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Finansų inžinerijos dėka buvo sukurti egzotiniai opcionai, kurie patrauklūs investuotojams dėl didesnio nei standartiniai opcionai pelningumo ir nestandartizacijos. Pastaraisiais metais padidėjo užbiržinėje rinkoje prekiaujamų egzotinių opcionų likvidumas, dėl ko investuotojams jie tapo dar patrauklesni. Finansų institucijos, norėdamos pasiūlyti investuotojams geriausiai jų lūkesčius atitinkančius finansinius instrumentus, konkuruoja tarpusavyje dėl naujų egzotinių opcionų kūrimo. Egzotiniai opcionai gali būti kuriami ne tik akcijų, indeksų, palūkanų normų ar valiutų pagrindu, bet netgi realiai neegzistuojančio turto pagrindu. Dėl tokios egzotinių opcionų įvairovės kyla egzotinių opcionų vertinimo problema. Darbo objektas – egzotiniai opcionai kaip kintamos vertės išvestinės finansinės priemonės. Darbo tikslas – išnagrinėjus egzotinių opcionų savybes ir įkainojimo metodus, suformuoti modelį egzotinių opcionų vertinimui ir atlikti modelio parametrų jautrumo analizę. Mokslinės finansų literatūros analizė parodė, kad opcionai gali būti naudojami apsidraudimo nuo rizikos arba spekuliaciniais tikslais. Išnagrinėjusi opcionų savybes ir egzotinių opcionų klasifikacijas, autorė pasiūlė savo sukurtą egzotinių opcionų klasifikaciją, kuri priklauso nuo opciono charakteristikų. Išnagrinėjus mokslinę literatūrą nustatyta, kad vertinant opcionus svarbiausia atsižvelgti į opcionų vertę sudarančius parametrus: bazinio turto rinkos kainą bei jos kintamumą, vykdymo kainą, nerizikingą palūkanų... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Financial engineering have created exotic options that are more attractive to investors for more profitability than plain-vanilla options and non-standartization. Recently years have grown liquidity on OTC tradable options, and they became even more attractive for investors. Financial institutions compete for new exotic option creation, because they want to offer investors the best financial instruments for their expectations. Exotic options could be created not only on stocks, index, interest rates or currency bases, but even on not real-existed asset. There exists a problem of exotic options valuation, because there are a big variety of exotic options. The object of the study – exotic options as variable value derivatives. The purpose of the study – after analyse of characteristics and pricing methods of options, create a model for exotic options evaluation and make model parameters sensitivity analysis. The findings of the scholar finance literature pointed, that options could be used for hedging from risks or speculation. After analysis of options characteristics and exotic options classifications, authoress offer new exotic options classification, which depends on option characteristics. To summarize of scolar literature pointed, that the most important for valuing options is their parameters: strike price, underlying spot price and volatility, risk free rate, maturity and, if it is, dividens. After comparable analysis it emerged, that exotic options greeks functions... [to full text]

My work is a socio-historical study of the institution of the gymnasium in Egypt, of its evolution and role in the assertion of certain aspects of ‘Greek identity’ in Ptolemaic and early Roman times. It is divided into four sections. (1) Attention is devoted to the study of the gymnasium itself, as institution, analysing its diffusion, foundation, internal organisation and the role played by associations which were hosted therein. The constitution and the characteristics of the governing body (with special attention to the role of the gymnasiarchs) and the financial matters relevant to the gymnasium allow one to draw conclusions on its legal status and social role: it is shown how the gymnasium of Egypt operated in a completely different way from the traditional one which is normally assumed for the Greek poleis, especially of mainland Greece and above all Athens. A possible model of influence is suggested. (2) Starting from the rules of admission into the gymnasium and from the treatment of the outsiders, the social status and social composition of the members of the gymnasium are object of enquiry, focusing on the links with the army and the public administration. It is argued that the gymnasial community should be considered as a complex reality, formed by different components belonging to various levels of the social strata. (3) Educational, religious and recreational activities carried out in the premises of the gymnasium or strictly connected to it are taken into account to give an idea of the ‘daily life’ of the institution and of the ‘behaviour’ of its people, which was likely to be the result of a feeling of ‘shared identity’. (4) The concluding section draws the attention to the issue of identity of the people of the gymnasium more clearly: relation with the ‘others’ and idea of Greekness the people of the gymnasium had about themselves (influenced by the rulers’ policies), access to gymnasia, onomastics, elite classes, mixed marriages, reception of Egyptian burial methods and cults, advantage of ‘going Greek’. It is argued that, although having in the gymnasium the key-element for the assertion of their identity and status of Hellenes, the ‘Greeks’ of Egypt displayed complex patterns of mixed identities and were thoroughly embedded in the social, cultural, religious, and administrative environment of Egypt.

