The purpose of this study is to assess the dewatering requirements of planned open pit nickel mining at &Ccedil / aldag Site in Western Turkey. Dewatering is required for safe and efficient working conditions and pit wall stability. With this scope, a groundwater model of the study area is developed and used to predict the dewatering rate. The methodology mainly involves data collection, site hydrogeologic characterization and development of conceptual model, followed by construction and use of a groundwater model to predict the dewatering requirements of the mine site. The groundwater flow modeling is carried out using MODFLOW software and the dewatering simulations are carried out using MODFLOW Drain package. The drain cell configuration is determined by pit boundaries and invert elevations of drains corresponded to the bench elevations that will be achieved with respect to the mining schedule. In the transient model runs, monthly time steps were used. Using the outflow from in-pit drain cells, the v monthly dewatering rates are calculated. In order to assess the impacts of the hydraulic conductivity of the laterite on the pit inflow rates, simulations were carried out for different values of hydraulic conductivity of laterites. The predicted flow rate using the calibrated model is 107.54 L/s. A tenfold reduction in the hydraulic conductivity of laterite resulted in three fourths of decrease in the flow rate (24.42 L/s). Consequently, a wide range of flow rates for different hydraulic conductivity values of laterite was calculated. In order to confirm the hydraulic conductivity of laterites in the area, and to obtain a realistic dewatering rate, further pumping tests are needed.

This thesis aims to explore the Ottoman Imperial Harem in the second half of the nineteenth century by focusing on the memoirs of Leyla Saz, a well-known poet and musician (1850-1936). Belonging to an aristocratic family, Leyla Saz was admitted to the &Ccedil / iragan Palace at the age of four as Fatma Sultane&rsquo / s, (daughter of Abd&uuml / lmecid) maid of honour and witnessed closely the daily life in the Harem for more than twenty years. Her memoirs, dating 1920, are the earliest examples written by a court member or, in other words, by an insider. They are particularly important for documenting not only the Imperial Harem as a disappeared socio-cultural institution, but also its architectural setting as part of the Old &Ccedil / iragan Palace, built in 1841 but demolished in 1857. Accordingly, this thesis seeks to reconstruct the Old Palace and its Harem architecturally and culturally by reading these memoirs in parallel to the related historical and theoretical literature. In so doing, it discusses whether the memoirs perpetuate or challenge the orientalist discourses.

This study aims to develop a method to investigate the relationship between socio-economic status of village settlements and some topographic variables using geographical information systems (GIS) and spatial statistical methods. The study area is &Ccedil / ankiri province, a mountainous region that lays at the northeast of Ankara. 331 villages represented by areal units are used in this study. 195 variables are used to extract a single socio-economic status indicator. First, all the variables are divided under three groups, namely economic, social and service. Principal Components Analysis (PCA) is used to construct an index indicating socio-economic status. The parameters that represent natural environment are / mean elevation, mean slope, mean aspect and the ratio of high quality soil in the total area, for each settlement unit. The data is visualized by choropleth, cartogram and 3D techniques. Then it is explored by using correlograms, spatial moving averages and geographically weighted regression (GWR). Finally linear non-spatial regression and spatial regression methods are utilized in order to establish a relation between the socio-economic status and environmental parameters.

The aim of this study is to extract information about mineral distribution and percentages of Oymaaga&ccedil / granitoid (Beypazari-Ankara) by using remote sensing techniques. Two methods are applied during the studies which are spectral analysis and Crosta techniques. Spectral measurements are done for fresh and weathered samples collected at 32 locations. Mineral percentages are calculated using spectral mixture analysis for each sample by considering main, accessory and secondary mineral content of granodiorite. A total of 10 endmembers for fresh samples and 15 for weathered samples are used. USGS spectral library data is utilized through the analyses. For Crosta technique (image analysis) the multispectral ASTER satellite image is used. Five alteration minerals are discriminated and their maps are generated during this analysis. Interpretation and comparison of the results of both methods and testing these results with the existing petrographical and geochemical data indicate that: 1) according to the results of both spectral analyses and Crosta technique a zonation is not observed in the granitoid, 2) comparison of the results for alteration minerals of these two analyses are partly compatible but not exactly similar, 3) Results of spectral analysis do not fit geochemical nor modal analyses because of inconsistency of the data sets.

