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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
41

Infecção natural e experimental de cucurbitáceas com o vírus do mosaico do mamoeiro - estirpe mamoeiro e implicações epidemiológicas / Natural and experimental infection of cucurbits with the Papaya ringspot virus type P and epidemiological implication

Pedro Javier Mansilla Córdova 26 January 2011 (has links)
Entre as hospedeiras de invasão sistêmica do vírus do mosaico do mamoeiro - estirpe mamoeiro (Papaya ringspot virus type P; PRSV-P) encontram-se espécies de cucurbitáceas, cuja suscetibilidade à transmissão experimental, mecânica e com afídeos, é variável. A literatura nacional e internacional apresenta resultados distintos quanto à recuperação desse vírus a partir de cucurbitáceas presentes próximas ou no interior de plantios de mamoeiros infectados com esse vírus. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar em casa de vegetação a suscetibilidade de quatro espécies de cucurbitáceas a cinco isolados do PRSV-P obtidos de diferentes regiões do Brasil e inoculados de forma mecânica. Visou também estudar a infecção natural de cucurbitáceas cultivadas nas entrelinhas ou próximas de mamoeiros com mosaico. Para o desenvolvimento do trabalho em casa-de-vegetação os isolados do PRSV-P mantidos em mamoeiros, foram inoculados nos cotilédones de abobrinha de moita cv. Caserta, moranga cv. Exposição, pepino híbrido Primepack Plus e melancia cv. Crimson Sweet. As plantas foram avaliadas com base nos sintomas e indexadas por PTA-ELISA, e recuperação biológica do biótipo P do PRSV através de inoculações em mamoeiro. A confirmação da infecção dos mamoeiros foi realizada da mesma forma, por sintomatologia e indexação por PTA-ELISA. A abobrinha de moita foi a espécie mais suscetível aos cinco isolados do PRSV-P, seguida da melancia e do pepino. Não foi possível transmitir o vírus a moranga cv. Exposição. Para estudar a infecção natural realizou-se um ensaio com plantas de abobrinha de moita em Linhares-ES, três ensaios independentes em Rinópolis-SP e quatro em Piracicaba-SP, incluindo-se nessa última localidade a melancia e o pepino. Depois de aproximadamente 40 a 60 dias de exposição em campo coletaram-se amostras individuais ou compostas (de 3 a 5 plantas) das folhas dos ponteiros das plantas para realizar a recuperação biológica do PRSV-P para mamoeiros em casa de vegetação. A presença de afídeos foi monitorada em Piracicaba durante a execução dos experimentos no campo. No único teste de exposição em Linhares, nenhuma planta de abobrinha cultivada entre mamoeiros com mosaico mostrou-se infectada com esse vírus. O PRSV-P foi recuperado da abobrinha de moita em proporções variáveis em 2 dos 3 testes realizados em Rinópolis, e em 3 dos 4 testes realizados em Piracicaba. Nenhuma planta de melancia e pepino cultivada entre mamoeiros com mosaico foi infectada com o PRSV-P. Não foi possível recuperar o PRSV-P de nenhuma planta de abobrinha cultivada entre 5 e 80 metros de distância dos mamoeiros com mosaico em Piracicaba. Foram capturados afídeos vetores do PRSV-P e foi possível detectar plantas infectadas com os potyvirus PRSV-W e ZYMV, o que demonstra a presença e atividade dos vetores de vírus. Os resultados confirmaram a suscetibilidade variável das espécies de cucurbitáceas ao PRSV-P. Embora a abobrinha de moita fosse a única espécie encontrada naturalmente infectada pelo PRSV-P quando cultivada entre linhas de mamoeiro com mosaico, a presença de cucurbitáceas nos campos de produção de mamoeiro, especialmente quando o controle do mosaico do mamoeiro é feito através do roguing, não é recomendada. / Besides Carica papaya, Papaya ringspot virus type P (PRSV-P) infects systemically only species belonging to the family Cucurbitaceae. Their susceptibility varies according to the species/cultivar, virus isolate and the method of inoculation. Attempts to recovery PRSV-P from naturally infected cucurbit plants grown near to or among diseased papaya trees have shown distinct results worldwide. This study aimed to evaluate the susceptibility of Cucurbita pepo cv. Caserta, Cucurbita maxima cv. Exposiçao, Cucumis sativus hybrid Primepack Plus, and Citrullus lanatus cv. Crimson Sweet to five isolates of PRSV-P obtained from different regions of Brazil. It was also evaluated the natural infection of cucurbit plants grown between rows and in the vicinity of papaya trees infected with PRSV-P. The five PRSV-P isolates were maintained in papaya plants. Cucurbit plants grown in pots under greenhouse conditions were mechanically inoculated with each isolate at the cotiledonary stage. The plants were assessed based on symptoms and infection was confirmed by PTA-ELISA using extracts from the inoculated cotyledons and upper leaves. The same extracts were also mechanically inoculated on papaya plants in order to recover the virus isolate. Inoculated papaya plants were also tested by PTA-ELISA. Zucchini squash was the most susceptible species to PRSV-P, followed by watermelon and cucumber. Pumpkin cv. Exposição was not infected. To study the natural infection of zucchini squash cv. Caserta by PRSV-P, a trial was carried out in Linhares, State of Espírito Santo; three independent trials were carried out in Rinópolis; and four trials were carried out in Piracicaba, both regions located in the State of São Paulo. Watermelon and cucurbit were also included in some trials in Piracicaba. After approximately 40 to 70 days, leaf samples were collected and tested individually or in groups of three to five plants for the presence of PRSV-P by mechanical inoculation on papaya plants under greenhouse conditions. None of the zucchini squash plants grown between rows of infected papaya trees in Linhares was found infected by PRSV-P based on the virus recovery test to papaya plants. The virus was also not recovered from watermelon and cucurbit plants grown between rows of infected papaya trees in Piracicaba. On the other hand, PRSV-P was recovery from zucchini squash plants grown intercalated with diseased papayas in Rinópolis and Piracicaba. The number of infected plants varied among the trial. Several attempts to recover PRSV-P from innumerous zucchini squash plants grown approximately five to 80 meters from diseased papaya trees in Piracicaba failed. Alates of several species of aphids were captured in the field at Piracicaba. Also, innumerous cucurbit plants were found infected by the potyviruses Papaya ringspot virus type W and Zucchini yellow mosaic virus, suggesting aphids activity in the area. The results confirmed the variable susceptibility of cucurbit species to infection with PRSV-P. Although natural infection with PRSV-P was restricted to zucchini squash cv. Caserta grown among infected papaya trees, the presence of cucurbit plants in the vicinity of papaya orchards, especially where disease control is done by systematic rouging of diseased plants, should not be allowed.
42

