Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:22:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Joao Antonio da Silva Filho.pdf: 830701 bytes, checksum: 3769e826c5e73436c0b8dd1809a849f2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-09-13 / Whenever one mentions the word democracy, it is common that this is associated with the experience of the ancient greeks, whose elaborations passed into history as a synthesis of this form of government. Since then, the supremacy of the democratic system is exalted and presented as the most advanced - under any conditions - even in political regimes with little or no popular participation. Even governments listed in the category of dictatorships guarantee rule under the aegis of "popular participation", one of the assumptions contained in the etymology of the term itself democracy. Be a democrat in these days, so it would be the clearest way of saying that someone is adamant defender of popular control over the state. This paper investigates the origins of democracy, is a historical tour through the universe greek, weaves connections between this experience and others lived in later times until nowadays to propose philosophical reflections on the future of democracy and its variables in the political world. The completion of the object under study in this research is straightforward: humanity sought, met and experienced many political experiences from the greek polis, but democracy was the best contributed to the politicization of society - something that took the italian philosopher Norberto Bobbio to classify as the form of government whose "natural state is to be in transformation." Among others, this was the motivation of the use of the work of Bobbio as a central reference for this work. After all, democracy building is a task that was only initiated by the greeks and passes along the human existence, as something to be built in the likeness of each society / Sempre que se fala a palavra democracia, é comum que esta seja associada à experiência dos gregos da Antiguidade, cujas elaborações passaram à história como síntese desta forma de governo. Desde então, a supremacia do sistema democrático é exaltada e apresentada como a mais avançada - em quaisquer condições mesmo em regimes políticos com pouca ou nenhuma participação popular. Até mesmo governos listados na categoria de ditaduras garantem governar sob a égide da participação popular , um dos pressupostos contidos na etimologia do próprio termo democracia. Ser um democrata nos dias atuais, portanto, seria a forma mais clara de dizer que alguém é defensor intransigente do controle popular sobre o Estado. Este trabalho investiga as origens da democracia, faz um passeio histórico pelo universo grego, tece conexões entre aquela experiência e outras vividas em épocas posteriores até a contemporaneidade para propor reflexões filosóficas sobre o futuro da democracia e suas variáveis no mundo político. A conclusão do objeto em estudo nesta pesquisa é direta: a humanidade buscou, conheceu e vivenciou diversas experiências políticas desde as polis gregas, mas a democracia foi a que melhor contribuiu para a politização das sociedades algo que levou o filósofo italiano Norberto Bobbio a classificar como a forma de governo cujo estado natural é estar em transformação . Dentre outras, esta foi a motivação do uso da obra de Bobbio como referência central para este trabalho. Afinal, a construção da democracia é tarefa que apenas foi iniciada pelos gregos e passa, ao longo da existência humana, como algo a ser construído à semelhança de cada sociedade

O Genocídio Armênio (1914-1916), reconhecido por alguns estudiosos como o protótipo do genocídio moderno, é negado até hoje pelo governo turco, apesar dos protestos da comunidade armênia dispersa em todo o mundo. Oficialmente, a Turquia reconhece que ocorreram muitas mortes, mas nega a intenção estatal do ato genocida. Na mesma época ou até mesmo um pouco antes, os gregos a outra grande minoria cristã do Império Otomano também sofreram massacres e perseguições, com um saldo de centenas de milhares de mortos, vivenciando situações semelhantes às sofridas pelos armênios. Sob este mesmo viés, movimentos nacionalistas e imperialistas europeus levaram à perda significativa de territórios do Império Otomano, forçando, em consequência, a mobilização de centenas de milhares de muçulmanos que, fugindo do domínio cristão, instalaram-se na Anatólia, fortalecendo as questões etno-religiosas. Hoje, essas histórias seguem sendo motivo de questionamento, ainda que esquecidas ou silenciadas por alguns grupos. O objetivo deste estudo é contribuir para a elucidação desta polêmica, reunindo um conjunto de informações que permita uma compreensão mais ampla do assunto. Com base na historiografia especializada no tema, procuramos inventariar e comparar as versões de diversos autores, cujos discursos são complementares ou mesmo antagônicos, bem como a posição oficial do governo turco, postada no site do Ministério das Relações Internacionais da Turquia. Somam-se aqui os testemunhos de sobreviventes e as declarações de diplomatas e missionários estrangeiros que presenciaram os acontecimentos. / The Armenian Genocide (1914-1916), recognized by some scholars as the prototipe of the modern genocide, is denied by the turkish government even today, despite the protests of the armenian community around the world. Officially, Turkey recognizes that many people died in the period, but denies the genocidal intent. At the same time or little before. The greeks the other major minority of the Ottoman Empire also suffered with massacres and persecutions, resulting in hundreds of thousands dead, experiencing similar situations as those suffered by the Armenians. In the same period, nationalist and imperialist movements led to great losses of territory of the Ottoman Empire, forcing, as a result, the mobilization of hundreds of thousands of muslims, escaping from the Christian rule, who settled at Anatólia, stressing the etno-religious conflicts. Today, those stories are still a reason to argue, even if forgotten or silenced by some groups. The intention of this work is help on the elucidation of the polemica, collecting a set of informations that may allow a wider understanding of the subject. Using the specialized historiography, we tried to catalogue and compare the many opinions of authors, whose speeches are complementary or even opposing, as well as the official version of the Turkish government, posted at the Ministery of Foreign Affairs website. Here is added the voices of the survivors and the statements of foreign missionaries and diplomats, who witnessed the events.