This study introduces an approach that seeks a possible relationship between settlement locations, water resources and rock types. The method is applied to &Ccedil / ankiri province (central-north Anatolia) which covers approximately an area of 8380 km2. Three main data sets used in this study. These are settlement, water and rock type data.The methodology of the study is composed of five steps. The first step is the conversion of all water data into a standardized point data. Total number of point data for water is 23911 after this step. The second step is to find the distances between water resources and settlements. In the third step the densities of water resources and settlements are derived and then tested for the rock types in particular areas. The fourth step is the overlay analysis in which all three data sets are combined to find preferred and avoided regions of settlements in relation to water resources and rock types. In the last step all analyses are integrated to extract information on effect of two parameters on the selection of a site. The main conclusions derived from the analysis are that: a) the mean and median distances between settlements and water resources are, 285 m and 163 m respectively, b) there is a strong relationship between water resources and settlement area, c) old clastics is the mostly preferred rock type whereas the carbonate rocks are mostly avoided.

First settlements in Southeast Anatolia begun to appear as early as 10000 BC. Among all the unanswered questions about this early period, cult-related activities and cult buildings are widely studied due to their nature, which has strong connections with the social organization and early symbolism. During the last decade, Southeast Anatolia has provided new evidence for this early stage of development in human history. This study aims to examine cult buildings that have common characteristics / how they were treated and distributed. The settlement of Nevali &Ccedil / ori and its cult building is taken as an example and studied in detail. Other cult buildings with the same or similar architectural features are included in this study in order to discuss the roots, the distribution and the continuity of this Aceramic Neolithic tradition.

The building industry makes up a considerable fraction of world&amp / #8217 / s energy consumption. The adverse effects of a growing energy demand such as depletion in fossil fuel reserves and natural resources hassled the building industry to a search for new technologies that result in less energy consumption together with the maximum utilization of natural resources. Energy- and ecology-conscious European countries incorporated the well-being of occupants while conducting research on innovative technologies. In view of the fact that double-skin fa&ccedil / ades offer a healthy and comfortable milieu for the occupants and use natural resources hence consume less energy they became a promising invention for all concerns. The analysis of the performance of the double-skin fa&ccedil / ades and energy consumption is inconclusive at this time. However, based upon thermal performance analysis have been done so far, a double-skin fa&ccedil / ade perform better and provide some energy reduction, particularly on the heating side cycle, from a standard double glazed unit wall. The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between double-skin fa&ccedil / ades and building management systems in intelligent office buildings as they relate to energy efficiency issues thus to find out whether or not the integration of these systems into intelligent buildings provides optimization in energy performance and comfort conditions. The building for the case study, which is an intelligent office building incorporating a double-skin fa&ccedil / ade was selected as one that promises high comfort conditions for the occupants with low energy consumption. The working principles of integrated fa&ccedil / ade systems, together with their advantages and disadvantages were investigated by means of the case study. It was concluded that due to their high initial costs, these systems offer no real advantages for today. However with the inevitable exhaustion of fossil fuels that is foreseen for the future, these systems would become an innovative solution in terms of energy conservation.

