No description available.

[ES] El hombro es una articulación compleja en la que interaccionan múltiples estructuras, lo que permite la realización de movimientos de gran amplitud. Debido a esta característica, puede ser fácilmente alterada si alguno de los componentes falla. Las patologías del hombro son variadas, así como diversa es la sintomatología y el nivel de alteración funcional. El grado de afectación funcional puede ser valorado ya sea mediante escalas clínicas, o con pruebas biomecánicas basadas en el análisis cinemático, que añaden objetividad a los resultados. No obstante, los modelos cinemáticos disponibles en la actualidad no ofrecen una representación realista del movimiento articular, lo que supone una importante limitación a la hora de desarrollar sistemas de valoración funcional. El objetivo principal de esta tesis fue describir el movimiento del hombro mediante técnicas cinemáticas avanzadas que incluyeran el uso de variables funcionales asociadas a la posición, velocidad y aceleración, así como la descripción de la trayectoria del eje instantáneo de rotación, con la finalidad de desarrollar un nuevo enfoque en las técnicas de valoración funcional del hombro. La muestra de estudio estuvo compuesta por 41 sujetos sanos y 15 sujetos con patología de hombro. Se analizaron los movimientos de abducción en el plano frontal y escapular, sin peso y con una maza de 1kg. Se utilizó la escala EVA (Escala Visual Analógica), para determinar el nivel de dolor percibido y la escala DASH (Disabilities of the arm, shoulder and hand), para definir el grado funcional. Se realizó un análisis de variables numéricas, variables funcionales, reproducibilidad y armonía del movimiento y descripción de la trayectoria del eje instantáneo de rotación (EIR). Como resultado, se ha demostrado la alta fiabilidad del procedimiento. Las diferencias encontradas entre los sujetos sanos y patológicos, solo eran evidentes a nivel de grupos, además la dispersión de la muestra era considerable. Los valores de reproducibilidad y armonía fueron similares para los dos grupos. En promedio, los sujetos patológicos tenían menor ángulo, velocidad y aceleración, pérdida que se producía de forma continua a lo largo del ciclo, como se observa en el análisis de las funciones del movimiento. Se encontró que la escala DASH guardaba una relación con las variables cinemáticas funcionales, si bien, era moderada. Por otra parte, al aumentar el nivel de afectación, se observaba una clara disminución de la velocidad angular, y un cambio en el patrón de movimiento. Con respecto al efecto de la carga, no se encontraron diferencias claras en la población de estudio. Finalmente, la trayectoria del EIR describía una ruta de inicio por debajo del acromion, seguido de un desplazamiento vertical y medio-lateral, con un patrón que aunque era similar entre los grupos, se veía afectado de forma diferente por el dolor o el nivel de afectación funcional en la muestra de patológicos. En conclusión, los resultados indican que las variables funcionales son más sensibles a los cambios que las variables numéricas clásicas basadas en rangos o valores máximos. Por otra parte, las diferencias encontradas entre los sujetos patológicos y los sanos, solo son claras a nivel de conjunto, pero no separan de forma nítida a los individuos de cada grupo, pudiendo ser solo evidentes en caso de afectaciones muy severas, pero no con niveles moderados o bajos. El estudio del EIR es novedoso y proporciona información acerca de la coordinación del movimiento, aspecto de especial relevancia dada la composición del complejo articular del hombro. Finalmente, de los resultados se extrae el interés del uso de medidas repetidas usando el sujeto como factor y utilizando las escalas de valoración funcional, ya que el uso solo de datos biomecánicos no parece ser suficiente. / [CA] El muscle és una articulació complexa en la qual interaccionen múltiples estructures, la qual cosa permet la realització de moviments de gran amplitud. A causa d'aquesta característica, pot ser facilment alterada si algun dels components falla. Les patologies del muscle són variades, així com diversa és la simptomatologia i el nivell d'alteració funcional. El grau d'afectació funcional pot ser valorat ja siga mitjanvant escales clíniques, o amb proves biomecaniques basades en l'analisi cinematica, que afigen objectivitat als resultats. No obstant aixo, els models cinematics disponibles en l'actualitat