Incidencia e desenvolvimento de Salmonella spp. e Listeria spp. em frutas de baixa acidez / Incidence and development of Salmonella spp. and Listeria spp. in fruit with low acidity

Penteado, Ana Lucia Pontes 03 November 2003 (has links)
Orientador: Mauro Faber de Freitas Leitão / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-03T02:40:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Penteado_AnaLuciaPontes_D.pdf: 4593131 bytes, checksum: baf25430121a6f60780931013acb9f33 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2003 / Resumo: Numa etapa inicial, foi estudada a incidência de Sa/monella spp. e Usteria spp. em superfície de frutas de baixa acidez (melão, melancia e mamão). De um total de 120 amostras de frutas, 42 foram analisadas simultaneamente por um método imunoenzimático (TECRA VIA) e outro clássico, de referência (BAM modificado) para Salmonella e por um método canadense "Health Protection Branch" e TECRA VIA para Lísteria. As 78 amostras de frutas restantes foram analisadas somente pelos métodos de cultura. Salmonella spp. não foi detectada em nenhuma das amostras analisadas pelos dois métodos utilizados, o mesmo ocorrendo em relação ao isolamento de L. monocytogenes. No entanto, Usteria innocua e Usteria grayii foram isoladas a partir de três amostras de melancia, L. ivanovii em cinco amostras de mamão e L. we/shimeri em uma amostra de melão, quando utilizado o método canadense "Health Protection Branch". Observou-se, também, que as amostras coletadas em feiras livres mostraram uma maior incidência de Usteria spp. quando comparadas com aquelas obtidas em centrais de abastecimento (CEASA). Numa segunda etapa do projeto, estudou-se a capacidade de multiplicação de Sa/monella Enteritidis e Usteria monocytogenes em polpas de frutas (mamão, melão e melancia) incubadas em diferentes condições de tempo e temperatura. Os respectivos tempos de geração (g) para Sa/mone//a Enteritidis, nas temperaturas de 10°C, 20 °C e 30°C foram de 7,31, 1,69 e 0,69 horas em melão de 7,47,1,60 e 0,51 horas em melancia e de 16,61,1,74 e 0,66 horas em mamão. Já para Usteria monocytogenes os tempos de geração em melão, melancia e mamão foram, respectivamente, de 7,12, 13,03 e 15,05 horas a 10°C; 1,74,2,17 e 6,42 horas a 20°C e 0,84, 1,00 e 1,16 horas a 30°C. Os resultados mostraram que tanto S. Enteritidis como L. monocytogenes podem multiplicar-se em frutas de baixa acidez e que a temperatura de 10°C, apesar de reduzir a velocidade de crescimento destes microrganismos não garante a inibição dos mesmos. Numa terceira etapa, estudou-se a possibilidade de infiltração de Salmonella Enteritidis sorotipo S 132 fluorescente em mangas após serem submetidas a tratamento hidrotérmico para eliminar larvas de moscas das frutas. Este estudo foi conduzido na Food and Drug Administration - FDAlUSA Os resultados evidenciaram, indiretamente, a capacidade de infiltração microbiana nas frutas, utilizando-se o corante "Brilliant blue FCF/Sigma", que foi detectada em 67% das frutas submetidas ao tratamento; nos ensaios efetuados diretamente com Salmonella Enteritidis fluorescente os níveis de infiltração foram elevados, de 87%, tanto para mangas verdes como maduras. Constatou-se, também, que a infiltração da bactéria foi muito mais acentuada na região do cálice da manga do que na sua porção lateral ou na base / Abstract: In the first part of the project, the incidence of Salmonella spp. and Listeria spp. on the surface of low acid fruits (melon, watermelon and papaya) was studied. From the total of 120 fruit samples 42 were simultaneously analyzed by the TECRA Visual Immunoassay (TECRA VIA) and the modified BAM for Salmonella and by the Health Protection Branch, Canada, and TECRA VIA for Listeria; the remaining 78 fruit samples were analyzed only by the cultural procedures. Salmonella spp. was absent in ali the samples analyzed using both methods as was L. monocytogenes. However, L. innocua and L. grayii were detected in watermelon samples, L. ivanovii in papaya samples and L. welshimeri in melon .samples when using the Health Protection Branch method. It was also observed that the samples collected in street markets showed a higher incidence of Usteria spp. when compared to those collected in wholesale markets. In the second part of the project, the ability of Salmonella Enteritidis and Listeria monocytogenes to grow in fruit pulp (melon, watermelon and papaya) incubated under different conditions of time and temperature, was studied. The generation times (g) for S. Enteritidis in melon at 10°C, 20 °C and 30°C were 7.31, 1.69 and 0.69 h respectively; for watermelon 7.47, 1.60 and 0.51 h respedively and for papaya 16.61, 1.74 and 0.66 h respectively. For L. monocytogenes the generation times for melon, watermelon and papaya were 7.12, 13.03 and 15.05 h at 10°C respectívely, 1.74,2.17 and 6.42 h at 20°C and 0.84,1.00 and 1.16 h at 30°C. The results showed that both S. Enteritidis and L. monocytogens could grow in low acid fruits and that a temperature of 10°C, although capable of reducing the rate of growth of these microorganisms, could not guarantee their inhibition. In the third part of this project the possibility of the infiltration of S. Enteritidis into mangoes (after being submitted to hot water treatment to eliminate fly larvae), was studied. This project was carried out at the Food and Drug Administration-FDA in the USA Using a dye (Brilliant blue FCF/Sigma), the results showed the ability of the microorganism to infiltrate the mangoes, which was detected in 67% of the fruits submitted to the treatment. In the experiments performed directly with S. Enteritidis fluorescent serotype S 132, the infiltration levels were higher (87%) both for green and early-ripened mangoes. It was also observed that bacterial infiltration was more evident in the stem portion when compared to the bottom and middle portions / Doutorado / Doutor em Tecnologia de Alimentos
43

