Diss. (sammanfattning). Umeå : Sveriges lantbruksuniv., 2003. / Härtill 5 uppsatser.

Diss. (sammanfattning). Umeå : Sveriges lantbruksuniv. / Härtill 4 uppsatser.

I Brista kraftvärmeverk i Sigtuna förbränns träflis och utsorterat avfall från hushåll och industri för att utvinna och exportera el och fjärrvärme. När rökgasen kyls ner, som en del av återvinningen av energi till fjärrvärmenätet, bildas rökgaskondensat. Direkt efter produktionen har kondensatet en temperatur av cirka 30 °C och innehåller höga halter av bland annat ammoniumkväve och vissa metaller. Efter rening av kondensatvattnet inuti verket efterpoleras det i en nyanlagd våtmark. Syftet med arbetet var främst att undersöka kvävereningen i våtmarken men även om riktvärden för utsläpp uppsatta av miljödomstolen efterlevs med avseende på total- och ammoniumkväve samt As och tungmetallerna Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, Tl och Zn. Arbetet syftade även på att bestämma våtmarkens area, volym och uppehållstid, undersöka eventuella skillnader i vattenföring mellan in- och utlopp samt undersöka vattentemperaturens effekt på kvävereningen. För att undersöka reningen togs veckovisa prover i våtmarkens in- och utlopp under nio veckor under hela oktober och november 2014. Proverna analyserades med jonkromatografi för bestämning av nitrat-, nitrit- och ammoniumhalt. Vidare användes data från Fortum, som driver verket, för att undersöka halter av kväve och olika metaller i våtmarken. Höjdmätningar med avvägningsinstrument användes för att bestämma våtmarkens volym och GPS för att bestämma våtmarkens längd och area. Vattentemperaturmätningar i våtmarkens utlopp genomfördes med hjälp av en logger under en tvåmånadersperiod. Vattenföring ut ur våtmarken räknades ut med hjälp av nivådata från en pumpbrunn vid utloppet. Resultaten visade att halterna av alla de studerade ämnena i både egna prover och från Fortum klarade riktvärdena för utsläpp till recipient. Halterna var även låga i rökgaskondensatet som lämnade Bristaverket vilket tyder på att reningen inuti verket fungerar bra. Våtmarkens area uppmättes till 2300 m2 och volymen till 940 m3. Den beräknade vattenföringen ut var i genomsnitt cirka 100 m3/dygn högre än inflödet. Fel i beräkningsmodellen kunde dock inte uteslutas som orsak till skillnaden. Vid låga lufttemperaturer verkade våtmarken klara av att kyla betydligt högre temperaturer hos rökgaskondensat än vad som vanligtvis skickas ut från verket. Därför rekommenderas att Fortum undersöker möjligheterna för minskad kylning av rökgaskondensatet för att möjliggöra en ökad reningsgrad av temperaturberoende processer i våtmarken, så som kväveavskiljning. / At the Brista combined heat and power plant in Sigtuna, wood chips and municipal and industrial waste are incinerated to generate and export electricity and distric heating. When the flue gas is cooled as a part of recycling its energy for distric heating, condensate is formed. Directly after production, the flue gas condensate has a temperature of approximately 30°C and contains relatively high levels of ammonia and certain heavy metals. After treatment inside the plant, the condensate is post-treated in a newly constructed wetland. The main aim of the study was to investigate the nitrogen removal in the wetland but also if current guideline values for effluents established by the environmental court are fulfilled in regard to levels of total and ammonia nitrogen as well as As and heavy metals Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Hg , Ni, Pb, Tl  and Zn. The study also aimed to measure the wetland area, volume and retention time, investigate differences in water flow between the inlet and outlet as well as study the effect of water temperature on nitrogen removal. Water samples were taken weekly for nine weeks in October and November 2014 in the inlet and outlet of the wetland. The samples were analysed for nitrate, nitrite and ammonium ions using ion chromatography. Data from Fortum, the company that runs the heat and power plant, were also used to study levels of nitrogen and metals in the wetland. An optical leveling instrument was used to calculate the wetland volume and GPS was used to calculate its length and area. Measurements of water temperature in the outlet of the wetland were conducted using a logger during a two-month period. Water flow out of the wetland was calculated using water level data from a pump well connected to the outlet. The results showed that the levels of the studied compounds in samples collected in this study and by Fortum were all below guideline values. The levels were also low in the flue gas condensate leaving the combined heat and power plant, indicating that the treatment inside the plant is working well. The area of the wetland was measured to 2300 m2 and the volume 940 m3. The calculated water flow out of the wetland was at an average approximately 100 m3/day higher than the inflow, but an error in the calculation model is a possible cause of the difference. At low air temperatures, the wetland showed a capacity of cooling significantly higher temperatures of the flue gas condensate than what is usually released from the plant. Because of this, Fortum is recommended to investigate the possibility of reducing the cooling of the flue gas condensate and thus enabling a higher efficiency of temperature dependent treatment processes in the wetland such as nitrogen removal.

