Thesis (MA (Political Science))--Stellenbosch University, 2009. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Over the past few decades the secular world has witnessed an increasing assault, specifically from the monotheistic religious fundamentalist community, on their beliefs and values. The undeniable intolerance shown by the religious fundamentalist community has often translated into violent terrorist attacks against the secular world. The fact that religious beings can resort to such atrocious acts of violence has certainly baffled many onlookers. It surely comes as no surprise that religious fundamentalism is generally viewed as a ''hard-to-understand‟ phenomenon. This literature review will describe the ''hard-to-understand‟ phenomenon that is religious fundamentalism by employing social identity theory. The social identity of religious fundamentalists is generally derived from sacred texts and what they consider to be absolute truths. These presumed absolute truths not only provide ample opportunity for the development of the ''us‟/''them‟ duality, but also provide a platform for an intense intolerance of the ''other‟, also referred to as the out-group. Of course, the ''us‟/''them‟ duality can be created on many social dimensions, but religion has proven to bring quite an extensive, even murderous, intolerance to in- and out-group characterizations. The ever increasing actions of religious fundamentalist groups over the past few decades have certainly illustrated this point with some conviction. The importance of social identity has been recognised in many major traditions of the social sciences, not excluding political science. Social identity forms the basis of any group‟s actions or reactions. Therefore, its significance stretches far beyond simply providing an identity to a social group. Social identity also acts as a preamble to how a social group, in this case religious fundamentalists, chooses to deal with invidious comparisons. By employing social identity in this particular way we can go beyond investigating how religious fundamentalists act and react to the point of understanding why they act and react the way they do. In this study it was found that although a number of options to deal with invidious comparisons are available to social groups, only a few of these options are likely to be pursued by religious fundamentalists in order to remain a relevant and competitive social group within the social hierarchy. This approach will provide important insights into a formerly ''hard-to-understand‟ phenomenon namely religious fundamentalism. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Oor die laaste paar dekades het die sekulêre wêreld 'n toenemende aanslag op sy oortuigings en waardes waargeneem, spesifiek vanaf die monoteïstiese godsdienstige fundamentalistiese gemeenskap. Die onloënbare onverdraagsaamheid wat deur hierdie godsdienstige fundamentalistiese gemeenskap getoon word ontaard dikwels in geweldadige terroriste aanvalle op die sekulêre wêreld. Die feit dat godsdienstige individue hulself begwewe tot sulke wreedaaardige dade van geweld het verseker baie toeskouers verydel. Dis is sekerlik dan nie 'n verrassing dat godsdienstige fundamentalisme gesien word as 'n ''moelik-om-te-begryp‟ fenomeen nie. Hierdie literatuur oorsig sal die ''moelik-om-te-begryp‟ fenomeen wat godsdienstige fundamentalisme is beskryf deur gebruik te maak van die sosiale identiteits teorie. Die sosiale identiteit van godsdienstige fundamentaliste spruit oor die algemeen uit heilige teks en absolute waarhede. Hierdie absolute waarhede bied nie slegs ruim geleenthede vir die ontwikkeling van die ''ons‟/''hulle‟ dualiteit nie, maar bied ook 'n platform vir 'n intense onverdraagsaamheid van die 'ander‟, wat ook verwys word na as die buite-groep. Natuurlik kan die ''ons‟/''hulle‟ dualiteit op grond van baie ander sosiale dimensies ontwikkel word, maar godsdiens het telke male al gedemonstreer dat dit 'n omvattende, selfs moordadige, onverdraagsaamheid na binne- en buite-groep karakterisering bring. Die al ewige toenemende aksies van godsdienstige fundamentalistiese groepe oor die laaste paar dekades illustreer sekerlik hierdie punt met oortuiging. Die belangrikheid van sosiale identiteit word erken deur verskeie tradisies van die sosiale wetenskappe en politieke wetenskap word nie hier uitgesluit nie. Sosiale identiteit vorm die basis van enige groep se aksies en reaksies. Vir hierdie rede strek die betekenisvoheid ver verby die feit dat slegs 'n identiteit aan 'n sosiale groep verskaf word. Sosiale identiteit tree op as 'n voorrede vir die manier waarop 'n sosiale groep, in ons geval godsdienstige fundamentaliste, verkies om onbenydenswaardige vergelykings te hanteer. Deur sosiale identiteit op hierdie besondere manier aan te spreek kan ons verder gaan as om slegs ondersoek in te stel in hoe godsdienstige fundamentaliste optree en reageer tot die punt waar ons kan verstaan hoekom hulle optree en reageer op hierdie spesifieke manier. In hierdie studie is gevind dat alhoewel daar 'n aantal opsies beskikbaar is vir sosiale groepe om onbenydenswaardige vergelykings te hanteer, is daar slegs 'n paar van hierdie opsies wat mees waarskynlik nagestreef sal word deur godsdienstige fundamentaliste ten 'n einde 'n relevante en kompeterende sosiale groep binne die sosial hïerargie te wees. Hierdie benadering sal belangrike insigte bring tot die voormalige 'moeilik-om-te-begryp‟ fenomeen genaamd godsdienstige fundamentalisme.