Influence of cucurbitacin-containing phytonematicides on growth, yield and foliar nutrient elements in watermelon production

Nhlane, Ramadimetja Norriah January 2017 (has links)
Thesis (M.A. Agricultural Management (Plant Production)) -- University of Limpopo, 2017 / Nemafric-BL and Nemarioc-AL phytonematicides, which are being researched and developed to serve as alternatives to methyl bromide, have not been tested against plant growth and accumulation of essential nutrient elements in watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) cultivars. The objectives of this study were two fold, to determine the (1) overall growth responses and accumulation of selected essential nutrient elements in watermelon cultivars ‘Congo’ and ‘Charleston Gray’ and suppression of Meloidogyne javanica in response to increasing concentrations of Nemafric-BL and Nemarioc-AL phytonematicides, and (2) efficacy of Velum, Nemafric-BL and Nemarioc-AL phytonematicides on growth of watermelon, accumulation of selected essential nutrient elements in leaf tissues of cv. ‘Congo’ and the suppression of population densities of Meloidogyne species. Objective 1 and Objective 2 were achieved under greenhouse and field conditions, respectively. At 56 and 90 days after initiating the greenhouse and field treatments, respectively, the data were collected and subjected to statistical analyses. Nemafric-BL phytonematicide significantly affected growth of watermelon cultivars ‘Charleston Gray’ and ‘Congo’, whereas Nemarioc-AL phytonematicide did not have any significant effects on the plant variables of both cultivars. Generally, plant growth variables and increasing concentrations of Nemafric-BL phytonematicide had density-dependent growth (DDG) patterns, which were quantified through either positive or quadratic equations (Chapter 3). In contrast, both phytonematicides had significant effects on selected nutrient elements in leaf tissues of both watermelon cultivars. The affected nutrient elements, P, Mn and Na versus increasing concentrations of phytonematicides exhibited the DDG patterns, which were also quantified through either positive or quadratic equations (Chapter 3). The phytonematicides were consistent in suppressing nematode numbers in both watermelon cultivars. Comparison of synthetic nematicide Velum and the two phytonematicides under field conditions suggested that, relative to untreated control, the three products each stimulated growth of watermelon cv. ‘Congo’. The efficacy of Nemafric-BL and Nemarioc-AL phytonematicides on suppression of population densities of Meloidogyne species was comparable to that of Velum. In conclusion, Nemafric-BL and Nemarioc-BL phytonematicides were highly effective in managing population densities of Meloidogyne species in watermelon cultivars and also affected the partitioning of selected nutrient elements in tissues. The study provided essential information that could assist in decision-making in nematode management in watermelon production, particularly in fertiliser application.
44

How is a Woman Like a Watermelon?: Advocating a Psychological and Comparative Examination of Brautigan's Novels

Plummer, Sarah E. 08 June 2010 (has links)
"How is a Woman Like a Watermelon" examines two of Richard Brautigan's novels, In Watermelon Sugar and An Unfortunate Woman, as they relate to each other in ways that offer a better understanding of each. This paper enriches an understanding of Brautigan's work by exploring the historical context of his writings, studying his style and presenting diverse interpretations in a mutually inclusive way that complements the multifaceted qualities of his writing. By studying Brautigan's novels in a comparative manner, the essential and distinctive principles that drive Brautigan's work—his manipulation of genre, use of memory and a complex first person narrator as an author persona—are better understood. Because of Brautigan's use of the first person, this study advocates an analytical psychological analysis aimed at discerning underlying emotion within apparent personal detachment, the use of projection as a defense mechanism, and the psychological associative value of words, images and memories. An inclusive and comparative study that foregrounds these psychological elements will ultimately allow for a more complete and subtle analysis of Brautigan's work. / Master of Arts
45

