This thesis deals with one aspect of religious intolerance in the later Roman empire, that which was expressed by the Imperial government during the fourth century from the reign of Constantine to the death of Theodosius I. As such, all the sources used are Imperial letters and laws which have survived in the Theodosian and Justinianic Codes as well as other Imperial statements that have survived in other collections, such as that of Eusebius’ Vita Con stan tin i. The thesis attempts to gauge the amount of religious intolerance exhibited by each emperor in this period through an analysis of their laws and letters that were concerned with religious affairs. As such it is divided into four chapters: the first covers statements issued by Constantine and his immediate successors; the second focuses on Constantine’s involvement with the Donatist dispute of north Africa; the third examines the meagre record from Jovian’s short reign, before concentrating on the Valentiniani and the fourth and final chapter analyses Theodosius' religious legislation. The analysis of laws and letters in each chapter is divided into sections that essentially follow the structure of the Theodosian Code itself; i.e. the first section will cover an individual emperor’s laws on the Church and Christianity, followed by his laws on heretics, followed by those on Judaism and finally those on paganism. Whenever possible, the thesis attempts to seek some explanation for the laws issued, especially those that appear to be most intolerant. This is achieved through examination of political or other factors that may have been motivating factors behind the issuance of each law. Sometimes the individual suggeren s and addressee are demonstrated to have influenced the nature and character of each law. As such, the style of the thesis takes the form of a historical and social commentary of the laws issued. Throughout the thesis the argument is advanced that the Christian emperors and their administration were not necessarily as intolerant as ostensibly appears to have been the case and that as such, there is little evidence that the Christian state was, thereby, intolerant.

In the 1870s, religious controversy and its resulting dissent created a division in the immigrant community of New Iceland. The heart of the religious debate centred on Pall porlaksson's orthodox teachings of the Norwegian Lutheran Synod and Jon Bjarnason's liberal views espoused by the Lutheran State Church of Iceland. The debate resulted in animosity between community members to the point that the community split. Although poor living conditions played some role, rancour over religious dissent was the primary dividing force, leading, in 1879, to a migration to North Dakota in the footsteps of porlaksson. This thesis will focus on the writings of Icelandic-Canadian author W. D. (William Dempsey) Valgardson and the religious events that took place in New Iceland long before his birth. It will show how Valgardson, drawing from this religious heritage, creates themes of tolerance, intolerance and fanaticism. Valgardson claims that a moral quality exists in his writing, a concern with Christian and non-Christian behaviour, and the use and abuse of religious power. This thesis will examine these themes in his novel, short stories, and poetry, in light of the historic events of religious strife and bonding in New Iceland.

At the turn of the eighteenth century America was caught up in the fervor of religious revivals. These revivals began in the New England area and led to the largest conversion to Evangelicalism in US history. The revival movement became known as the Second Great Awakening. The Second Great Awakening experienced its greatest peak in the 1830's, at which point the revivals spread to many areas of America. The conflicted nature of the Second Great Awakening has led to a deep rift in the current historiography of America's religious past. While some historians argue that this movement expanded religious freedom, evidence shows that it had the opposite effect. During the Second Great Awakening the Mormon Church experienced rapid growth while settling the Missouri frontier. The Mormons experienced ten years of conflict with the citizens of Missouri as they were persecuted for their religious beliefs and practices.

In the 1870s, religious controversy and its resulting dissent created a division in the immigrant community of New Iceland. The heart of the religious debate centred on Pall porlaksson's orthodox teachings of the Norwegian Lutheran Synod and Jon Bjarnason's liberal views espoused by the Lutheran State Church of Iceland. The debate resulted in animosity between community members to the point that the community split. Although poor living conditions played some role, rancour over religious dissent was the primary dividing force, leading, in 1879, to a migration to North Dakota in the footsteps of porlaksson. This thesis will focus on the writings of Icelandic-Canadian author W. D. (William Dempsey) Valgardson and the religious events that took place in New Iceland long before his birth. It will show how Valgardson, drawing from this religious heritage, creates themes of tolerance, intolerance and fanaticism. Valgardson claims that a moral quality exists in his writing, a concern with Christian and non-Christian behaviour, and the use and abuse of religious power. This thesis will examine these themes in his novel, short stories, and poetry, in light of the historic events of religious strife and bonding in New Iceland.

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Published in the "Bulletin of Ecumenical Theology," vol. 2, no. 2- vol. 3, no. 1., "The Kaduna Mafia and the Church in Nigeria."