Ce travail de thèse entend prendre en compte l'analyse d'un groupe humain évoluant dans un cadre géographique trop longtemps délaissé par l'historiographie et pour une période chronologique élargie par rapport à la tradition consacrée. Les Grecs, qui quittent leurs cadres de vie originels sous l'effet de causes variées (exils suite à la conquête ottomane intérêts économiques, humanistes ou religieux) entre le début du XVe siècle et la fin du XVI" siècle, se dirigent e majorité vers la Péninsule italienne. Certains n'y effectuent qu'un passage quand d'autres décident de s'implante durablement. Or, la chaîne montagneuse des Alpes a semble-t-il fait office de barrière infranchissable pour les Grecs aux yeux de nombre d'historiens. Or, les Grecs se déplacent hors d'Italie, quoiqu'en nombre très restreint : comme en Italie certains ne restent pas et d'autres s'installent. Leur étude révèle des logiques et des comportements originaux par rapport à ce qu'on observe plus au sud (comme l'organisation grecque en milieu urbain). La reprise de toute la documentation disponible mène à l'étude de trois axes majeurs : la construction d'une prosopographie grecque au nord des Alpes l'analyse des comportements sociaux des Grecs entre eux et avec les locaux ; une analyse fine des textes occidentaux que cherchent à comprendre, expliquer et verbaliser l'apparition de populations largement mal connues, souvent fantasmée et fréquemment décrites en des termes qui diffèrent de la vision personnelle que les Grecs peuvent avoir d'eux-mêmes. Toute l'analyse mène donc à une nouvelle approche de la fabrique des identités grecques. / The aim of this work is about studying mechanisms of identities' creation. Indeed, The Greeks are people who were leaded to leave Greece because of political (the rise of the Turks), economics (some are merchant) or religious reasons (some became Catholics since the council of Florence in 1439). For these reasons, the Greeks came first to Italy. Few of them decided to follow their path to Northern Europe, towards England, Burgundian States and France. Of course, they were only a handful of them, but we tried to understand who were they and what was their purpose. First we determined what were their number their qualities, their activities and their intentions. Secondly, we tried to evaluate the Greeks as strangers or as members diasporic groups like the historiography traditionally qualify the m. We brought to light that the Greeks couldn't be understood as rigid societies which were never changing: sometimes they were received as strangers and excluded from western societies sometimes not. A Greek could change during his life : he could be a poor and foreigner migrant during a certain period an then become a rich merchant integrated to a western society few years later. The third part of our work was to understand t meaning of the word 'Greek' which is often applied in documents: did the word 'Greek' get the same meaning in England in France, during the early fifteenth century or the end of the sixteenth century? Of course, not. We explained the documentation built a stereotypical speech about the Greeks, about what they were supposed to be, to eat, to wear, to spear or to pray . This is the Greek Identities' Laboratory.