no ofereixen una representació realista del moviment articular, la qual cosa suposa una important limitació a l'hora de desenvolupar sistemes de valoració funcional. L'objectiu principal d'aquesta tesi va ser descriure el moviment del muscle mitjanvant tecniques cinematiques avanvades que inclogueren l'ús de variables funcionals associades a la posició, velocitat i acceleració, així com la descripció de la trajectoria de l'eix instantani de rotació, amb la finalitat de desenvolupar un nou enfocament en les tecniques de valoració funcional del muscle. La mostra d'estudi va estar composta per 41 subjectes sans i 15 subjectes amb patología de muscle. Es van analitzar els moviments d'abducció en el pla frontal i en el pla escapular, amb pes d'1 quilogram i sense pes. Es va utilitzar l'escala EVA (escala visual analogica), per a determinar el nivell de dolor percebut i l'escala DASH (Disabilities of the arm, shoulder and hand), per a definir el grau funcional. Es va realitzar una analisi de variables numeriques, variables funcionals, reproducibilitat i harmonia del moviment i descripció de la trajectoria de l'eix instantani de rotació. Com a resultat, s'ha demostrat l'alta fiabilitat del procediment. Les diferencies oposades entre els subjectes sans i patologics, només eren evidents a nivell de grups, a més la dispersió de la mostra era considerable. Els valors de reproducibilitat i harmonia van ser similars per als dos grups. En mitjana, els subjectes patologics tenien menor angle, velocitat i acceleració, perdua que es produia de forma contínua al llarg del cicle, com s'observa en l'analisi de les funcions del moviment. Es va trobar que l'escala DASH guardava una relació con les variables cinematiques funcionals, si bé, era moderada. D'altra banda, en augmentar el nivell d'afectació, s'observava una clara disminució de la velocitat angular, i un canvi en el patró de moviment. Respecte a l'efecte de la carrega, no es van trobar diferencies clares en la població d'estudi. Finalment, la trajectoria del EIR descrivia una ruta d'inici per davall de l'acromi, seguit d'un desplavament vertical i mig-lateral, amb un patró que encara que era similar entre els grups, es veia afectat de forma diferent pel dolor o el nivell d'afectació funcional en la mostra de patologics. En conclusió, els resultats indiquen que les variables funcionals són més sensibles als canvis que les variables numeriques classiques basades en rangs o valors maxims. D'altra banda, les diferencies oposades entre els subjectes patologics i els sans, només són clares a nivell de conjunt, pero no separen de forma nítida als individus de cada grup, podent ser només evidents en cas d'afectacions molt severes, pero no amb nivells moderats o baixos. L'estudi del EIR és nou i proporciona informació sobre la coordinació del moviment, aspecte d'especial rellevancia donada la composició del complex articular del muscle. Finalment, dels resultats s'extrau l'interés de l'ús de mesures repetides usant el subjecte com a factor i utilitzant les escales de valoració funcional, ja que l'ús sol de dades biomecanics no sembla ser suficient. / [EN] The shoulder complex is a structure of joints with the largest range of motion. Consequently, it is susceptible to injury. Shoulder pathologies involve different levels of functional impairment that can be assessed either by clinical scales or by objective methods such as kinematic analysis. However, currently available kinematic models do not offer a realistic representation of joint movement, which is an important limitation when developing functional assessment systems. The main goal of current dissertation is to describe the movement of the shoulder, using advanced kinematic techniques that include the use of position, velocity and acceleration variables, as well as the use of the instantaneous helical axis, in order to develop new techniques of functional assessment. This study included 41 healthy subjects and 15 subjects with shoulder pathology. Subjects performed humeral elevation in 2 planes (frontal and scapular) and 2 conditions (loaded and unloaded). The VAS (visual analog scale) was used to determine the level of perceived pain and the DASH scale (Disabilities of the arm, shoulder and hand) to define the functional impairment. An analysis of numerical variables, functional variables, reproducibility and harmony of the movement and description of the trajectory of the instantaneous helical