Respostas à fertilização nitrogenada têm sido observadas apenas em condições de solo muito especiais, como nos Espodossolos e nos solos muito degradados. Contudo, considerando as altas taxas de exportação de N e o possível esgotamento das reservas de N orgânico potencialmente mineralizável, espera-se que as florestas manejadas intensivamente respondam à fertilização nitrogenada após vários ciclos de cultivo. Os objetivos desse estudo foram: a) caracterizar as taxas anuais e os padrões sazonais de mineralização de N em povoamento de eucalipto em solos representativos do Estado de São Paulo; b) determinar as relações entre as taxas de mineralização de N e atributos físicos e químicos do solo; c) avaliar a relação entre a disponibilidade de N e a resposta à fertilização nitrogenada; d) avaliar a eficiência de atributos específicos do solo e de características ambientais para estimar a taxa de mineralização de N. Onze experimentos de fertilização, incluindo taxas de aplicadas de até 240 kg ha-1 de N foram estabelecidos em plantações de E. grandis ou E. grandis x urophylla de diversos sítios, em diferentes estádios de crescimento, no estado de São Paulo, Brasil. Os sítios possuem precipitação média anual entre 1200 a 1500 mm por ano, concentradas principalmente no verão-outono, com temperatura média anual de 20-21°C. A maioria dos experimentos estavam sob os solos LatossoloVermelho e Vermelho-Amarelo e Neossolo Quartzarênico, compreendendo uma ampla faixa de teores de matéria orgânica (18 a 55 g kg-1) e de argila (80 a 670 g kg-1), na camada de 0-20 cm. A avaliação do N potencialmente mineralizável (N0) sob condições laboratoriais foi mensurada em laboratório pelo método de incubação anaeróbia a 40oC por sete dias. A quantificação do N mineralizado in situ, camada de 0-20 cm do solo, foi feita com base no uso de amostras de solo incubadas em tubos de ferro, mantidas no campo por um período médio de 30 dias. As incubações foram repetidas em até oito vezes durante dois anos, nas diferentes estações climáticas. Verificou-se que o microclima do povoamento de eucalipto pode exercer forte influência sobre as taxas de mineralização de N, por conseguinte, sobre a quantidade e a forma de N disponível no solo. Os efeitos da variação temporária da temperatura e de umidade do solo afetaram diretamente as taxas de amonificação e nitrificação. Foi possível estimar as taxas de mineralização de N com base nesses atributos. O teor de N orgânico total variou entre 3 a 5% do teor de matéria orgânica do solo. Na grande maioria dos casos, a quantidade de N potencialmente mineralizável variou entre 10 a 16% do N orgânico total. A fertilização nitrogenada acelerou o crescimento das árvores em até 12% até os dois anos de idade. Numa idade intermediária, entre 3 e 4 anos, essa resposta caiu para 6%. Na idade de corte, não foi observada resposta à fertilização. As produtividades relativas dos povoamentos jovens e de idade média não se correlacionaram com a razão entre o N potencialmente mineralizável e o N orgânico total, indicando que há no sitio suficiente quantidade de N disponível para atender à demanda das árvores. / Response to nitrogen fertilization have been observed only in very special soil conditions, as espodosols and in very depredated soils. However, considering the high rates of nitrogen exportation and the possible exhaust of organic nitrogen potentially mineralizable reserves, it is expected that the intensive managed forests response to nitrogen fertilization after several plantation cycles. The objectives of this study were a) characterize the annual rates and the seasonal patterns of nitrogen mineralization in eucalyptus populations in representative soil types of Sao Paulo State; b) establish the relations between N mineralization rates and the chemical and physic characteristics of soil; c) asses the response to nitrogen fertilization and its relations with N availability; d) asses the efficiency of specific soil and environmental characteristics as indicators to estimate the N mineralization rates. This way, eleven fertilization experiments, including up to 240 kg ha-1, N application rates, were established in plantations of E. grandis and E. grandis x urophylla