Ce travail se concentre sur le cours d'analyse enseigné à l'École polytechnique de 1795 à 1809. En devenant professeurs, plusieurs mathématiciens au tournant du 19ème siècle y ont contribué par des ouvrages importants d’Analyse. Parmi eux, Joseph-Louis Lagrange (1736-1813) joua un rôle central, en y devenant le premier Institutor d'analyse. Les trois premiers chapitres de cette thèse se focalisent sur les leçons que Lagrange donna de 1795 à 1799. En insistant sur le fait que Lagrange enseignait l'arithmétique à l’École Polytechnique avant son cours d'analyse, la première partie de cette thèse clarifie les raisons pour lesquelles de Lagrange incorporait ces éléments d’arithmétique et leur relation avec le cours d’analyse. Cette étude fournit une discussion détaillée des concepts fondamentaux des mathématiques dans les cours de Lagrange. Ainsi, on y montre que l'intention de Lagrange est de lier des branches différentes de l'analyse à l'algèbre à l'arithmétique. Ce travail montre de quelles façons et en quels termes Lagrange unifie ces branches. De plus, cette thèse met l'accent sur les valeurs épistémologiques que Lagrange poursuit et défend dans ses travaux mathématiques, sur la base desquelles Lagrange a choisi la méthode des développements des fonctions en séries pour présenter les principes du calcul différentiel. La but de la deuxième partie de cette thèse est de montrer à quel point le cours de Lagrange à l'Ecole Polytechnique a influencé l'enseignement de trois autres professeurs: Joseph Fourier (1768-1830), Jean-Guillaume Garnier (1766-1840) et Sylvestre-François Lacroix (1765-1843). Fourier inventa une nouvelle méthode en croisant la méthode de Lagrange et la méthode des limites. Garnier et Lacroix suivent essentiellement la méthode de Fourier, mais avec quelques modifications. En comparant les deux traités du calcul différentiel de Lacroix, cette étude montre que la pratique de l’enseignement, ainsi que la destination des élèves de l’École Polytechnique ont constitué des facteurs importants dans l’évolution des principes du calcul différentiel et de leur présentation / This work studies the courses of analysis taught at the Ecole Polytechnique (EP) from 1795 until 1809. Several mathematicians of the eighteenth century contributed important works as they practiced the teaching of analysis at this school. Joseph-Louis Lagrange (1736-1813) was the central figure, who had been the first professor of the course of analysis at the EP and had great impact on his successors. In order to show in which way and to what degree the lectures that Lagrange gave exerted influence on the teaching of analysis at the EP, this dissertation gives a detailed discussion on Lagrange’s publications and courses of analysis, as well as those by other teachers, i.e. Joseph Fourier(1768-1830), Jean-GuillaumeGarnier(1766-1840)andSylvestre-FrançoisLacroix (1765-1843). It achieves the following conclusions. First, Lagrange, taking into account the utility for students, chose to found analysis on the method of the developments of functions in series, so that analysis could be united with algebra, and arithmetic as well. Second, Lagrange’s approach to differential calculus, as well as the epistemic values he pursued in his mathematical works, provided influential source for the teaching of analysis by other professors. The thesis is that the three professors who taught beside or after Lagrange followed Lagrange’s ideas, although each made some modifications on his own course

Thesis (M.Th. (New Testament))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2006.

This dissertation investigates how the Greeks of the Trojan War and Alexander the Great are presented in Old French and Middle English literature. These ancient Greeks are depicted ambiguously: they share some of the characteristics of Jews and Saracens as they are portrayed in medieval literature. The thesis begins with an overview of the frameworks used to define ancient Greek identity. These include the philosophical heritage Greece left to the medieval West; the framework of Jewish identity, encompassing “variable characterization” and the hermeneutics of supersession; and the historical template, seen through the Orosian paradigm of translatio imperii and the Trojan foundation myth. The first chapter examines the Roman de Troie of Benoît de Sainte-Maure. The Greeks of the Trojan War are noble and valorous, but through their gift of the Trojan horse and sack of Troy, they display the treachery associated with post-Incarnation Jews and the cruelty and violence associated with Saracens. Due to the myth that the Trojans founded the Roman people, through their siege of Troy, the Greeks seem like the movers of imperium, the authority to rule, from Troy to Rome, which will eventually become a Christian empire. In the second chapter, I turn to the depiction of Alexander in Thomas of Kent’s Roman de toute chevalerie and the Middle English Wars of Alexander. In the Roman de toute chevalerie, Alexander is ambiguous: he is chivalrous, learned, and even a proto-Christian, though he himself assumes some typical Saracen characteristics. Alexander participates in translatio imperii, holding the right to rule in its Orosian succession and providing a model of empire to Rome. The Wars of Alexander witnesses the changes wrought to Alexander’s depiction in the fourteenth century due to revised views of chivalry, eschatology and crusade. The third chapter investigates the depiction of the Greek Diomede in Chaucer’s Troilus and Criseyde, a depiction informed by classical ideas and Chaucer’s depictions of Jews and Saracens in his other works. Diomede is both treacherous and cruel, seen in his seduction of Criseyde, rather than in battle. The ending of the tale posits a proto-Christian identity for Troilus and the Trojans, and suggests that Diomede participates in the supersession of the Greeks by the Trojans. Greeks function as movers of imperium, and are necessary for the beginnings of Christian empire.