axis (IHA) was carried out. As a result, the high reliability of the procedure has been demostrated. Significative differences were found between healthy and pathological subjects. However, it was only evident about groups, in addition the dispersion was considerable. Reproducibility and harmony values were similar for both. The functional analysis showed that the pathological group had lower angle, velocity and acceleration throughout the entire cycle. It was found that the DASH scale had a moderate relation with the functional kinematic variables. On the other hand, when increasing the level of affectation, an obvious decrease of the angular velocity, and a change in the movement pattern was observed. Regarding the effect of loading, no clear differences were found in the study population. Finally, the IHA described a vertical and mid-lateral displacement, with an initial point below the acromion. The pattern was similar in both groups, however it was affected by the level of pain and functional impairment. In conclusion, these findings suggest that functional variables are more sensitive to changes than classical numerical variables. On the other hand, differences between healthy and pathological subjects are only evident at group level. It seems that it is only evident in highly affected patients, not in those with a mild or intermediate impairment. Moreover, the study of the IHA is novel and provides relevant information about the shoulder joint coordination. Finally, we concluded that the use of repeated measurements using the subject as a factor along with the use of scales of functional assessment provides a better description of the movement since the exclusive use of biomechanical data, does not seem to be sufficient. / Cáceres Cáceres, ML. (2019). Aplicación de la cinemática articular a la valoración funcional del hombro [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/133994

No description available.

In this thesis, the interest rates derivatives and their valuation based on the future development of interest rates are presented. The Hull-White model focusing on the modeling of the instantaneous spot rates is described in detail. The model is calibrated to the market caplet volatilities and is used to evaluate various interest rates derivatives. The main emphasis is put on the LIBOR market model describing the development of set of forward rates. There are presented and in detail discussed results of the calibration of LMM model on the market swaption volatilities. At the end the two models are compared.

Um dos inseticidas mais utilizados para o controle do psilídeo Diaphorina citri (Hemiptera: Liviidae) em pomares de citros no Brasil tem sido o neonicotinoide imidacloprid. Para subsidiar um programa de Manejo da Resistência de D. citri a imidacloprid foram realizados estudos de monitoramento da suscetibilidade a inseticidas em populações de D. citri provenientes das principais regiões citrícolas do Estado de São Paulo, interações de imidacloprid com inseticidas e fungicidas, e avaliação da viabilidade de associação de imidacloprid com o parasitoide Tamarixia radiata (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae). Para a caracterização de linhas básicas de suscetibilidade de D. citri aos inseticidas imidacloprid, deltamethrin e dimethoate foram utilizados bioensaios de contato residual. Foram definidas as concentrações diagnósticas de 56 mg de imidacloprid/L água (CL95), 32 mg de deltamethrin/L água (CL90) e 56 mg de dimethoate/L água (CL95) para o monitoramento da suscetibilidade de 25 populações de D. citri entre 2010 e 1012. Não ocorreram diferenças na sobrevivência aos inseticidas testados em populações de psilídeos coletados em pomares de citros com diferentes intensidades de pulverização com inseticidas. A maior sobrevivência de insetos nas concentrações diagnósticas foi observada em 2010, com valores de sobrevivência variando de 4,7% a 24,0% para imidacloprid, de 0,9% a 11,8% para deltamethrin e de 5,2% a 13,0% para dimethoate. Não foram observados aumentos significativos na sobrevivência de D. citri nos monitoramentos realizados em 2011 e 2012. As interações de imidacloprid com deltamethrin ou dimethoate foram testadas com as CL25 dos respectivos inseticidas em bioensaio de contato residual. As interações foram aditivas sobre a mortalidade de adultos em condições de campo e de casa de vegetação. A mistura de imidacloprid com buprofezin e pyriproxyfen