Tolerâncias e intolerâncias acontecem em qualquer âmbito do convívio social, principalmente no religioso. A presente dissertação aborda uma aproximação ao tema, nos ambientes (centros espíritas) de prática religiosa do espiritismo kardecista. Essa tarefa começa por volta de 2013, quando ainda persistiam e já se avolumavam consideravelmente as situações de intolerância religiosa neste tão múltiplo religioso Brasil, e começa a se consolidar a partir de 2015. Busco explicitar o que é o espiritismo kardecista, sua chegada ao Brasil, como se instala, o surgimento dos primeiros locais de cultos, a sua disseminação, a sua criminalização e a sua luta para se legitimar como religião na sociedade brasileira. Isto feito, apresento a noção do que seja tolerância ou intolerância em sentido lato, restringindo-se, entretanto, ao entendimento no âmbito das Ciências Sociais. Noções e conceitos estabelecidos, descrevo o ambiente de prática, ou seja, a instituição espírita, sua filiação ao órgão representativo, seus ritos, orientações e recomendações. Realizando pesquisas prévias em três centros espíritas para a verificação da existência das intolerâncias e, em seguida, entrevistas com colaboradores desses centros espíritas onde, de maneira mais próxima, tento observar se o discurso da tolerância se confirma na prática. O que se verifica ao final, é a existência de ambas: tolerância e intolerância coexistindo nos centros espíritas, não como forças antagônicas, mas como uma particularidade individual dos estados vivenciais, onde o esforço próprio dos colaboradores voluntários parece ser um dos caminhos que podem ser utilizados no sentido de reduzir, ou até mesmo eliminar, as intolerâncias externas e internas. Ao espírita kardecista cabe a responsabilidade e a disposição para demonstrar se isso é possível ou não, neste seu ambiente. / Tolerances and intolerances happen in any social life sphere, especially in the religious one. This article proposes an approach to the subject, regarding the religious practice of Kardecist spiritism. This task begins around 2013, when the situations of religious intolerance in this so religiously diverse Brazil continue to grow considerably and begin to be consolidated in 2015. I will seek to make explicit what Kardecist spiritualism is, how it came and settled in Brazil, the emergence of the first places of worship, its dissemination, its criminalization and its struggle to legitimize itself as a religion within the Brazilian society. This being done, I will present a notion of what tolerance or intolerance is, in broad sense, while restricting the matter to its sense within the scope of the Social Sciences. Once notions and concepts are established, I will describe the practice environment that is, the spiritism institution , its membership to the representative body, its rites, guidelines and recommendations. I carried out previous research in three spiritist centers aiming at verifying the existence of intolerances and, then, interviews with collaborators of those spiritist centers, when I tried, more closely, to verify if the tolerance discourse is confirmed in practice. What will be seen at the end is the existence of both: tolerance and intolerance coexisting in the spiritist centers not as antagonistic forces, but as an individual particularity of experiential states, where the volunteer collaborators own effort seems to be one of the ways to be used to reduce or even eliminate external and internal intolerance. It is up to the Kardecist spiritist the responsibility and the willing to demonstrate whether this is possible or not in this environment.