This dissertation investigates how the Greeks of the Trojan War and Alexander the Great are presented in Old French and Middle English literature. These ancient Greeks are depicted ambiguously: they share some of the characteristics of Jews and Saracens as they are portrayed in medieval literature. The thesis begins with an overview of the frameworks used to define ancient Greek identity. These include the philosophical heritage Greece left to the medieval West; the framework of Jewish identity, encompassing “variable characterization” and the hermeneutics of supersession; and the historical template, seen through the Orosian paradigm of translatio imperii and the Trojan foundation myth. The first chapter examines the Roman de Troie of Benoît de Sainte-Maure. The Greeks of the Trojan War are noble and valorous, but through their gift of the Trojan horse and sack of Troy, they display the treachery associated with post-Incarnation Jews and the cruelty and violence associated with Saracens. Due to the myth that the Trojans founded the Roman people, through their siege of Troy, the Greeks seem like the movers of imperium, the authority to rule, from Troy to Rome, which will eventually become a Christian empire. In the second chapter, I turn to the depiction of Alexander in Thomas of Kent’s Roman de toute chevalerie and the Middle English Wars of Alexander. In the Roman de toute chevalerie, Alexander is ambiguous: he is chivalrous, learned, and even a proto-Christian, though he himself assumes some typical Saracen characteristics. Alexander participates in translatio imperii, holding the right to rule in its Orosian succession and providing a model of empire to Rome. The Wars of Alexander witnesses the changes wrought to Alexander’s depiction in the fourteenth century due to revised views of chivalry, eschatology and crusade. The third chapter investigates the depiction of the Greek Diomede in Chaucer’s Troilus and Criseyde, a depiction informed by classical ideas and Chaucer’s depictions of Jews and Saracens in his other works. Diomede is both treacherous and cruel, seen in his seduction of Criseyde, rather than in battle. The ending of the tale posits a proto-Christian identity for Troilus and the Trojans, and suggests that Diomede participates in the supersession of the Greeks by the Trojans. Greeks function as movers of imperium, and are necessary for the beginnings of Christian empire.

This article presents a new approach for calculating sensitivities of European swaptions. The sensitivities are found by applying an adjoint method to a stochastic volatility model, namely the SABR/LIBOR market model. This market model predicts the volatility smile and follows the market fluctuations more accurately than earlier used deterministic volatility market models for complex derivatives. The new adjoint method involves not only sensitivity calculations, it also presents a way of estimating the time discretization error using an a posteriori approach. The error calculation is described in this document but not investigated further. The first step in order to calculate the sensitivities is to calibrate the SABR/LIBOR market model to some market data. In our calculations we used data from June 15 2011 with 6 month intervals between the maturity times. When this calibration is complete all of the parameters in the SABR/LIBOR market model are specified and we can continue with the sensitivity calculations using the new adjoint method. The results from these calculations show that the method is a good choice for estimating sensitivities if we consider a complex financial derivative like the European swaption. The method is quite computational so we recommend that it is only used on a small number of securities with respect to a large number of parameters. The method provides more market-driven price and sensitivity estimations than earlier used methods and can benefit hedging of portfolios.

Ce travail est une analyse historique de l'experience migratoire feminine, examinee par le coin de femmes emigrants grecques. Le zenith de l'emigration grecque au Canada se date aux premieres annees apres la Deuxieme Guerre Mondiale, quand la situation politique, economique et sociale en Grece combinee avec les regulations etabli par le Canada sur l'emigration ont contribue au mouvement des plusieurs femmes grecques vers ce qui semblait comme un 'meilleur future'. Cette these qui tient comme base les temoignages oraux, examine les fonds des femmes grecques, leurs experiences au Canada, leurs activites et leurs identites transnationales. / Bien que plusieurs travaux d'academiciens on analyse la perspective feminine de phenomenes migratoires, peu d'attention est attribue au cas des femmes de l'Europe du Sud (une categorie d'emigrants un favorise) comme les Grecs. En plus, plusieurs travaux ont echoue de creer une analyse profonde et sensitive vers feminite, que pourra surmonter les stereotypes, les prejuges et les preconceptions sur feminite. Cette approche aspire d'introduire une dimension analytique importante, cella du transnationalisme, concernant les roles sociaux, les identites et les activites des femmes emigrants grecques. Finalement les temoignages oraux atteint un role central pour le caractere et la realisation de cette these.

This dissertation aims at studying underlying cultural conflicts in Corinth and Paul's approach thereto. Firstly, the cultural underlays in the congregation of Corinth are revisited, with special reference to the presence of Greeks, Romans and Jews in the congregation which came into being there. This theme is explored by studying the meaning of culture, the archaeological data, as well as Biblical data and other historical data regarding these cultures and Corinth. Furthermore attention is given to the way in which these three cultures were reflected in Paul's own background. In conclusion Paul's approach to the conflict is delineated in terms of positive and negative renderings of the concept "becoming a slave to fellow humans". Special focus is given to 1 Corinthians 9:19-23 as a key pericope in this regard. The deduction made in this dissertation is that Paul disregards his own cultural heritage and makes himself a slave to people on behalf of winning people for Christ, without allowing people (or cultural groups) to rule him as masters. / Thesis (M.Th. (New Testament))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2006