sobre ninfas de 3º instar também foi aditiva. A atividade biológica das concentrações campo de imidacloprid (40?L/mL) e buprofezin (375?g/mL) e da mistura dos mesmos mostrou uma degradação da atividade similar para o controle de D. citri em condições de campo e casa de vegetação. A avaliação da persistência da mistura de imidacloprid e pyriproxyfen (avaliado nas concentrações de 6,25?g/mL e 100?g/mL) indicou que pyriproxyfen teve degradação mais rápida que imidacloprid. A mistura de imidacloprid na CL25 para D. citri com a concentração de campo dos fungicidas Benzimidazol (500?g/mL de tiofanato-metilico), estrubilurina (37,5?g /mL de piraclostrobina) e triazol (50?g/mL de difenenoconazol) não afetaram o desempenho de imidacloprid. Houve significativa redução na taxa instantânea de crescimento (ri) de D. citri quando expostas a diferentes idades de resíduos de imidacloprid pulverizado na concentração de 40?g/mL, mesmo sobre resíduos com 56 dias de idade, levando à extinção da população ou em processo de extinção. A exposição a CL5 (0,501?g/mL), CL10 (0,804?g/mL), CL25 (1,995?g/mL) e CL50 (5,213?g/mL) de imidacloprid para D. citri reduziu o crescimento populacional de D. citri, mas não causou sua extinção. Contudo, essas concentrações de imidacloprid afetaram a ri do parasitoide com a CL50 causando sua extinção. / One of the most widely used insecticides for control of Diaphorina citri (Hemiptera: Liviidae) in citrus groves in Brazil has been the neonicotinoid imidacloprid. To implement an Insect Resistance Management program of D. citri to imidacloprid, studies were conducted to monitor the susceptibility to insecticides in D. citri populations collected from main citrus production regions of São Paulo State, to evaluate the interactions of imidacloprid with insecticides and fungicides, and to assess the feasibility of imidacloprid association with the parasitoid Tamarixia radiata (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae). Residual contact bioassays were used to characterize the baseline susceptibility of D. citri to the insecticides imidacloprid, deltamethrin and dimethoate. Diagnostic concentrations of 56 mg of imidacloprid/L water (LC95), 32 mg of deltamethrin/L water (LC90) and 56 mg of dimethoate/L water (LC95) were defined for monitoring the susceptibility in 25 populations of D. citri from 2010 to 2012. There were no differences in survival to the insecticides tested in D. citri populations collected in citrus groves with different regimes of insecticide use. The highest survival of insects at diagnostic concentrations was observed in 2010, with survival values ranging from 4.7% to 24.0% for imidacloprid, from 0.9% to 11.8% for deltamethrin and 5.2% to 13.0% dimethoate. There were no significant increases in survival of D. citri on monitoring conducted in 2011 and 2012. The interactions of imidacloprid with deltamethrin or dimethoate were tested with the LC25 of each insecticide with residual contact bioassays. The interactions of these insecticides were additive on D. citri adult mortality under field or greenhouse conditions. The interactions of imidacloprid with buprofezin and pyriproxyfen were additive on 3rd instar nymphs. The biological activity at field rates of imidacloprid (40?l/mL) and buprofezin (375?g/mL) as well as the mixture of these insecticides showed a similar degradation in the activity to control D. citri under field and greenhouse conditions. The evaluation of the persistence of the mixture of pyriproxyfen and imidacloprid (evaluated at concentrations of 6.25 ?g/mL and 100?g/mL) indicated that pyriproxyfen degradation was faster than imidacloprid. The mixture of LC25 of imidacloprid to D. citri with fungicides field rates of benzimidazole (500?g/mL of thiophanate-methil), strobilurin (37.5 ?g/mL of pyraclostrobin), and triazole (50?g/mL of difenoconazole) did not affect the performance of imidacloprid. A significant reduction in the instantaneous rate of increase (ri) of D. citri was observed when exposed to different residue ages of imidacloprid sprayed at concentration of 40?g/mL, even when exposed to residues of 56-day old, by leading to their extinction or in extinction process. The exposure to CL5 (0.501 ?g/mL), CL10 (0.804 ?g/mL), LC25 (1.995 ?g/mL) and LC50 (5.213 ?g/mL) of imidacloprid to D. citri did not cause their extinction. However, these concentrations of imidacloprid affected the ri of the parasitoid causing their extinction at LC50.

