aware of these systems, but to consider ways to make reciprocal interfaces with the two systems. Marked caring differences among health care systems exist as well as similar features. Efforts were made - by Mashaba - to explicate these caring aspects in order to provide a sound rationale and therapeutic nursing care. The design used in this study was purely descriptive, investigative, interpretive and analytic with the specific aim of elucidating Mashaba's ideas, ideals and thoughts. This approach helped in bringing to light the value of the themes while at the same time focusing attention on their transcultural nature. Leininger's Cultural Theoretical Model was applied - as a conceptual Model - for the analysis of transcultural themes. This research study gives us a picture of a gifted and hardworking woman. She was ambitious and had set definite goals for herself. Her sense of cultural observation and imaginativeness elevate her as- a spokesperson for the underprivileged, not only of her race, but of any nationality. In her efforts, she was a moderate who believed that engagement in a dialogue would bring better and more lasting solutions than war. This gives her work the universal relevance and appeal. / Health Studies / D.Litt. et Phil. (Advanced Nursing Sciences)

AWARE is a mobile instrumentation framework for Android devices that focuses on users, researchers and application developers. In this paper we introduce AWARE’s web services (AWARE-WS), a multipurpose dashboard for science. AWARE-WS allows researchers to manage and interact with longitudinal, largescale and distributed user studies that focus on human behavior. Additionally, developers can manage and share their own plugins or sensors for extending the AWARE framework. AWARE-WS was designed and implemented taking into account AWARE’s secure, private, scalable, and interoperable data exchange requirements and has been thoroughly evaluated for its performance, scalability and usability. We stress-tested AWARE-WS with an increasing amount of generated data streams (e.g., sensor data), from 1000 to 10 Million devices, to improve the overall system’s performance. Using pagination and on-demand data loading, we achieved a reasonable average loading time of 1,9 seconds. / AWARE on mobiili instrumentointikehys Android-laitteille, joka keskittyy sen käyttäjiin, tutkijoihin ja sovelluskehittäjiin. Tässä tekstissä esittelemme AWARE web servicen (AWARE-WS), joka on monikäyttöinen tieteellinen graafinen käyttöliittymä (dashboard). AWARE-WS sallii tutkijoiden hallinnoida pitkä-aikaisia, suurimittaisia ja jaettuja käyttäjätutkimuksia, jotka keskittyvä ihmiskäytökseen. Lisäksi sovelluskehittävät voivat hallinnoida ja jakaa heidän omia liitännäisiään (plugin) ja antureitaan (sensor) jotka laajentavat AWARE:a. AWARE-WS kehitettiin huomioonottaen AWARE:n turvallisuus-, yksityisyys-, laajennettavuus- ja yhteentoimivuusvaatimukset ja on arvioitu sen suorituskyvyn, laajennettavuuden ja käytettävyyden perusteella. Parantaaksemme järjestelmän suorituskykyä, suoritimme rasitustestejä generoimalla sensoridataa, joka vastasi määrältään tuhannesta kymmeneen miljoonan laitteen tuottamaa dataa. Käyttämällä sivutusta ja lataamalla vain tarvittavan datan, saavutimme sivustolle 1,9s keskimääräisen latausajan.