in several places and different growth stages in Sao Paulo State, Brazil. In these places, there is an annual mean rain precipitation between 1200 and 1500 mm, concentrated mainly in the summer and fall seasons, with an annual mean temperature of 68-70ºF. Most of the experiments were carried on; red, red-yellow latosol and quartzarenic neosol, covering a wide range of organic matter contents (18 to 55 g kg-1) and clay (80 to 670 g kg-1), in the 0-20 cm depth. An asses of potentially mineralizable N (N0) under laboratorial conditions was measured by anaerobic incubation for seven days at 104ºF. The mineralized N quantification in situ, in the 0-20 cm depth, was made, based on the soil samples incubated in iron tubes, kept in field for a 30 days period. The incubations were repeated until eight times along a two years period, in the different seasons. It was verified that the microclimate of the eucalyptus population could exert high influence over the N mineralization rates and consequently, over the quantity and form of the available N present in soil. The effects of a temporary climate variation and soil humidity directly affected the ammonization and nitrification rates. It was possible to estimate the N mineralization rates based on those characteristics. The total organic N content varied between 3 to 5% of soil organic matter content. In the great majority of cases, the quantity of potentially mineralizable N varied between 10 to 16% of the total organic N. The nitrogen fertilization speeded up in 12% the trees growth until two years age. In an intermediate age, between 3 and 4 years the response fell to 6%. At the harvesting age, no fertilization response was observed. The relative productivity of young populations and intermediate age populations was not correlated between the potentially mineralizable N and the total organic N, showing that there are enough nitrogen quantities to supply the trees needs.

Submitted by PAULA ANDREA MONTENEGRO CHAUCANES null (paula_andrea_mon@hotmail.com) on 2017-11-22T12:08:17Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Paula (final1).pdf: 4074329 bytes, checksum: b4e87799b76f0a2635d5a1511a22d2f0 (MD5) / Submitted by PAULA ANDREA MONTENEGRO CHAUCANES null (paula_andrea_mon@hotmail.com) on 2017-11-22T14:06:59Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Paula (final1).pdf: 4074329 bytes, checksum: b4e87799b76f0a2635d5a1511a22d2f0 (MD5) / Submitted by PAULA ANDREA MONTENEGRO CHAUCANES null (paula_andrea_mon@hotmail.com) on 2017-11-22T18:09:14Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Paula (final1).pdf: 4074329 bytes, checksum: b4e87799b76f0a2635d5a1511a22d2f0 (MD5) / Submitted by PAULA ANDREA MONTENEGRO CHAUCANES null (paula_andrea_mon@hotmail.com) on 2017-11-22T18:12:24Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Paula (final1).pdf: 4074329 bytes, checksum: b4e87799b76f0a2635d5a1511a22d2f0 (MD5) / Submitted by PAULA ANDREA MONTENEGRO CHAUCANES null (paula_andrea_mon@hotmail.com) on 2017-11-22T19:44:22Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Paula (final1).pdf: 4074329 bytes, checksum: b4e87799b76f0a2635d5a1511a22d2f0 (MD5) / Submitted by PAULA ANDREA MONTENEGRO CHAUCANES null (paula_andrea_mon@hotmail.com) on 2017-11-23T11:57:15Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Paula (final1).pdf: 4074329 bytes, checksum: b4e87799b76f0a2635d5a1511a22d2f0 (MD5) / Submitted by PAULA ANDREA MONTENEGRO CHAUCANES null (paula_andrea_mon@hotmail.com) on 2017-11-23T12:57:56Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Paula (final1).pdf: 4074329 bytes, checksum: b4e87799b76f0a2635d5a1511a22d2f0 (MD5) / Submitted by PAULA ANDREA MONTENEGRO CHAUCANES null (paula_andrea_mon@hotmail.com) on 2017-11-23T13:16:32Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Paula (final1).pdf: 4074329 bytes, checksum: b4e87799b76f0a2635d5a1511a22d2f0 (MD5) / Submitted by PAULA ANDREA MONTENEGRO CHAUCANES null (paula_andrea_mon@hotmail.com) on 2017-11-23T13:34:45Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Paula (final1).pdf: 4074329 bytes, checksum: b4e87799b76f0a2635d5a1511a22d2f0 (MD5) / Submitted by PAULA ANDREA MONTENEGRO CHAUCANES null (paula_andrea_mon@hotmail.com) on 