Nowadays, many cities try to turn their historic city centers into centers of attraction both for inhabitants and visitors by reorganizing and revitalizing them. These reorganization and revitalization processes change the users of the place as well as its physical structure. Thus, this change also creates deep impacts on human-place relationship. Traces of these impacts can be observed via &lsquo / sense of place&rsquo / and &lsquo / place image&rsquo / concepts. Studying these concepts is difficult due to their subjectivity / however, it is necessary to understand the change of place in all dimensions. It is possible to observe a similar process in Kalei&ccedil / i, the historic city center of Antalya. This research examines the process of change in Kalei&ccedil / i over the last five decades regarding the impacts on the &lsquo / sense of place&rsquo / and &lsquo / place image&rsquo / . It identifies &lsquo / physical setting&rsquo / , &lsquo / activity&rsquo / and &lsquo / meaning&rsquo / as observable components of these concepts / and it examines the change in these components through the in-depth interviews with three different user groups (i.e., users before 1980, those after 1980 and present users) and cognitive maps. The research considers that the first conservation practices in Kalei&ccedil / i started in 1980s, thus, it examines the change in &lsquo / sense of place&rsquo / under the headings of before 1980, after 1980 and present time. This research shows that the &lsquo / sense of place&rsquo / and &lsquo / place image&rsquo / between these user groups vary significantly. It indicates that the sense of place of the first user group is generated mostly regarding &lsquo / meaning&rsquo / component shaped by experiences / whereas the sense of place of the second and third category users mostly relates with physical environment and historical identity of the place. Besides, this research comes to a conclusion that there is a direct link between the change in sense of place and the efforts of turning the area into a center of attraction for tourism.

The abolition of the Bektashi Order in 1826 was a turning point for Bektashism. Although the Order was abolished, Bektashism continued to exist clandestinely. The reasons of the abolition are explained extensively by the chroniclers which gave official reasons of the abolition. One of the reasons is that Bektashism was abolished due to its connection with the Janissary Corps. Following the abolition Bektashism was subjected to severe control of the Ottoman Empire. Initially, some Bektashi disciples were exiled, and others were executed in Istanbul. The Bektashi tekkes were destroyed and their waqf revenues were confiscated. Thus, the structure of the Bektashi Order changed after the abolition without ceasing. Moreover, it is known that the Bektashi tradition in the nineteenth century declined. As a result of the abolition, the unity within the Order ended, and the leadership struggle within Bektashism between the &Ccedil / elebi and the Babag&acirc / n became apparent. In this sense, from this struggle within the Order arose issues, such as lineage claims, the representation problem and waqf administration. In the historical context the Ottoman Empire was interested more in the &Ccedil / elebi branch. On the contrary, the Babag&acirc / n branch did not have any official relation with the Ottoman Empire. Therefore the &Ccedil / elebi branch played an important role in comparison with the Babag&acirc / n branch. In this thesis, I analyze the discussions inside the Order resulting from the abolition on Bektashism, which were voiced by the main branches of the Bektashi Order at the end of the nineteenth century.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the process optimization of combined high pressure acid leaching (HPAL) and mixed hydroxide precipitation (MHP) route for the extraction of nickel and cobalt from &Ccedil / aldag lateritic nickel ore. In order to extract nickel and cobalt values into pregnant leach solution (PLS), several process parameters of HPAL including acid load, temperature, leaching duration and particle size were investigated in comparative manner at constant solid concentration and agitation speed. After HPAL trials, it has been found that more than one combination of parameters offered higher than 90% extraction efficiencies for both nickel and cobalt. Among them, 0.325 kg/kg acid load, 250&deg / C, 1 hour duration and 100% -1 mm particle size was selected as the optimum conditions with 94.1% Ni and 94.0% Co extractions. A stock of PLS was prepared under the stated conditions that was treated by downstream operations in order to obtain MHP. Initially by two-stage iron removal of downstream operations major impurities iron, chromium and aluminum were nearly completely removed with acceptable nickel and cobalt losses from PLS. Then, the nickel and cobalt were precipitated by two-stage mixed hydroxide precipitation. In the first step of MHP, the optimum conditions were chosen as pH=7.10, 60&deg / C and 1 hour duration. The intermediate product obtained at these conditions contained 44.3% Ni, 3.01% Co with 3.06% Mn contamination. In summary, it was found that &Ccedil / aldag nickel laterite ore was readily leachable under HPAL conditions and PLS obtained was easily treatable in order to produce saleable MHP.