M.A. (Greek) / The main purpose of this study has been to investigate the work of Greek poets in South Africa's Hellenic Diaspora from 1960 up to date, a period of a more voiummous artistic production due to the noticeable increase in the number of new Hellene immigrants and the innovative cultural atmosphere they brought along. Under this perspective, we examined the forces which led individuals to artistic creation with special focus on the relation between national identity and poetic production. Research has initially been based on poem collections, personal interviews as well as on newspaper articles, magazine publications and schedules of events which constitute our primary resources. In due course, lexicons and encyclopaedias were used to clarify terminology and semantics, as well as p!Cvious studies and relevant bibliography in order to prove, substantiate and enrich our present study. Implementation of quantitative and qualitative approaches with the use of questionnaires, interviews and data analysis rendered our project the following form: In the first chapter, Hellas is examined as the poets' country of origin in order to investigate the possible historic and literary influences carried over by the Greek poets to their new home. A history review of the period between the Second World War and 1974 was conducted examining the Hellenic socio-economic conditions predominant during the said period, which are likely to have led individuals into emigrating, as well as the post-war Hellenic literary development…

Longtemps relégués à un rôle secondaire dans les études consacrées à la Cyrénaïque antique, les Libyens et les relations qu’ils ont entretenues avec les Grecs, puis les Romains, n’avaient été envisagés que sous le prisme de l’hellénisation et de la romanisation. En s’inscrivant dans le cadre de l’évolution historiographique qui, dans ces dernières décennies, s’est consacrée davantage à prendre en considération les deux acteurs de l’interaction, l’objectif de cette thèse est de comprendre comment la rencontre de deux milieux hétérogènes, restés en contact pendant plusieurs siècles, a donné lieu à des influences réciproques et dans quels domaines celles-ci sont apparues. Notre étude se limite aux frontières politiques de la zone d’influence grecque fixées par le diagramma de Ptolémée Ier à Authamalax (actuelle Bu Sceefa) à l’ouest et au Katabathmos Megas (actuelle Solloum) à l’est. Les limites chronologiques quant à elles, sont comprises entre la fondation de Cyrène vers 631 av. J.-C. et le déclin du paganisme au IVe s. ap. J.-C. Organisé en sept chapitres thématiques, le présent travail propose de mettre en perspective les influences réciproques qui se sont opérées entre les Gréco-Romains et les Libyens dans les domaines socio-politique, culturel, religieux et économique à partir des données archéologiques et historiques. / For a long time relegated to a secondary role in the studies of ancient Cyrenaica, Libyans and the relationships they had with Greeks, then Romans, had been considered only through the prism of hellenization and romanization. In joining the framework of the historiographical evolution, which in recent decades has devoted more to consider both interaction’s actors, the objective of this thesis is to understand how the meeting of two heterogeneous circles, kept in touch for several centuries, has resulted in reciprocal influences and in which domains they appeared. Our study is limited to the political boundaries of the greek influence’s area set by the diagramma of Ptolemy I to Authamalax (current Bu Sceefa) to the west and in Katabathmos Megas (current Sollum) to the east. As for the chronological limits, they are included between the foundation of Cyrene towards 631 B.C. and the paganism’s decline in the fourth century A.D. Organized into seven thematic chapters, the present work proposes to put into perspective the reciprocal influences that have occurred between Graeco-Romans and Libyans in the socio-political, cultural, religious and economic spheres from the archaeological and historical data.