2017-11-23T17:24:54Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Paula (final1).pdf: 4074329 bytes, checksum: b4e87799b76f0a2635d5a1511a22d2f0 (MD5) / Submitted by PAULA ANDREA MONTENEGRO CHAUCANES null (paula_andrea_mon@hotmail.com) on 2017-11-23T17:29:02Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Paula (final1).pdf: 4074329 bytes, checksum: b4e87799b76f0a2635d5a1511a22d2f0 (MD5) / Submitted by PAULA ANDREA MONTENEGRO CHAUCANES null (paula_andrea_mon@hotmail.com) on 2017-11-24T12:05:25Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Paula (final1).pdf: 4074329 bytes, checksum: b4e87799b76f0a2635d5a1511a22d2f0 (MD5) / Submitted by PAULA ANDREA MONTENEGRO CHAUCANES null (paula_andrea_mon@hotmail.com) on 2017-11-24T12:39:44Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Paula (final1).pdf: 4074329 bytes, checksum: b4e87799b76f0a2635d5a1511a22d2f0 (MD5) / Submitted by PAULA ANDREA MONTENEGRO CHAUCANES null (paula_andrea_mon@hotmail.com) on 2017-11-24T16:47:39Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Paula (final1).pdf: 4074329 bytes, checksum: b4e87799b76f0a2635d5a1511a22d2f0 (MD5) / Submitted by PAULA ANDREA MONTENEGRO CHAUCANES null (paula_andrea_mon@hotmail.com) on 2017-11-24T17:31:21Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Paula (final1).pdf: 4074329 bytes, checksum: b4e87799b76f0a2635d5a1511a22d2f0 (MD5) / Submitted by PAULA ANDREA MONTENEGRO CHAUCANES null (paula_andrea_mon@hotmail.com) on 2017-11-27T11:40:49Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Paula (final1).pdf: 4074329 bytes, checksum: b4e87799b76f0a2635d5a1511a22d2f0 (MD5) / Submitted by PAULA ANDREA MONTENEGRO CHAUCANES null (paula_andrea_mon@hotmail.com) on 2017-11-27T12:31:50Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Paula (final1).pdf: 4074329 bytes, checksum: b4e87799b76f0a2635d5a1511a22d2f0 (MD5) / Submitted by PAULA ANDREA MONTENEGRO CHAUCANES null (paula_andrea_mon@hotmail.com) on 2017-11-27T13:03:16Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Paula (final1).pdf: 4074329 bytes, checksum: b4e87799b76f0a2635d5a1511a22d2f0 (MD5) / Submitted by PAULA ANDREA MONTENEGRO CHAUCANES null (paula_andrea_mon@hotmail.com) on 2017-11-27T18:08:08Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Paula (final1).pdf: 4074329 bytes, checksum: b4e87799b76f0a2635d5a1511a22d2f0 (MD5) / Submitted by PAULA ANDREA MONTENEGRO CHAUCANES null (paula_andrea_mon@hotmail.com) on 2017-11-28T12:13:07Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Paula (final1).pdf: 4074329 bytes, checksum: b4e87799b76f0a2635d5a1511a22d2f0 (MD5) / Submitted by PAULA ANDREA MONTENEGRO CHAUCANES null (paula_andrea_mon@hotmail.com) on 2017-11-28T14:22:46Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Paula (final1).pdf: 4074329 bytes, checksum: b4e87799b76f0a2635d5a1511a22d2f0 (MD5) / Submitted by PAULA ANDREA MONTENEGRO CHAUCANES null (paula_andrea_mon@hotmail.com) on 2017-11-28T14:31:58Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Paula (final1).pdf: 4074329 bytes, checksum: b4e87799b76f0a2635d5a1511a22d2f0 (MD5) / Submitted by PAULA ANDREA MONTENEGRO CHAUCANES null (paula_andrea_mon@hotmail.com) on 2017-11-28T14:37:46Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Paula (final1).pdf: 4074329 bytes, checksum: b4e87799b76f0a2635d5a1511a22d2f0 (MD5) / Submitted by PAULA ANDREA MONTENEGRO CHAUCANES null (paula_andrea_mon@hotmail.com) on 2017-11-28T19:04:28Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Paula (final1).pdf: 4074329 bytes, checksum: b4e87799b76f0a2635d5a1511a22d2f0 (MD5) / Submitted by PAULA ANDREA MONTENEGRO CHAUCANES null (paula_andrea_mon@hotmail.com) on 2017-11-30T18:58:22Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Paula (final1).pdf: 4074329 bytes, checksum: b4e87799b76f0a2635d5a1511a22d2f0 (MD5) / Submitted by PAULA ANDREA MONTENEGRO CHAUCANES null (paula_andrea_mon@hotmail.com) on 2017-12-04T14:43:24Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Paula (final1).pdf: 4074329 bytes, checksum: b4e87799b76f0a2635d5a1511a22d2f0 (MD5) / Submitted by PAULA ANDREA MONTENEGRO CHAUCANES null (paula_andrea_mon@hotmail.com) on 2017-12-05T14:11:15Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Paula (final1).pdf: 4074329 bytes, checksum: b4e87799b76f0a2635d5a1511a22d2f0 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Roberta Honorato Goria null (robertacgb@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2017-12-06T13:16:07Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 chaucanes_pam_me_ilha.pdf: 4074329 bytes, checksum: b4e87799b76f0a2635d5a1511a22d2f0 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-12-06T13:16:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 chaucanes_pam_me_ilha.pdf: 4074329 bytes, checksum: b4e87799b76f0a2635d5a1511a22d2f0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-10-20 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Este estudo mostra o funcionamento dos processos de oxidação de matéria orgânica junto com os processos simultâneos de nitrificação e desnitrificação (SND) dentro do reator aeróbio de leito fluidizado de tubos concêntricos com uma terceira câmara para gerar condições anóxicas (necessárias para garantir o processo de desnitrificação). O reator foi operado por um período de 140 dias, durante o qual a remoção de demanda química de oxigênio (DQO) e de nitrogênio total (NT), atingiu 80% e 44% respectivamente, para um tempo de detenção hidráulica (TDH) de 3 horas. A configuração dos diâmetros dos tubos concêntricos resultou em diferentes relações de áreas e, portanto em diferentes vazões para cada câmara. Na operação do reator foram aplicadas duas relações de vazões alterando o nível de esgoto dentro do reator. Os efeitos destas relações de vazões, alterou a concentração de oxigênio dissolvido (OD) entre os compartimentos aeróbio e anóxico do reator e a relação C:N, as quais foram estudadas durante o funcionamento deste sistema. Os resultados indicaram que a relação de vazões 2(4,8: 3,8: 1 para as câmaras 1, 2 e 3, respectivamente) beneficiou as remoções de DQO e NT. A concentração de OD no compartimento aeróbio apresentou valores médios de 3,57 ± 1,24 mg.L -1 , e no topo da câmara 3, a concentração de OD foi de 1,41 ± 0,78 mg.L -1 . As relações C:N que apresentaram maiores eficiências de remoção de NT foram as superiores a 10, sendo a máxima remoção de T na relação C:N de 17. O tempo de retenção celular (TRC) alcançado no reator foi de 3,16 ± 3,07 dias. Neste trabalho de pesquisa foi concluído que a configuração de três câmaras concêntricas para o reator aeróbio de leito fluidizado beneficia a remoção de NT, tornando este reator uma alternativa para o tratamento de águas residuárias domésticas. / This study shows the operation of the organic matter oxidation processes together with the simultaneous processes of nitrification and denitrification (SND) inside the aerobic fluidized bed reactor of concentric tubes with a third chamber to generate anoxic conditions (necessary to guarantee the denitrification process). The reactor operated over a period of 140 days, during which chemical oxygen demand (COD) and total nitrogen (TN) removal reached 80% and 44% respectively, for a 3 hour hydraulic detention time (HDT). The configuration of the diameters of the concentric tubes resulted in different area ratios and therefore in different flow rates for each chamber. In the reactor operation were applied two flow ratios, altering the sewage level inside the reactor. The effects of these flow rates were changing the concentration of dissolved oxygen (DO) between the aerobic and anoxic compartments of the reactor and the C: N ratio, which was studied during the operation of this system. The results indicated that the ratio of flows 2 (4.8: 3.8: 1 for chambers 1, 2 e 3, respectively) benefited the COD and TN removal. The DO concentration in the aerobic compartment presented average values of 3.57 ± 1.24 mg.L-1 , and on top of chamber 3, the DO concentration was 1.41 ± 0.78 mg.L-1 . The C:N ratios that showed higher nitrogen removal efficiencies were higher than 10, with the maximum TN removal at the C:N ratio of 17. The cell retention time reached (CRT) in the reactor was 3.16 ± 3.07 days. In this research, was concluded that three concentric chambers configuration for the aerobic fluidized bed reactor benefits the TN removal, became this reactor an alternative in domestic wastewater treatment.