Optimizing Irrigation and Fertigation for Watermelon Production in Southern Indiana

Emerson Luna Espinoza (18853381) 22 June 2024 (has links)
<p dir="ltr"><a href="" target="_blank">Watermelon [<i>Citrullus lanatus </i>(Thunb.) Matsum. & Nakai] is one of the world's top three most consumed fruits.</a> Indiana cultivates approximately 7,000 acres of watermelons every year, ranking 6<sup>th</sup> in the nation. More than 70% of this production is concentrated in and around Knox County, making Southern Indiana a key region for watermelon production in the States. Despite its significance, watermelon production faces many challenges, including erratic rainfall patterns exacerbated by climate change. Enhanced irrigation management has emerged as a critical strategy in mitigating negative environmental effects and in optimizing fertilizer applications.</p><p dir="ltr">Currently, Southern Indiana farmers have incorporated different irrigation and fertilization practices into watermelon production, yet the effects on production outcomes remain poorly understood. To bridge this gap in knowledge, this study aims to explore the effects of existing practices on watermelon yield and develop irrigation guidelines for optimal production in the region. The experiment was conducted at Southwest Purdue Agricultural Center, Vincennes, Indiana, in 2022 and 2023. Four treatments were applied: High Irrigation, Low Irrigation, No Irrigation, and Fertigation. Fertigation treatment received the same water application as the High Irrigation treatment. Fertilizers were applied pre-plant in the High, Low, and No irrigation treatments, while frequent fertigation was applied to the Fertigation Treatment. Soil moisture sensors measuring volumetric water content were used for irrigation decisions. In 2022, the irrigation thresholds were set at 15% water depletion at 1-ft depth for High Irrigation and Fertigation treatment, and 2-ft depth for Low Irrigation. In 2023, the irrigation threshold for Low Irrigation was adjusted to 40% water depletion at 1-ft depth.</p><p dir="ltr">While soil moisture levels in the bed at the different depths varied notably among treatments, no significant differences in yield by weight were observed. The minimal impact of irrigation on watermelon yield suggests that rainfall provides sufficient water, preventing yield-reducing stress. However, the Fertigation and High Irrigation treatments yielded more fruit than the Low Irrigation and No Irrigation treatments. The dry periods in both years coincided with the watermelon fruit setting stages that may have contributed to the lower fruit set in the Low Irrigation and No Irrigation treatments. Fertigation showed a higher early yield than the other treatments in 2022. Analysis of soil and tissue nitrogen levels indicated that sole nitrogen application before planting could result in excessive soil nitrogen levels during vegetative growth. This excess nitrogen might delay flowering and harvest. This project offers insights into enhancing irrigation and fertilization practices for watermelon production in southern Indiana.</p>
46

Indu??o de calos em anteras e poliploidia em gen?tipos de melancia

Silva, Carla Maria de Jesus 29 March 2018 (has links)
Submitted by Verena Pereira (verenagoncalves@uefs.br) on 2018-07-03T23:23:34Z No. of bitstreams: 1 TESE 2018 - Doutorado RGV_UEFS - Carla Maria de Jesus Silva.pdf: 1687907 bytes, checksum: 3e9fe14e189c00f951079ca2a71e3c66 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-07-03T23:23:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 TESE 2018 - Doutorado RGV_UEFS - Carla Maria de Jesus Silva.pdf: 1687907 bytes, checksum: 3e9fe14e189c00f951079ca2a71e3c66 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-03-29 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior - CAPES / The watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) is a very important vegetable for a region of Northeast Brazil due to its adaptation as the natural conditions and the good characteristics of the fruit that are obtained. The aims of the current study are to assess watermelon genotype responses to calluses in anthers by using growth and temperature regulators, and to induce polyploidy through colchicine use (at different concentrations), exposure time, mechanical scarification and application methods. Anthers of Smile and Sugar Baby lines were inoculated in MS medium at different concentrations of 2.4-D or of BAP with 2.4-D, in combination with the pre-treatment (low temperature). Crimson Sweet cultivar seedlings were treated with different colchicine concentrations at two different times, with and without scarification, in order to induce polyploidy. Line LDRO was subjected to different colchicine concentrations at two different times and application methods: a) direct in the seed method (with, and without, scarification) (DSM, WE and WOE), b) Radicle emission method (ERM), c) Hypocotyl and root insertion point method (HRIM), d) At the apex of the seedling method (ASM) and e) Inverted hypocotyl method (IHM). Crimson Sweet flower buds were subjected to colchicine, at two different times, in order to induce polyploidy. Results have shown that 2.4-D often induced callus formation in both lines, but BAP/2.4-D interaction and pre-treatment did not increase the induction frequency. Crimson Sweet showed higher induction rate at 0.2% colchicine for 48h, WE. Line LDRO presented plants with tetraploid cells at 0.2% colchicine for 24 and 48h. The method 0.2% DSM, WE and WOE also generated plants with tetraploid cells. The diameter of treated pollen grains in flower buds have increased; the higher rate of non-reduced gametes induction was 16.07% and flower bud diameter (1.5mm) was estimated as adequate for induction / A melancia (Citrullus lanatus) ? uma hortali?a muito importante para a regi?o Nordeste do Brasil por sua adapta??o as condi??es clim?ticas e pelas boas caracter?sticas de fruto que se obt?m. Os objetivos desse trabalho foram avaliar as respostas de gen?tipos de melancia quanto ? indu??o de calos em anteras utilizando reguladores de crescimento e temperatura; e induzir a poliploidia mediante o uso da colchicina em diferentes concentra??es, tempos de exposi??o, escarifica??o mec?nica e m?todos de aplica??o. Anteras das linhagens de Smile e Sugar Baby foram inoculadas em meio MS sob diferentes concentra??es de 2,4-D ou BAP com 2,4-D, associado ao pr?-tratamento (baixa temperatura). Para indu??o de poliploidia, sementes da cultivar Crimson Sweet foram tratadas com diferentes concentra??es de colchicina, em dois tempos, com e sem escarifica??o. Para a linhagem LDRO, utilizaram-se diferentes concentra??es de colchicina em dois tempos e m?todos de aplica??o: a) M?todo direto na semente (com escarifica??o e sem escarifica??o) (MDS, CE e SE), b) M?todo da semente com emiss?o da rad?cula (MER), c) M?todo no ponto de inser??o do hipoc?tilo e raiz (MIHR), d) M?todo no ?pice da pl?ntula (MAP) e e) M?todo do hipoc?tilo invertido (MHI). Na indu??o de poliploidia em bot?es florais de Crimson Sweet utilizou-se colchicina em dois tempos. Os resultados mostraram que o 2,4-D induziu a maior frequ?ncia de calos nas duas linhagens, a intera??o BAP com 2,4-D e o pr?-tratamento, n?o aumentaram a frequ?ncia de indu??o. Para Crimson Sweet, o maior percentual de indu??o foi obtido com colchicina a 0,2% por 48 h, SE. Para LDRO, observou-se uma frequ?ncia de plantas com c?lulas tetraploides com colchicina a 0,2% por 24 h e 48 h. Nos m?todos 0,2% MDS CE e MHI observou-se tamb?m plantas com c?lulas tetraploides. Em bot?es florais, o di?metro dos gr?os de p?len tratados aumentou; o maior percentual de indu??o de gametas n?o reduzidos foi de 16,07% e; o di?metro em torno de 1,5 mm do bot?o floral foi estimado como adequado para indu??o
47