Submitted by Franciele Moreira (francielemoreyra@gmail.com) on 2018-05-04T12:33:39Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Elizabeth de Lima Venâncio - 2018.pdf: 2953441 bytes, checksum: 2fa0e0696084d72f54bbdfd15aa71ffa (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2018-05-07T12:53:28Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Elizabeth de Lima Venâncio - 2018.pdf: 2953441 bytes, checksum: 2fa0e0696084d72f54bbdfd15aa71ffa (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-05-07T12:53:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Elizabeth de Lima Venâncio - 2018.pdf: 2953441 bytes, checksum: 2fa0e0696084d72f54bbdfd15aa71ffa (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-04-02 / The main objective of this research is to verify the elements present in the dialogical interactions carried out by Internet users in communication processes, which produced meanings involving religious intolerance. The phenomenon was studied in the media repercussions of the lawsuit filed by the National Association of Afromidia, which brought to the attention of the courts the existence of fourteen videos available on Youtube, containing scenes of the Universal Church of the Kingdom of God, that could observed as considered a prejudice disseminator, with aggressive contents towards the religions candomblé (Afro-Brazilian), and umbanda (Brazilian). We consider the exercise of the hate speech theory a danger to social coexistence. Also, we take into account the need to reveal the mechanisms that allowed the social practice of intolerance happened throughout human history, as rased by Theodor Adorno. Thus, we conducted an investigative-analytical line that enabled us to verify and demonstrate what actually happened in the dialogues, and in the use of words when Internet users observed or practiced the intolerance focused in this study. The conducting axis in this research was the following problem question: how did Internet mediated dialogues impact the user’s production of religious intolerance, in the perspective of Ciro Marcondes Filhos’s New Theory of Communications? This question was based on bibliographical, qualitative research, with critical reading, content analisis, and on the metáporo as procedure. In the end, we consider it is possible to treat communicational aspects by reference to emotional gradients. This perception only arose after the analysis of the data, at which the reason for the existence of gradual emotional variations was pointed out in the dialogical interactions that produced meanings in the relationship created among the communicating people. What we suggest, as a hypothesis to be deepened, is that emotional gradients are studied at a very basal level of human cognition, and that such assessments will serve to measure the coexistence, and improve the practice of communicational citizenship. / Esta pesquisa tem por objeto central verificar, no processo de comunicação, os elementos presentes nas interações dialógicas realizadas pelos usuários de internet, que produziram sentidos quanto à prática social da intolerância religiosa. O fenômeno foi estudado nas repercussões midiáticas da ação judicial impetrada pela Associação Nacional de Mídia Afro, que levou ao conhecimento da justiça a existência de 14 vídeos disponíveis no YouTube, contendo cenas da Igreja Universal do Reino de Deus, observadas como disseminadoras de conteúdos preconceituosos e agressivos em relação às religiões candomblé (afro-brasileira) e umbanda (brasileira). Consideramos o exercício da teoria denominada discurso de ódio, como um perigo para a convivência social, bem como a necessidade levantada por Theodor Adorno de que precisamos revelar os mecanismos que permitiram ao longo da história humana a pratica social da intolerância. Assim, realizamos um percurso investigativo-analítico que nos possibilitou verificar e demonstrar o que de fato aconteceu no diálogo e no uso das palavras quando os internautas observaram ou praticaram a intolerância. O eixo condutor foi a questão-problema: como o diálogo mediado pela internet impactou a produção de sentidos do usuário quanto à intolerância religiosa, na perspectiva da Nova Teoria da Comunicação, de Ciro Marcondes Filho? Essa questão foi fundamentada na pesquisa bibliográfica, qualitativa, com leitura crítica, análise de conteúdo e o metáporo como procedimento. Ao final, consideramos ser possível tratar aspectos comunicacionais por referência a gradientes emocionais. Tal percepção somente surgiu após análise dos dados, momento em que se pensou o porquê da existência de variações emocionais gradativas nas interações dialógicas que produziram sentidos na relação que se criou entre as pessoas comunicantes. O que sugerimos, como hipótese a ser aprofundada, é que os gradientes emocionais sejam estudados como fenômenos comunicacionais organizados em algum tipo de escala, originados a partir de valorações atribuídas em um nível muito basal da cognição humana e que tais valorações servirão para medir a convivência e melhorar a prática de cidadania comunicacional.