Orientador: Tsunao Matsumoto / Resumo: Este estudo mostra o funcionamento dos processos de oxidação de matéria orgânica junto com os processos simultâneos de nitrificação e desnitrificação (SND) dentro do reator aeróbio de leito fluidizado de tubos concêntricos com uma terceira câmara para gerar condições anóxicas (necessárias para garantir o processo de desnitrificação). O reator foi operado por um período de 140 dias, durante o qual a remoção de demanda química de oxigênio (DQO) e de nitrogênio total (NT), atingiu 80% e 44% respectivamente, para um tempo de detenção hidráulica (TDH) de 3 horas. A configuração dos diâmetros dos tubos concêntricos resultou em diferentes relações de áreas e, portanto em diferentes vazões para cada câmara. Na operação do reator foram aplicadas duas relações de vazões alterando o nível de esgoto dentro do reator. Os efeitos destas relações de vazões, alterou a concentração de oxigênio dissolvido (OD) entre os compartimentos aeróbio e anóxico do reator e a relação C:N, as quais foram estudadas durante o funcionamento deste sistema. Os resultados indicaram que a relação de vazões 2(4,8: 3,8: 1 para as câmaras 1, 2 e 3, respectivamente) beneficiou as remoções de DQO e NT. A concentração de OD no compartimento aeróbio apresentou valores médios de 3,57 ± 1,24 mg.L -1 , e no topo da câmara 3, a concentração de OD foi de 1,41 ± 0,78 mg.L -1 . As relações C:N que apresentaram maiores eficiências de remoção de NT foram as superiores a 10, sendo a máxima remoção de T na relação C:N de 17. O te... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: This study shows the operation of the organic matter oxidation processes together with the simultaneous processes of nitrification and denitrification (SND) inside the aerobic fluidized bed reactor of concentric tubes with a third chamber to generate anoxic conditions (necessary to guarantee the denitrification process). The reactor operated over a period of 140 days, during which chemical oxygen demand (COD) and total nitrogen (TN) removal reached 80% and 44% respectively, for a 3 hour hydraulic detention time (HDT). The configuration of the diameters of the concentric tubes resulted in different area ratios and therefore in different flow rates for each chamber. In the reactor operation were applied two flow ratios, altering the sewage level inside the reactor. The effects of these flow rates were changing the concentration of dissolved oxygen (DO) between the aerobic and anoxic compartments of the reactor and the C: N ratio, which was studied during the operation of this system. The results indicated that the ratio of flows 2 (4.8: 3.8: 1 for chambers 1, 2 e 3, respectively) benefited the COD and TN removal. The DO concentration in the aerobic compartment presented average values of 3.57 ± 1.24 mg.L-1 , and on top of chamber 3, the DO concentration was 1.41 ± 0.78 mg.L-1 . The C:N ratios that showed higher nitrogen removal efficiencies were higher than 10, with the maximum TN removal at the C:N ratio of 17. The cell retention time reached (CRT) in the reactor was 3.16 ± 3.... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

Floodplain lakes are wetlands which receive flood waters from nearby rivers or other sources. Water samples were taken from floodplain lakes near the Illinois River, the Mississippi River, and the Cache River in Southern Illinois. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), spectrophotometry, and gene probes were used to investigate the effect of nutrient and chemical concentrations on the abundance of nitrifying bacteria; specifically ammonia-oxidizing Nitrosococcus and Nitrosomonadales and nitrite-oxidizing Nitrospira and Nitrobacter. Nitrosococcus was the dominant ammonia-oxidizing bacteria at each river system. Nitrospira and Nitrobacter had similar average abundances. Nitrosococcus abundances showed a significant positive correlation with nitrate (NO3-) (R2= 0.247, P=0.05, 95% confidence R2≥0.199) and a positive trend with nitrite (NO2-) (R2= 0.194, P=0.10, 90% confidence R2≥0.125). Nitrosomonadales abundance positively correlated with temperature (R2= 0.530, P=0.05, 95% confidence R2≥0.510). Nitrospira abundances positively correlated with ammonium (NH4+) (R2= 0.265, P=0.05, 95% confidence R2≥0.199), NO2- (R2= 0.372, P=0.05, 95% confidence R2≥0.199), and NO3- (R2= 0.482, P=0.05, 95% confidence R2≥0.199). None of the target bacterial abundances significantly correlated with pH or dissolved inorganic phosphate.