Infectividade e proteção de três estirpes fracas do Papaya ringspot virus em plantas de melancia. / Infectivity and protective effect of three mild strains of papaya ringspot virus in watermelon plants.

Giampan, José Segundo 27 January 2003 (has links)
Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a infectividade de estirpes fracas do Papaya ringspot virus - type W (PRSV-W) em plantas de melancia (Citrullus lanatus), em função da origem da estirpe fraca, da concentração e da espécie doadora do inóculo e da idade da planta-teste de melancia, inoculada mecanicamente. Também foi avaliado o efeito protetor dessas estirpes em plantas de melancia em casa de vegetação e em campo. A seleção de estirpes fracas do PRSV-W foi feita a partir de bolhas de folhas de melancia infectadas naturalmente em campo. A infectividade da estirpe fraca selecionada foi comparada com a das estirpes fracas PRSV-W-1 e PRSV-W-2, previamente selecionadas de bolhas de folhas de abobrinha de moita (Cucurbita pepo) 'Caserta' com mosaico. Como controle foi utilizada uma estirpe severa do vírus obtida de abobrinha de moita (PRSV-W-C). A avaliação do efeito da concentração e da espécie da planta fonte do inóculo na infectividade de plantas de melancia foi feita com extratos de 4, 8, 12 e 16 discos de folhas de abobrinha de moita e de melancia, infectadas separadamente com as estirpes fracas e severa, e diluídos em 2 mL de tampão fosfato. O efeito da idade da planta-teste de melancia na infectividade das estirpes fracas foi estudado comparando-se plantas inoculadas em quatro estádios de desenvolvimento, a partir do estádio cotiledonar, com inóculos das diferentes estirpes do PRSV-W extraídos de 12 discos foliares/2 mL de tampão. O efeito protetor da estirpe fraca obtida de bolhas de folhas de melancia com mosaico foi avaliado em plantas premunizadas e desafiadas com a estirpe PRSV-W-C, em casa de vegetação e em campo. Plantas de melancia premunizadas com as estirpes fracas PRSV-W-1 e PRSV-W-2 e plantas não protegidas também foram avaliadas no teste em campo. Foram avaliadas a proteção, com base nos sintomas, a produção e o conteúdo de açúcares (grau brix) dos frutos colhidos das plantas premunizadas e não premunizadas. Uma estirpe fraca do vírus, denominada PRSV-W-3, foi selecionada de bolhas de folhas de melancia com mosaico. Em todos os testes de infectividade em plantas de melancia, independente da concentração e da planta fonte do inóculo e do estádio de desenvolvimento da planta-teste inoculada, a estirpe fraca PRSV-W-3 apresentou taxas de infectividade semelhantes as das estirpes PRSV-W-1 e PRSV-W-2, chegando a 100% em alguns casos. A infectividade da estirpe severa PRSV-W-C foi de 100% em todos os testes. Aparentemente, a infectividade das três estirpes fracas foi mais diretamente afetada pela intensidade de fricção das folhas no momento da inoculação mecânica do que pelas variáveis estudadas. A estirpe fraca PRSV-W-3 protegeu as plantas de melancia contra a infecção e/ou manifestação da estirpe PRSV-W-C em casa de vegetação. Em campo, todas as plantas de melancia premunizadas com as três estirpes fracas também ficaram protegidas contra a estirpe severa utilizada no desafio. A produção das plantas premunizadas não diferiu estatisticamente entre si, nem mesmo daquelas inicialmente sadias infectadas em campo. O conteúdo de açúcares e a aparência da polpa dos frutos também foram semelhantes em todos os tratamentos. / The purpose of this work was to evaluate the infectivity of three mild strains of Papaya ringspot virus - type W (PRSV-W) on watermelon (Citrullus lanatus). The effect of the origin of the mild strain, the concentration of the inoculum, the species of the source of the inoculum and the age of the test-plant on the infectivity of mechanically inoculated watermelon were also evaluated. The protective effect of these mild strains on preimmunized watermelon plants was evaluated under greenhouse and field conditions. Mild strains were selected from blisters formed on mosaic leaves of naturally infected watermelon plants. The infectivity of the selected mild strain was compared with that of mild strains PRSV-W-1 and PRSV-W-2, which were previously obtained from blisters formed on mosaic leaves of zucchini squash (Cucurbita pepo cv. Caserta). A severe strain isolated from zucchini squash (PRSV-W-C) was used as control. The effect of the concentration and the species source of inoculum of the mild strains on the infectivity of watermelon plants was studied with inoculum extracted from 4, 8, 12 and 16 leaf discs of zucchini squash and watermelon plants, separately infected with the mild and severe strains, diluted in 2 mL of phosphate buffer. Four stages of development of watermelon plants, starting at the cotyledonal stage, were tested for the infectivity with the mild strains. Inocula were prepared with extracts of 12 leaf discs diluted in 2 mL of phosphate buffer. The protective effect of the mild strain selected from blisters on mosaic leaves of watermelon plants was evaluated on preimmunized plants challenge inoculated with severe strain PRSV-W-C, under greenhouse and field conditions. Watermelon plants preimmunized with mild strains PRSV-W-1 and PRSV-W-2 and unprotected plants were also included in the field trial. Protection was evaluated based on plant simptons, yield and sugar content in the fruits. One mild strain, named PRSV-W-3, was obtained from blisters on mosaic leaves of watermelon plants. The rate of infection of watermelon plants with mild strain PRSV-W-3 was similar to that with mild strains PRSV-W-1 and PRSV-W-2 in all infectivity tests, independently of the concentration of the inoculum, species source of the inoculum and stage of development of the inoculated test-plant, reaching 100% in some cases. Rate of infectivity with severe strain PRSV-W-C was always 100%. Apparently, the infectivity of the mild strains on watermelon was more directly related with the intensity of the abrasion produced by mechanical inoculation than with the above studied variables. The selected mild strain PRSV-W-3 protected watermelon plants against superinfection with the severe strain in the greenhouse tests. Protection was also effective under field conditions. Yield of plants preimmunized with all three mild strains and unprotected plants were statistically similar. The sugar content and the quality of the pulp of the fruits were similar for all treatments.
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Sistemas de condução de mini melancia cultivada em ambiente protegido / Mini watermelon cultivation systems in greenhouse