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Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:20:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Antonio Baptista Goncalves.pdf: 1008729 bytes, checksum: 3c81762d89808ba5bf435d6e8effaa44 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-09-30 / The matter involving Human Rights and religious (in) tolerance is in consonance with the current international scenario, and it counts on a number of examples: France and the crisis of the Lay State, Denmark and the Islamic intolerance, conflicts in Palestine and Israel, the use of veil in Turkey are just a few recent cases that raise the debate on religious freedom protection. To discuss the current problems would not be possible without a background of the relation that permeates the religious freedom with the emergence of human rights. Thus, matters involving religion blossom bringing with them their problematic and controversies and always drawing a parallel between religion and human rights we will present the relationship between religion with political power and the controversial church-state relationship. In a way that, the separation between Church and Estate will provide the study of our first issue: secularism and laic procedure. Religion has always used artifices to gather new believers and, therefore, we will deepen the study of the religious proselytism and the defense of multiculturalism and of minorities. Finally, we approach the delicate issue of fundamentalism and how religion has contributed negatively to originate terrorism. Moreover, we will also deal with countermeasures adopted by the Human Rights and which is the current relationship between religion and human rights / A questão que envolve os Diretos Humanos e a (in)tolerância religiosa está em plena consonância com o cenário internacional corrente, e exemplos não faltam: A França e a crise do Estado Laico, a Dinamarca e a intolerância islâmica, os conflitos na Palestina e em Israel, o uso do véu na Turquia são apenas alguns casos recentes que suscitam o debate acerca da proteção à liberdade religiosa. Discorrer sobre os problemas atuais não seria possível sem um recorte histórico da relação que permeia a liberdade religiosa com o próprio surgimento dos direitos humanos. Com isso, as questões que envolvem a religião florescem e com elas suas problemáticas e controvérsias e sempre traçando um paralelo entre religião e direitos humanos apresentaremos a relação da religião com o poder político e a controversa relação Estado-Igreja. De tal sorte que uma separação entre Estado e Igreja propiciará o estudo de nossa primeira problemática: a laicidade e o laicismo. A religião sempre usou de artifícios para amealhar novos fieis e, para tanto, aprofundaremos o estudo acerca do proselitismo religioso e a defesa de do multiculturalismo e da defesa das minorias. Por fim, adentraremos no delicado tema do fundamentalismo e como que a religião contribui negativamente para o aparecimento do terrorismo. Ademais, também traremos as contramedidas adotadas pelos Direitos humanos e qual a relação presente entre religião e defesa dos direitos humanos

Šis darbas skirtas Lietuvos spaudos turinio etnine tematika analizei. Atliekamo Lietuvos spaudos turinio tyrimo tikslas - atskleisti, kokiomis problemomis, temomis, problemų įvardijamais sukėlėjais, bei jų priežastingumu ir kokiomis apraiškų formomis Lietuvos spaudos turinyje yra konstruojamas etninis nepakantumas. Darbo problema - etninio nepakantumo sąvokos įvertinimas ir etninio nepakantumo matavimas spaudos tekstuose. Pagrindinį darbo empirinių duomenų masyvą sudaro spaudos kokybinio tyrimo (spaudos ir interneto dienraščių tekstų turinio ir kokybinio ekspertų tyrimo) duomenys. Etninio nepakantumo Lietuvos žiniasklaidoje tyrimo duomenų analizė leidžia teigti, kad: Lietuvos spaudoje tarpetninių santykių problematika dažniausiai siejama su ekonominiais ir politiniais, mažiau – su kultūriniais ir psichologiniais priežastingumo aspektais. Kiekviena etninė, religinė grupė - romai, žydai, lenkai, rusai, musulmonai ir imigrantai - Lietuvos žiniasklaidoje siejama su specifine problematika. Lietuvos spaudos turinyje nėra vartojamos agresyvios etninio nepakantumo formos – kurstymas diskriminuoti, smurtauti ir fiziškai susidoroti. Dažniausiai sutinkamos etninio nepakantumo formos: etninės neapykantos kurstymas; Įžeidinėjimas (užgauliojimai, tyčiojimasis, niekinimas); Subtilios (paslėptos) nuostatos ir stereotipai; ,,Tylos diskursas“. Etninių grupių problematikos suvokimas visuomenėje ir jos pateikimas Lietuvos spaudoje sudaro uždarą cirkuliacinį ratą: ekspertų įvardijamos problemos... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / The aim of this research is to analyze ethnic topics of Lithuanian press. The objective of the research is to examine in what forms and how ethnic intolerance is constructed in printed and Internet media texts through representation of topics, problems, named causers of the problems and their causality (i.e. by introducing/presenting explanations of causes of the problems). Therefore, the main problem of this study is the assessment of the concept of ethnic intolerance and measurement of ethnic intolerance in media discourse. The main body of empirical data was collected during the qualitative research of printed and Internet media, which consisted of two parts: (1) media content analysis and (2) structured interviews with experts (politicians, officials, representatives of ethnic minorities, and journalists). The findings of the research of ethnic intolerance content in Lithuanian media reveals that topics (problems) of interethnic relations in Lithuanian press are mostly interrelated with economical and political issues and less with cultural and psychological causality aspects. Each ethnic or religious group – Roma, Jews, Polish, Russians, Muslims and immigrants – is associated with specific problems in the Lithuanian press. No aggressive forms of ethnic intolerance (incitement to discrimination, hostility or violence) were found in the content of Lithuanian press. The most common manifestations of ethnic intolerance in Lithuanian press were hate speech, harassment, subtle... [to full text]