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Agro-industrial effluents are capable of causing great impact on water bodies if released without adequate treatment. The removal of the organic load in the conventional biological treatments is achieved with high generation of sludge and energy consumption. The usual techniques of biological removal of nitrogen load demand high deployment and maintenance costs in wastewater treatment units. Seeking the development of a technology that can be employed in treatment units already in operation without high costs of installation and operation, an anaerobic and aerobic reactor using the technique of bioaugmentation and a fixed bed reactor for nitrification were built in scalebench. Real effluent was collected from a meat packing company and microorganisms of high rate of consumption for bioaugmentation were purchased commercially. The biological system was operated continuously with the anaerobic and aerobic reactor in sequence and with recirculation of supernatant from the anaerobic reactor to the nitrifying one. After percolating in the nitrifying reactor, the supernatant was drained back to the bottom of the anaerobic reactor, so that came in contact with the clay formed the bottom of it, making possible the denitrification of nitrogen compounds. Assays were performed under two conditions of flow rate: 2.5 and 5.0 L/day, resulting in organic loading conditions (COA) corresponding to 3.7 and 19.6 gDQOsolúvel/day under constant temperature of 30°C. The anaerobic reactor was evaluated at temperatures of 20 and 30ºC. The nitrification system was tested only for 19.6 gDQOsolúvel/day condition of load. The variations of chemical oxygen demand (COD), soluble COD, NH3, turbidity and suspended solids in each reactor and in the whole system were analized. Were obtained removal of 76.9% soluble COD in the system to the condition of lower COA and 71.1% to 19.6 gDQOsolúvel/day. The microorganisms tested presented solids generation rate (μ) from 0.035 to 0.19 gSSV/gSSV*day, these values are about 10 times lower than those reported for systems without bioaugmentation. The coefficients of biomass growth (Y) and maximum specific substrate consumption (k) were close to those systems without use of the bioaugmentation, indicating that the main advantage of this technique is the lower generation of sludge. It was found that the anaerobic system with bioaugmentation is more resistant to temperature changes compared to the usual system as to reduce the temperature 10°C, there was a reduction of only 27.6% for COD removal. The removal efficiency of NH3 in the system before and after use of the nitrifying reactor was 38.8 and 62%, respectively, indicating that binding of recirculation of the supernatant of the anaerobic reactor to a nitrification reactor designed specifically to allow removing the ammonia load in the effluent. / Efluentes agroindustriais são capazes de causar grande impacto em corpos d água se lançados sem tratamento adequado. A remoção da carga orgânica nos tratamentos biológicos convencionais é conseguida com elevada geração de lodo residual e consumo energético. As técnicas usuais de remoção biológica da carga nitrogenada demandam altos custos com implantação e manutenção nas unidades de tratamento de efluentes. Buscando o desenvolvimento de uma tecnologia que possa ser empregada em unidades de tratamento já em funcionamento sem elevados custos de instalação e operação, um reator aeróbio e um anaeróbio com uso da técnica da bioaumentação e um reator para nitrificação de leito fixo foram construídos em escala de bancada. Efluente real foi coletado de uma empresa frigorífica e microrganismos de alta taxa de consumo para a bioaumentação foram adquiridos comercialmente. O sistema biológico foi operado de forma contínua, com o reator anaeróbio e aeróbio em sequência e com recirculação do sobrenadante do anaeróbio ao reator nitrificante. Após percolar no reator nitrificante, este sobrenadante era drenado de volta ao fundo do reator anaeróbio, de forma com que entrasse em contato com o lodo formado ao fundo do mesmo e possibilitasse e denitrificação dos compostos nitrogenados. Os ensaios foram realizados sob duas condições de vazão: 2,5 e 5,0 L/dia, que resultaram em condições de carga orgânica aplicada (COA) correspondentes a 3,7 e 19,6 gDQOsolúvel/dia e sob temperatura mantida constante em 30ºC. O reator anaeróbio foi avaliado sob as temperaturas de 20 e 30ºC. O sistema de nitrificação foi testado somente para a condição de 19,6 gDQOsolúvel/dia de carga. Foram avaliadas as variações nos teores de DQO, DQO solúvel, NH3, turbidez e sólidos suspensos em cada reator e no sistema todo. Obteve-se até 76,9% de remoção de DQO solúvel no sistema para a condição de COA mais baixa e 71,1% para COA de 19,6 gDQOsolúvel/dia. Os microrganismos testados apresentaram taxa de geração de sólidos de 0,035 a 0,19 gSSV/gSSV*dia, valores estes em torno de 10 vezes menor que os reportados para sistemas sem bioaumentação. Os coeficientes de crescimento de biomassa (Y) e de taxa máxima específica de consumo de substrato (k) ficaram próximos aos valores para sistemas sem uso da bioaumentação, indicando que a principal vantagem do uso desta técnica está na baixa geração de lodo. Verificou-se que o sistema anaeróbio bioaumentado resiste melhor a variações de temperatura frente aos sistemas usuais, pois para redução de 10ºC na temperatura, observou-se a redução de apenas 27,6% na remoção de DQO. A eficiência de remoção de NH3 no sistema antes e depois da utilização do reator nitrificante em paralelo foi de 38,8 e 62%, respectivamente, indicando que a ligação do sistema de recirculação do sobrenadante do reator anaeróbio até um reator desenvolvido especificamente para nitrificação possibilita a remoção da carga amoniacal do efluente.