"This dissertation proposes a vibration-based approach to detect and monitor structural damage by tracking the instantaneous modal parameters. A change in the instantaneous modal parameters indicates change in the structural health condition. In contrast to many existing structural health monitoring schemes, the proposed approach is less model dependent and works well for both sudden and evolving damage, general loading conditions and complex structures. The instantaneous modal parameters, including modal frequency, mode shape vector and modal damping ratio, are introduced as a bridge between the system properties and time varying vibration modes. The theoretical background of the time-varying vibration modes is developed. It has been shown that for slowly time-varying systems such modes exist and the instantaneous modal parameters have a clear physical interpretation and can be identified from free and forced vibration responses. A set of known techniques are used in an innovative way to identify the instantaneous modal parameters. Applicability of the identification techniques depends on the nature and availability of measurement data. Wavelet ridge method is used to identify the instantaneous modal frequencies and normalized instantaneous mode shape vectors from free vibration data. Wavelet packet sifting technique in conjunction with Hilbert transform and confidence index is proposed to identify the normalized instantaneous mode shape vector from both free and forced vibration data. Time-varying Kalman filter is integrated with the wavelet packet sifting technique to identify the instantaneous modal frequencies and the instantaneous modal damping ratios from free and forced vibration data. The proposed approach has been validated using both simulation and experimental data. The simulation data is obtained from a multi-degree-of-freedom system with time varying stiffness under different loading conditions. Experimental data include both impact testing data from the ASCE benchmark study and shaking-table test data of a full-size two-story wooden building structure, conducted at DPRI, Kyoto University, Japan. It has been shown that the proposed approach can successfully detect and monitor damage and, therefore, has great potential for real applications."

"In this work an innovative wavelet packet based sifting process for signal decomposition has been developed and its application for health monitoring of time-varying structures is presented. With the proposed sifting process, a signal can be decomposed into its mono-frequency components by examining the energy content in the wavelet packet components of a signal, and imposing certain decomposition criteria. The method is illustrated for simulation data of a linear three degree-of-freedom spring-mass-damper system and the results are compared with those obtained using the empirical mode decomposition (EMD) method. Both methods provide good approximations, as compared with the exact solution for modal responses from a conventional modal analysis. Incorporated with the classical Hilbert transform, the proposed sifting process may be effectively used for structural health monitoring by monitoring instantaneous modal parameters of the structure for both, cases of abrupt structural stiffness loss and progressive stiffness degradation. The effectiveness of this method for practical application is evaluated by applying the methodology for experimental data and the results obtained matched with the field observations. The proposed methodology has shown better results in a comparison study which is done to evaluate performance of the proposed approach with other available SHM techniques, namely EMD technique and Continuous Wavelet Transform (CWT) method, for cases characterized by different damage scenarios and noise conditions."

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-27T16:57:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Edson Rodrigues da Silva.pdf: 2574600 bytes, checksum: fe11256e07c5f09808b243d5f8f0ce49 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-10-09 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This work aims to lead students in the 3rd year of high school to construct meaning to the idea of instantaneous rate of change. With this intention, and based on the premises of Didactic Engineering, we elaborated, applied and analyzed a didactic sequence for eight students of a public school in the state of São Paulo. As theoric support, we used the Theory of Didactical Situation (TDS) and the Representation Theory of Semiotics Register. The TDS assisted us in development, tests and analysis of results of didactic sequence, while the Representation Theory of Semiotics Registers emphasized the diversity and articulation of different registers of representation in mathematical activities. The analysis of didactic sequence indicated that teaching students in the 3rd year of high school, through the simultaneous mobilization of records graphing, algebraic and tabular can construct meaning to the idea of rate of change / O presente trabalho tem por objetivo conduzir estudantes do 3º ano do Ensino Médio a construir significado para a ideia de taxa de variação instantânea. Com esse intuito, e fundamentados nos pressupostos da Engenharia Didática, elaboramos, aplicamos e analisamos uma sequência didática para oito alunos de uma escola pública do Estado de São Paulo. Como aporte teórico utilizamos a Teoria das Situações Didáticas (TSD) e a Teoria de Registros de Representação Semiótica. A TSD nos auxiliou na elaboração, experimentação e análise dos resultados da sequência didática, enquanto a Teoria de Registros de Representação Semiótica, enfatizou a diversidade e a articulação de diferentes registros de representação nas atividades matemáticas. A análise da sequência didática apontou que estudantes do 3º ano do Ensino Médio, por meio da mobilização simultânea dos registros de representação gráfica, algébrica e tabular, podem construir significado para a ideia de taxa de variação