Campagnol, Rafael 01 September 2009 (has links)
Dois experimentos foram conduzidos em casa de vegetação com o objetivo de avaliar a influência do espaçamento entre plantas, do sistema de condução e da altura de poda de mini melancia conduzidas na vertical. O híbrido utilizado foi o Smile. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos casualizados, com quatro repetições. O primeiro experimento foi conduzido no período de 12 de agosto a 25 de novembro de 2008, cujos tratamentos foram três alturas de poda da haste principal (1,7; 2,2 e 2,7 m) e dois espaçamentos entre plantas (30 e 45 cm). O segundo experimento foi conduzido no período de 20 de outubro de 2008 a 16 de janeiro de 2009 e os tratamentos foram compostos por três sistemas de condução (S1 = uma haste e um fruto por planta conduzido na haste principal; S2 = uma haste e um fruto por planta conduzido na haste secundária e S3 = duas hastes e um fruto por planta conduzido na haste principal) e dois espaçamentos entre plantas (30 e 60 cm). No primeiro experimento o índice de área foliar, o teor de sólidos solúveis (SS), de ácido ascórbico, a acidez titulável (AT) e a produtividade comercial foram maiores no espaçamento de 30 cm entre plantas. A produtividade total sofreu influência tanto da altura de poda como do espaçamento entre plantas, cujo maior valor foi obtido pela combinação da altura de poda de 2,7m e espaçamento de 30 cm. Por outro lado, foi na altura de poda de 2,2 m e espaçamento de 45 cm que ocorreu o maior valor para a relação SS/AT. A altura de poda de 1,7 m proporcionou maior porcentagem de frutos colhidos na última colheita. No segundo experimento, o sistema de condução S2 no espaçamento de 30 cm entre plantas proporcionou maior índice de área foliar e firmeza da polpa. A produtividade total foi maior no sistema de condução S3 em relação somente ao sistema de condução S1. Os sistemas de condução S1 e S3 promoveram maior porcentagem de frutos colhidos na primeira colheita, enquanto que no sistema S2 a maior parte dos frutos foi colhida na última colheita. Dessa forma, levando-se em consideração as características avaliadas, de modo geral, no primeiro experimento, a melhor opção para o produtor é a realização da poda da haste principal a 2,2 m de altura e espaçamento de 30 cm entre plantas. No segundo experimento, a condução com duas hastes e um fruto (S3) com espaçamento de 30 cm entre plantas, além de constituir um sistema de condução simples, proporciona elevada produtividade e qualidade dos frutos. / Two experiments were conducted in greenhouse in order to evaluate the influence of plants spacing, the training systems and the height of pruning of main stem of mini watermelon through vertical conduction. The hybrid used was \'Smile\'. The experimental design was randomized blocks with four replications. The first experiment was carried out from August 12 to November 25, 2008. The treatments were three heights of pruning of main stem (1.7, 2.2 and 2.7 m) and two plants spacing (30 and 45 cm). The second experiment was carried out from October 20, 2008 to January 16, 2009 and the treatments consist of three training systems (S1 = one stem and one fruit per plant fixed in the main stem, S2 = one stem and one fruit plant fixed in the lateral branch and S3 = two stems and one fruit per plant fixed in the main stem) and two plants spacing (30 and 60 cm). In the first experiment the leaf area index, the content of soluble solids content (SS), ascorbic acid, acidity titratable (AT) and marketable yield were higher in 30 cm plants spacing. The total yield was influenced both the height of pruning and the plants spacing, whose greatest value was obtained by the combination of height of pruning of 2.7 m and spacing of 30 cm. However, the highest value for the ratio SS/AT was observed in the pruning of 2.2 m, and spacing of 45 cm. The height of pruning of 1.7 m provided the greatest percentage of fruit harvested in the last harvest. In the second experiment, the training system S2 with spacing of 30 cm between plants provided higher leaf area index and firmness of flesh. The total yield was higher in the training system S3 only than the training system S1. The training systems S1 and S3 promoted higher percentage of fruit harvested in the first harvest, while the system S2 the majority of fruits were harvested at last. Thus, taking into account the characteristics evaluated, in general, in the first experiment, the better option for the producer is the performance of pruning to 2.2 m in height and 30 cm plants spacing. In the second experiment, the conduction with two stems and one fruit (S3) with spacing of 30 cm between plants, and as a simple training system, provide high productivity and quality of fruit.
49