Submitted by Noeme Timbo (noeme.timbo@metodista.br) on 2017-02-10T18:25:23Z No. of bitstreams: 1 LILIAN BALEEIRO.pdf: 929559 bytes, checksum: 6a4ccc723d7203716587e4a39fd32132 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-02-10T18:25:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 LILIAN BALEEIRO.pdf: 929559 bytes, checksum: 6a4ccc723d7203716587e4a39fd32132 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-03-31 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / With this thesis we present the inter-religious dialogue, from the Brazilian religious pluralist situation, as a challenge for the discussion of religious education in public schools in the secular state of Brazil, with the purpose to overcome intolerance and religious exclusivism. In the first chapter we will introduce the present situation of religious education, especially in its important historical moments, the relationship with the secular state and the position of the Permanent National Forum of Religious Education (FONAPER). In the second chapter we analyze the Brazilian religious plurality taking into account the elements of the Brazilian religious map, relating it to data from the last census of IBGE, with the intention of knowing the Brazilian religious framework and the plural context in which religious education is inserted. In the last chapter we will discuss a proposal of a religious education as ‘a space of dialogue’ between different religions, making use of the foundational elements of the theology of religious pluralism and interreligious dialogue. The practice of religious education as ‘a space of dialogue’ is brought forward as the option that enables tolerance among religious groups represented in the school environment. / Com a presente dissertação buscamos apresentar o diálogo inter-religioso, a partir do pluralismo religioso brasileiro, como desafio para a discussão sobre o ensino religioso em escolas públicas no Brasil, enquanto Estado laico, possibilitando a superação da intolerância e do exclusivismo religiosos. Para isso, no primeiro capítulo apresentaremos a situação do ensino religioso, com destaque para momentos históricos, sua relação com a laicidade do Estado e a experiência do Fórum Nacional Permanente do Ensino Religioso (FONAPER). No segundo capítulo analisaremos a pluralidade religiosa brasileira a partir elementos formadores do mapa religioso brasileiro, relacionando com os dados dos últimos censos do IBGE, com a intenção de conhecer o quadro religioso brasileiro e o contexto plural no qual o ensino religioso está inserido. No último capítulo discutiremos a proposta de um ensino religioso como espaço de diálogo entre as diferentes religiões, utilizando para isso alguns elementos da teologia do pluralismo religioso e do diálogo inter-religioso como fundamentos. A prática do ensino religioso enquanto espaço de diálogo é possível e possibilita a tolerância entre os grupos religiosos que estão representados no ambiente escolar.

Proefschrift Rijksuniversiteit Limburg. / Met lit. opg. en een samenvatting in het Nederlands.

No description available.