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:29:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2010-09-01Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:19:09Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 correia_gt_me_ilha.pdf: 1747896 bytes, checksum: 7eb0e6d783d9d9c4b844592ae152c89a (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / O reator aeróbio de leito fluidizado com circulação interna emprega microorganismos aderidos a um meio suporte uniforme (areia), removendo tanto matéria orgânica quanto nitrogenada. Neste experimento foram estudados dois reatores com 2,6 m de altura cuja diferença era o diâmetro do tubo interno (125 e 150 mm) e foram aplicadas diferentes concentrações de meio suporte ao longo do estudo (100, 125 e 150 g.L-1). Ensaios realizados com água limpa utilizando traçador (NaCl) e sondas de condutividade elétrica mostraram que, nas vazões de ar entre 1500 – 3000 L.h-1, ocorre circulação suficiente para a suspensão do meio suporte. O esgoto doméstico passou por peneiramento estático e foram realizadas análises de DBO, DQO, NT, Namon, NO2, NO3, sólidos, espessura do biofilme, turbidez, temperatura, pH, OD e testes microbiológicos (Gram, esporos e catalase). Observou-se que a adição de meio suporte influencia positivamente na eficiência de remoção de matéria nitrogenada, e que uma menor diferença entre as áreas interna e externa facilitam o equilíbrio do sistema, apresentando assim, eficiências melhores. / Aerobic fluidized bed reactor with internal-loop uses microorganisms attached to a uniform carrier (sand), removing carbonaceous and nitrogenous matter. In this experimental work two reactors with 2,6 m height were studied. The main difference between both reactors was the inner tube diameter (125 and 150mm). Different carrier concentrations were applied in that study (100, 125 and 150g.L-1). Experiments with clean water using a marker (NaCl) and electrical conductivity probes showed that with flow taxes between 1500 – 3000 L.h-1 occurs sufficient circulation to suspend the carrier. The sewage passed by static screening and analyses of BOD, COD, total nitrogen, Namon, NO2, NO3, suspend solids, biofilm thickness, turbidity, temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen and microbiological test (Gram, spores and catalysis) were realized. In that work, was observed that the addition of carrier has positive influences on nitrogenous matter removal efficiency, and lower differences between indoor/outdoor area facilitate system balance, showing better efficiencies.

Thesis (DTech (Chemical Engineering))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2017. / Industrial wastewater management pertaining to the mining industry has become increasingly stringent, with companies being required to develop environmentally benign wastewater management practices worldwide. The industries that utilise cyanide compounds for the recovery of precious and base metals in a process known as the cyanidation process, have contributed substantially to environmental deterioration and potable water reserve contamination due to the discharge of poorly treated, or untreated, cyanide containing wastewater. Hence, a biotechnological approach was undertaken in this study to remediate free cyanide (CN-) and thiocyanate (SCN-), which are the major chemical contaminants which are normally found in cyanidation wastewaters. Furthermore, this biotechnological approach was investigated to understand the fundamental aspects of using this approach such that the information gathered can be utilized in pilot plant studies. Therefore, bioprospecting of potential CN- and SCN--degrading organisms was undertaken using two approaches; (i) culture-dependent approach and (ii) culture-independent approach. Using the culture-dependent approach, Pseudomonas aeruginosa STK 03, Exiguobacterium acetylicum and Bacillus marisflavi were isolated from an oil spill site and river sediment samples, respectively. STK 03 was evaluated for the biodegradation of CN- and SCN- under alkaline conditions. The organism had a CN- degradation efficiency of 80% and 32% from an initial concentration of 250 and 450 mg CN-/L, respectively. Additionally, the organism was able to degrade SCN-, achieving a degradation efficiency of 78% and 98% from non- and CN- spiked cultures, respectively. Furthermore, the organism was capable of heterotrophic nitrification but was unable to denitrify aerobically, with the autotrophic degradation of CN- by STK 03 being abortive.