Sistemas de condução de mini melancia cultivada em ambiente protegido / Mini watermelon cultivation systems in greenhouse

Rafael Campagnol 01 September 2009 (has links)
Dois experimentos foram conduzidos em casa de vegetação com o objetivo de avaliar a influência do espaçamento entre plantas, do sistema de condução e da altura de poda de mini melancia conduzidas na vertical. O híbrido utilizado foi o Smile. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos casualizados, com quatro repetições. O primeiro experimento foi conduzido no período de 12 de agosto a 25 de novembro de 2008, cujos tratamentos foram três alturas de poda da haste principal (1,7; 2,2 e 2,7 m) e dois espaçamentos entre plantas (30 e 45 cm). O segundo experimento foi conduzido no período de 20 de outubro de 2008 a 16 de janeiro de 2009 e os tratamentos foram compostos por três sistemas de condução (S1 = uma haste e um fruto por planta conduzido na haste principal; S2 = uma haste e um fruto por planta conduzido na haste secundária e S3 = duas hastes e um fruto por planta conduzido na haste principal) e dois espaçamentos entre plantas (30 e 60 cm). No primeiro experimento o índice de área foliar, o teor de sólidos solúveis (SS), de ácido ascórbico, a acidez titulável (AT) e a produtividade comercial foram maiores no espaçamento de 30 cm entre plantas. A produtividade total sofreu influência tanto da altura de poda como do espaçamento entre plantas, cujo maior valor foi obtido pela combinação da altura de poda de 2,7m e espaçamento de 30 cm. Por outro lado, foi na altura de poda de 2,2 m e espaçamento de 45 cm que ocorreu o maior valor para a relação SS/AT. A altura de poda de 1,7 m proporcionou maior porcentagem de frutos colhidos na última colheita. No segundo experimento, o sistema de condução S2 no espaçamento de 30 cm entre plantas proporcionou maior índice de área foliar e firmeza da polpa. A produtividade total foi maior no sistema de condução S3 em relação somente ao sistema de condução S1. Os sistemas de condução S1 e S3 promoveram maior porcentagem de frutos colhidos na primeira colheita, enquanto que no sistema S2 a maior parte dos frutos foi colhida na última colheita. Dessa forma, levando-se em consideração as características avaliadas, de modo geral, no primeiro experimento, a melhor opção para o produtor é a realização da poda da haste principal a 2,2 m de altura e espaçamento de 30 cm entre plantas. No segundo experimento, a condução com duas hastes e um fruto (S3) com espaçamento de 30 cm entre plantas, além de constituir um sistema de condução simples, proporciona elevada produtividade e qualidade dos frutos. / Two experiments were conducted in greenhouse in order to evaluate the influence of plants spacing, the training systems and the height of pruning of main stem of mini watermelon through vertical conduction. The hybrid used was \'Smile\'. The experimental design was randomized blocks with four replications. The first experiment was carried out from August 12 to November 25, 2008. The treatments were three heights of pruning of main stem (1.7, 2.2 and 2.7 m) and two plants spacing (30 and 45 cm). The second experiment was carried out from October 20, 2008 to January 16, 2009 and the treatments consist of three training systems (S1 = one stem and one fruit per plant fixed in the main stem, S2 = one stem and one fruit plant fixed in the lateral branch and S3 = two stems and one fruit per plant fixed in the main stem) and two plants spacing (30 and 60 cm). In the first experiment the leaf area index, the content of soluble solids content (SS), ascorbic acid, acidity titratable (AT) and marketable yield were higher in 30 cm plants spacing. The total yield was influenced both the height of pruning and the plants spacing, whose greatest value was obtained by the combination of height of pruning of 2.7 m and spacing of 30 cm. However, the highest value for the ratio SS/AT was observed in the pruning of 2.2 m, and spacing of 45 cm. The height of pruning of 1.7 m provided the greatest percentage of fruit harvested in the last harvest. In the second experiment, the training system S2 with spacing of 30 cm between plants provided higher leaf area index and firmness of flesh. The total yield was higher in the training system S3 only than the training system S1. The training systems S1 and S3 promoted higher percentage of fruit harvested in the first harvest, while the system S2 the majority of fruits were harvested at last. Thus, taking into account the characteristics evaluated, in general, in the first experiment, the better option for the producer is the performance of pruning to 2.2 m in height and 30 cm plants spacing. In the second experiment, the conduction with two stems and one fruit (S3) with spacing of 30 cm between plants, and as a simple training system, provide high productivity and quality of fruit.
50