Thesis (MPhil) -- Stellenbosch University, 2003. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: When reporting on new research or claims by scientists, the science journalist faces a number of pitfalls. For a number of reasons the journalist might produce a story which is inaccurate or misleading. Thus, when a scientist claims to have found a cure for cancer, the journalist needs to check himself before delivering the story. In this paper I will examme a number of issues concerning the reporting of frontier science, or new research. In this realm it is particularly difficult to distinguish more reliable science from less reliable science. The problem is compounded by the vested interests of scientists, pharmaceutical companies and other interest groups. What the science journalist writes, influences public opinion, conceptions about science, and often affects people's decision-making regarding medical issues. There is thus a clear ethical aspect to science reporting. I will try to show that an understanding of how science works is crucial to reporting science responsibly. In this regard the distinction between frontier and textbook science is of particular importance. Theoretical distinctions such as these provide useful tools for the interpretation of claims from the frontier. The first chapter, then, will deal with theoretical concepts pertaining to how SCIence works. In the second we will examine a number of examples of how reporting from the frontiers can go wrong. We will argue that a better understanding of science might have prevented many of the inaccuracies and misleading claims examined. In chapter three we will attempt to list what can go wrong, and examine some of the possible consequences, thus outlining the ethical aspect of science reporting. Finally we will make a few suggestions and outline some guidelines which might contribute to more accurate and responsible reporting from the frontiers. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Wanneer daar oor nuwe navorsing of aansprake deur wetenskaplikes berig moet word, word die wetenskapsverslaggewer gekonfronteer deur 'n aantal moontlike slaggate. Om verskeie redes kan daar onakkuraat of misleidend verslag gedoen word. Wanneer 'n wetenskaplike dus berig dat daar 'n kuur vir kanker gevind is, moet die joernalis homself eers aan sekere beginsels herinner. In hierdie skrywe sal ek 'n aantal kwessies te doen met die beriggewing van pionierswetenskap, of nuwe wetenskap, ondersoek. Op hierdie terrein is dit veral moeilik om tussen betroubare en minder betroubare wetenskap te onderskei. Die probleem word vererger deur die belange van wetenskaplikes, farmaseutiese maatskappye en ander belangegroepe. Dit wat deur die wetenskapsjoernalis berig word, beïnvloed publieke opinie en beskouings oor die wetenskap, en raak dikwels mense se besluitneming rakende mediese kwessies. Daar is dus 'n duidelike etiese aspek aan wetenskapsverslaggewing verbonde. Ek gaan poog om te wys dat 'n begrippnj van hoe wetenskap werk, onmisbaar is vir verantwoordelike wetenskapsverslaggewing. In hierdie verband is die onderskeid tussen pioniers- en handboekwetenskap van besondere belang. Teoretiese onderskeide soos dié verskaf bruikbare gereedskap VIr die interpretasie van aansprake uit die pionierswetenskap. In die eerste hoofstuk sal 'n aantal teoretiese konsepte oor die werking van wetenskap verduidelik word. In die tweede hoofstuk sal 'n aantal voorbeelde van waar verslaggewing van [N4]pionierswetenskap verkeerd geloop het, bespreek word. Ek gaan argumenteer dat In beter begrippisj van wetenskap moontlik baie van dié onakkuraathede en misleidende aansprake sou kon voorkom het. Hoofstuk drie sal dan poog om te lys wat verkeerd kan gaan, en sal sommige van die moontlike gevolge ondersoek. Hierdeur sal die etiese aspek van wetenskapsverslaggewing dus uitgestippel word. Aan die einde sal ek 'n paar voorstelle maak, en probeer om riglyne uit te stip wat kan bydra tot meer akkurate en verantwoordelike verslaggewing van pionierswetenskap.

Current dose photon calculation algorithms have shortcomings in calculating dose distributions accurately in complex, heterogeneous phantoms. In this work, using existing Monte Carlo (MC) algorithms, we implemented and validated a comprehensive MC treatment planning system (MCTPS). We compared MCTPS with the corrected pencil beam algorithm used in the commercial TPS, CadPlan (V2.7.3). The accuracy of dose distributions calculated by MCTPS was studied for six lung cancer patients in two modes: without correction for inhomogeneity (the clinically used method) and with the equivalent tissue air ratio (EgTAR) inhomogeneity correction switched on. Without the use of inhomogeneity corrections, absorbed dose estimated by CadPlan is in error by more than 10% in the planning target volume (PTV). With the EgTAR correction, good agreement was observed for the dose to the PTV, however, in regions close to an interface, where a significant density gradient occurs, the error is up to 10%. Dose errors in other organs were studied using differential dose volume histograms.