This essay is about use, misuse and non-use of history in politics. To recognize genocide is a use of history that has been established in politics, but also sparked debate. The position of non-use of history in international policy towards Turkey's denial policy has increasingly been replaced by recognition of genocide as a matter of making up with the story, moral consider, and where fundamental issues of culture, identity, history and morality has become guiding element in the discourse behind European expansion and integration policies. A breakthrough for this change is due to the Cold War's end; since the 1980s it has become possible to realize the humanitarianism which has its roots in the Enlightenment humanism underlying the United Nations, and later the EU conventions on human rights and genocide conventions. A genocide concept has become an important discourse in world politics that puts moral pressure on states to act. Parliamentary recognition of the genocide of the Armenians, Assyrians / Syrians / Chaldeans and Pontic Greeks, is partly redress for the victims and their descendants, but also an opportunity for reconciliation.

<p>Numerical methods such as Monte Carlo method (MCM), finite difference method (FDM) and finite element method (FEM) have been successfully implemented to solve financial partial differential equations (PDEs). Sophisticated computational algorithms are strongly desired to further improve accuracy and efficiency.</p><p>The relatively new spectral element method (SEM) combines the exponential convergence of spectral method and the geometric flexibility of FEM. This dissertation carefully investigates SEM on the pricing of European options and their Greeks (Delta, Gamma and Theta). The essential techniques, Gauss quadrature rules, are thoroughly discussed and developed. The spectral element method and its error analysis are briefly introduced first and expanded in details afterwards.</p><p>Multi-element spectral element method (ME-SEM) for the Black-Scholes PDE is derived on European put options with and without dividend and on a condor option with a more complicated payoff. Under the same Crank-Nicolson approach for the time integration, the SEM shows significant accuracy increase and time cost reduction over the FDM. A novel discontinuous payoff spectral element method (DP-SEM) is invented and numerically validated on a European binary put option. The SEM is also applied to the constant elasticity of variance (CEV) model and verified with the MCM and the valuation formula. The Stochastic Alpha Beta Rho (SABR) model is solved with multi-dimensional spectral element method (MD-SEM) on a European put option. Error convergence for option prices and Greeks with respect to the number of grid points and the time step is analyzed and illustrated.</p> / Dissertation

The history of Hellenistic Bactria (northern Afghanistan, and areas of Tajikistan and Uzbekistan) is particularly obscure and its reconstruction contentious. Unlike other Hellenistic kingdoms very little evidence survives from literary sources and inscriptions; the best primary source is the large quantity of coins issued under the Graeco-Bactrian kings who ruled the area from the third century to the mid first century BC. With limited details of the find spots of the coins and only a few published hoards, their use has often been limited to a superficial analysis of their iconography. This thesis presents the results of a die study, an approach to studying the coins that can give many insights into the way they were produced. The coins of six kings (Euthydemus I, Demetrius I, Euthydemus II, Pantaleon, Agathocles, and Antimachus I) are included. Different mints and rhythms of production can be identified, and the overall size of the coinages estimated. Using a thorough understanding of their production this thesis proposes a new, soundly-based, history of the Graeco-Bactrian kingdom under these kings.

Doctorat en philosophie et lettres / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Warrants are modern investment gear product. They are emitted by famous financial institution and dedicated for small investors. The main object of this diploma thesis is to analyse warrants. In first part of the thesis is theoretical background of warrants, pricing models, etc. Second part is mainly focused on investment strategies and stockjobbing. In the last part is comparsion to other financial products and also practical investment introduction are included.