INTERAÇÃO GENÓTIPO X AMBIENTE NA REAÇÃO DE PROGÊNIES DE MELANCIA À ALTERNARIOSE NO SUBMÉDIO SÃO FRANCISCO / GENOTYPE X ENVIRONMENT INTERACTION IN THE REACTION OF THE PROGENY OF WATERMELON IN Alternaria São Francisco

Lima Neto, Izaias da Silva 03 July 2009 (has links)
Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-12T19:15:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 IzaiasSLN_DISSERT.pdf: 598646 bytes, checksum: 90555b2382b79838239361aac4397c22 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-07-03 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / This work had the objective to evaluate watermelon genotypes resistance to alternaria leaf blight (Alternaria cucumerina) in two environments (years) in order to identify contrasting and consistent parents as well as to get information related to environmental and genetic effects to support strategies to be followed in watermelon breeding programs. Two experiments were carried out in the Experimental Field of the Department of Technology and Social Sciences (DTCS) at the Campus III of the University of the State of Bahia (UNEB), Juazeiro-BA in the years of 2006 and 2007. In both experiments, the treatments consisted of 14 watermelon genotypes comprising 12 progenies and two checks (Sugar Baby and Charleston Gray cultivars). The seedlings were produced in a green house and were transplanted to the field with previous records of high incidence and severity of the disease. The experimental design was in randomized blocks, with three replications. The plot had five plants spaced 3.0 m between lines and 0.8 m between plants. The irrigation was supplied in furrows. The cultural practices were those normally used for watermelon, but without fungicides. The plants were evaluated 75 days after transplanting using a grading records ranging from: one plants more resistant; to five plants more susceptible. It was found G x A interaction in the evaluation of watermelon genotypes for alternaria leaf blight in the Submiddle São Francisco River Basin with predominance of the complex part of the interaction and that the major part of the phenotypic variance was accounted for genetic factors (74.5%). It was identified a consistent source for resistance to alternaria leaf light represented by the progeny P5 (91-0043) and as a contrasting susceptible parent the Sugar Baby variety was selected. Both, demonstrate a high potential for breeding purposes, and can be used in studies of inheritance of resistance of alternaria leaf blight. / Este trabalho objetivou avaliar genótipos de melancia quanto à expressão de alternariose (Alternaria cucumerina) em dois ambientes (anos), visando identificar parentais contrastantes, bem como obter informações relacionadas às variâncias genética e ambiental, inclusive a interação genótipo x ambiente (G x A), que possam subsidiar as estratégias a serem seguidas em programas de melhoramento da cultura. Realizou-se dois experimentos no Campo Experimental do Departamento de Tecnologia e Ciências Sociais (DTCS), localizado no Campus III da Universidade do Estado da Bahia (UNEB), Juazeiro-BA, nos anos de 2006 e 2007. Em ambos os ensaios, os tratamentos consistiram de 14 genótipos de melancia, representados por 12 progênies e duas testemunhas (variedades Sugar Baby e Charleston Gray). As mudas foram produzidas em casa de vegetação e transplantadas para áreas com histórico de alta incidência e severidade da doença. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos ao acaso, com três repetições, sendo a unidade experimental constituída por cinco plantas. O espaçamento foi de 3,0 m entre fileiras e 0,8 m entre plantas e a irrigação por infiltração por sulco, empregando-se os tratos culturais normalmente utilizados para a cultura, sem uso de fungicidas. Avaliou-se as plantas aos 75 dias após o transplantio, sendo atribuída uma escala de notas variando de: um planta mais resistente; a cinco planta mais suscetível. Verificou-se que houve interação G x A na avaliação de genótipos de melancia quanto à resistência à alternariose no Submédio São Francisco com predomínio da parte complexa e que a maior parte da variância fenotípica observada foi explicada por fatores genéticos (74,5 %). Identificou-se uma fonte consistente para resistência à alternariose representada pela progênie P5 (91-0043) e como parental contrastante (suscetível)selecionou-se a variedade Sugar Baby. Ambas, demonstraram um alto potencial para fins de melhoramento, podendo ser utilizadas em estudo de herança da resistência a alternária.

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