Este trabalho estuda a possibilidade de se adicionar funções de detecção e registro de eventos, que afetam a qualidade de energia elétrica, aos medidores eletrônicos de faturamento. A presença destes medidores na grande maioria dos consumidores ligados à média tensão transforma este recurso em uma poderosa ferramenta de análise. A existência de canais de comunicação remota nestes medidores facilita a coleta dos dados e seu armazenamento. Estes dados transferidos para sistemas com alta capacidade de processamento permitem uma análise mais precisa dos eventos que ocorrem em toda a rede. Foram consideradas as limitações dos medidores de faturamento quanto à sua capacidade de processamento, memória e taxa de amostragem. Os eventos que podem ser detectados com estes medidores ficam restritos a variações de tensão de curta duração (VTCDs) e transitórios oscilatórios de baixa freqüência. As funções criadas para registro de eventos podem ser usadas para registro de sinais em regime permanente, aumentando a capacidade de diagnóstico e análise da qualidade da energia elétrica em locais da rede. São utilizadas como técnicas de detecção de eventos: as variações dos valores eficazes, a decomposição de sinais, a Norma Euclidiana Instantânea (NEI) e a transformada wavelet (TW). / This work shows the possibility to add new functions for detection and registration of disturbances that affect power quality to electronic billing meters. The widespread installation of these meters in the power network makes this resource a powerful analysis tool. Remote communication channels in these meters create an easy way for reading and registering such power quality events. Data transferred to powerful processing systems allow accurate analysis of events occurring in the power grid. The limitations on billing meters, namely processing resources, memory availability and sampling rate, were taken into account. Despite these limitations, the electronic meters can handle short duration voltage events and low-frequency oscillatory transients. Those new functions can also be used for registering steady state phenomena, extending the ability to diagnose power quality problems throughout the power network. Techniques like RMS variations, signal decomposition, instantaneous Euclidian norm and wavelet transform were used for detection of the considered power quality events.

Este trabalho estuda a possibilidade de se adicionar funções de detecção e registro de eventos, que afetam a qualidade de energia elétrica, aos medidores eletrônicos de faturamento. A presença destes medidores na grande maioria dos consumidores ligados à média tensão transforma este recurso em uma poderosa ferramenta de análise. A existência de canais de comunicação remota nestes medidores facilita a coleta dos dados e seu armazenamento. Estes dados transferidos para sistemas com alta capacidade de processamento permitem uma análise mais precisa dos eventos que ocorrem em toda a rede. Foram consideradas as limitações dos medidores de faturamento quanto à sua capacidade de processamento, memória e taxa de amostragem. Os eventos que podem ser detectados com estes medidores ficam restritos a variações de tensão de curta duração (VTCDs) e transitórios oscilatórios de baixa freqüência. As funções criadas para registro de eventos podem ser usadas para registro de sinais em regime permanente, aumentando a capacidade de diagnóstico e análise da qualidade da energia elétrica em locais da rede. São utilizadas como técnicas de detecção de eventos: as variações dos valores eficazes, a decomposição de sinais, a Norma Euclidiana Instantânea (NEI) e a transformada wavelet (TW). / This work shows the possibility to add new functions for detection and registration of disturbances that affect power quality to electronic billing meters. The widespread installation of these meters in the power network makes this resource a powerful analysis tool. Remote communication channels in these meters create an easy way for reading and registering such power quality events. Data transferred to powerful processing systems allow accurate analysis of events occurring in the power grid. The limitations on billing meters, namely processing resources, memory availability and sampling rate, were taken into account. Despite these limitations, the electronic meters can handle short duration voltage events and low-frequency oscillatory transients. Those new functions can also be used for registering steady state phenomena, extending the ability to diagnose power quality problems throughout the power network. Techniques like RMS variations, signal decomposition, instantaneous Euclidian norm and wavelet transform were used for detection of the considered power quality events.