[pt] Este trabalho tem por objeto central as formas de resistência que os adeptos das religiões de matrizes africanas utilizam para enfrentar atos de discriminação religiosa, através do resgate de memórias subterrâneas transformadas em memória coletiva. O que se assume é que a construção desta memória coletiva se fundamenta em experiências compartilhadas no terreiro, a partir da ressignificação das memórias subterrâneas individuais. O objetivo central deste estudo é conhecer e descrever estas estratégias de resistência no ambiente escolar, como uma contribuição à luta pela defesa do direito à liberdade religiosa no Brasil. Adicionalmente, este trabalho descreve os atos de intolerância religiosa narrados pelos colaboradores da pesquisa e identifica as principais redes de proteção e solidariedade por eles apontadas como referências para a resistência. O que se deseja é contribuir com o debate sobre intolerância religiosa nas Ciências Sociais e, particularmente, no Serviço Social, além de corroborar o processo de afirmação da identidade positiva dos adeptos de religiões de matrizes africanas. Em termos metodológicos, este estudo está construído como uma investigação daquelas estratégias, a partir dos testemunhos de oito colaboradores da pesquisa empírica, frequentadores do Centro Espírita Casa do Perdão e do Templo Espírita Caboclo Flecheiro. Estes são templos de umbanda localizados, respectivamente, na Zona Oeste e na Zona Norte da cidade do Rio de Janeiro. Os colaboradores foram entendidos como coautores deste estudo, na medida em que dos seus relatos de experiências de intolerância religiosa vividas na escola foram extraídos não apenas informações, mas também percepções e interpretações. A seleção dos colaboradores se deu a partir de indicações do líder religioso de cada templo, contemplando os seguintes critérios: pertença na Umbanda desde a infância e variedade nos papéis sociais dos colaboradores, a fim de compreender como o fenômeno da intolerância religiosa se apresenta diante de diferentes particularidades e contextos. Os testemunhos, disparados pela reação à negação indutiva Os adeptos da Umbanda não sofrem discriminação na escola. Você concorda?, oferecem uma série de narrativas sobre vivências de intolerância religiosa, tanto no ambiente escolar, como em outros âmbitos, tais como: vias públicas, mercado, espaço familiar e mercado de trabalho. As principais estratégias de resistência identificadas contemplam uma variedade de opções: desde a afirmação pública de orgulho e apego profundos aos seus preceitos e concepções religiosas; passando pela omissão (silenciamento e invisibilização) como forma de autoproteção, chegando ao enfrentamento aberto e direto. Importa salientar que a pesquisa observou a realidade de dois terreiros que apresentam características comuns, tais como, possuir uma organização política, religiosa e social que embasam a formação de seus adeptos para perceber, interpretar e combater atos intolerância religiosa. Este posicionamento permite fortalecer o sentimento religioso e, a partir da convivência social e política coletiva, possibilita a emersão de memórias de atos discriminatórios, transformando-as em base da luta social ou em acolhimento espiritual. Nesse sentido, compreende-se que os terreiros analisados, sendo associados a movimentos sociais e políticos, são grandes referências no processo de construção de resistência social. / [en] The main object of this dissertation is the range of strategies of resistance that members of African matrix religions use to face acts of religious discrimination through the revival of underground memories that are transformed into a collective memory. It is assumed that the creation of this collective memory is based on the shared experiences in the terreiro through the re-signification of the individual underground memories. The objective of this research is to reveal and describe these resistance strategies in the school environment as a form of contribution to the struggle for religious freedom rights in Brazil. Furthermore, within this dissertation, research subjects narrate acts of religious intolerance and identify the main networks of protection and solidarity used by them, highlighted as references of resistance. The attempt is to contribute to the debate about religious intolerance in the Social Sciences, particularly Social Work, besides reinforcing the process of statement of positive identity of the members of African matrix religions. In terms of procedures, this research is built on investigation of such strategies, based on the testimonies of eight subjects of the field research who are members of the Centro Espírita Casa do Perdão and the Templo Espírita Caboclo Flecheiro. These are Umbanda temples located in the Zona Oeste and the Zona Norte of the city of Rio de Janeiro, respectively. The subjects are considered coauthors of this research to the extent that not only information, but also perceptions and interpretations, were extracted from their testimonies of experiences of religious intolerance in the school. The selection of these subjects was carried out base on the appointments of the religious leader of each temple, taking into consideration the following criteria: to be an Umbanda member since childhood and to result in a variety of social rolls between the subjects. This was necessary in order to understand how religious intolerance presents itself in different settings. The testimonials were triggered by the denial of the existence of discrimination through the question: Umbanda members do not suffer discrimination in school, would you agree? The answers offer a variety of narratives about religious intolerance in the school, as well as in other social spaces, such as: public spaces, marketplaces, family relations and the job market. The main resistance strategies that are identified cover a range of behaviors: from public display of pride and deep attachment to the religious precepts and conceptions, to omission (silencing and concealment) as a form of self-protection, to open and direct confrontation. It is worth noting that the research took into consideration two terreiros that display a common characteristic: having a social, religious and political organization that is the basis for the training of its members to perceive, interpret and combat acts of religious intolerance. This perspective strengthens the sense of religious belonging and, through a collective social and political experience, creates the environment for the memory of acts of discrimination to be revealed and to become the foundation of the social struggle or spiritual refuge. Therefore, these terreiros, that are centers of social and political movements, are understood as important references in the process of the construction of social resistance.

This thesis is a study of the treatment of avarice, religious intolerance, and pseudomysticism in the Novelas Contemporaneas of Benito Perez Galdos.

In the 1870s, religious controversy and its resulting dissent created a division in the immigrant community of New Iceland. The heart of the religious debate centred on Pall porlaksson's orthodox teachings of the Norwegian Lutheran Synod and Jon Bjarnason's liberal views espoused by the Lutheran State Church of Iceland. The debate resulted in animosity between community members to the point that the community split. Although poor living conditions played some role, rancour over religious dissent was the primary dividing force, leading, in 1879, to a migration to North Dakota in the footsteps of porlaksson. This thesis will focus on the writings of Icelandic-Canadian author W. D. (William Dempsey) Valgardson and the religious events that took place in New Iceland long before his birth. It will show how Valgardson, drawing from this religious heritage, creates themes of tolerance, intolerance and fanaticism. Valgardson claims that a moral quality exists in his writing, a concern with Christian and non-Christian behaviour, and the use and abuse of religious power. This thesis will examine these themes in his novel, short stories, and poetry, in light of the historic events of religious strife and bonding in New Iceland.

Thesis (L.L.M.)--University of Georgia, 2002. / Directed by Gabriel M. Wilner. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 63-37).