Scheduling policies adopted for statistical multiplexing should provide delay differentiation between different traffic classes, where each class represents an aggregate traffic of individual applications having same target-queueing-delay requirements. We propose scheduling to optimally balance weighted mean instanteneous queue lengths and later weighted mean cumulative queue lengths as an approach to delay differentiation, where the class weights are set inversely proportional to the respective products of target delays and packet arrival rates. In particular, we assume a discrete-time, two-class, single-server queueing model with unit service time per packet and provide mathematical frame-work throughout our work. For iid Bernoulli packet arrivals, using a step-wise cost-dominance analytical approach using instantaneous queue lengths alone, for a class of one-stage cost functions not necessarily convex, we find the structure of the total-cost optimal policies for a part of the state space. We then consider two particular one-stage cost functions for finding two scheduling policies that are total-cost optimal for the whole state-space. The policy for the absolute weighted difference cost function minimizes the stationary mean, and the policy for the weighted sum-of-square cost function minimizes the stationary second-order moment, of the absolute value of the weighted difference of queue lengths. For the case of weighted sum-of-square cost function, the ‘iid Bernoulli arrivals’ assumption can be relaxed to either ‘iid arrivals with general batch sizes’ or to ‘Markovian zero-one arrivals’ for all of the state space, but for the linear switching curve. We then show that the average cost, starting from any initial state, exists, and is finite for every stationary work-conserving policy for our choices of the one-stage cost-function. This is shown for arbitrary number of class queues and for any i.i.d. batch arrival processes with finite appropriate moments. We then use cumulative queue lengths information in the one-step cost function of the optimization formulation and obtain an optimal myopic policy with 3 stages to go for iid arrivals with general batch sizes. We show analytically that this policy achieves the given target delay ratio in the long run under finite buffer assumption, given that feasibility conditions are satisfied. We take recourse to numerical value iteration to show the existence of average-cost for this policy. Simulations with varied class-weights for Bernoulli arrivals and batch arrivals with Poisson batch sizes show that this policy achieves mean queueing delays closer to the respective target delays than the policy obtained earlier. We also note that the coefficients of variation of the queueing delays of both the classes using cumulative queue lengths are of the same order as those using instantaneous queue lengths. Moreover, the short-term behaviour of the optimal myopic policy using cumulative queue lengths is superior to the existing standard policy reported by Coffman and Mitrani by a factor in the range of 3 to 8. Though our policy performs marginally poorer compared to the value-iterated, sampled, and then stationarily employed policy, the later lacks any closed-form structure. We then modify the definition of the third state variable and look to directly balance weighted mean delays. We come up with another optimal myopic policy with 3 stages to go, following which the error in the ratio of mean delays decreases as the window-size, as opposed to the policy mentioned in the last paragraph, wherein the error decreases as the square-root of the window-size. We perform numerical value-iteration to show the existence of average-cost and study the performance by simulation. Performance of our policy is comparable with the value-iterated, sampled, and then stationarily employed policy, reported by Mallesh. We have then studied general inter-arrival time processes and obtained the optimal myopic policy for the Pareto inter-arrival process, in particular. We have supported with simulation that our policy fares similarly to the PAD policy, reported by Dovrolis et. al., which is primarily heuristic in nature. We then model the possible packet errors in the multiplexed channel by either a Bernoulli process, or a Markov modulated Bernoulli process with two possible channel states. We also consider two possible round-trip-time values for control information, namely zero and one-slot. The policies that are next-stage optimal (for zero round-trip-time), and two-stage optimal (for one-slot round-trip-time) are obtained. Simulations with varied class-weights for Bernoulli arrivals and batch arrivals with Poisson batch sizes show that these policies indeed achieve mean queueing delays very close to the respective target delays. We also obtain the structure for optimal policies with N = 2 + ⌈rtt⌉ stages-to-go for generic values of rtt, and which need not be multiple of time-slots.

This paper is in introduction focused on review of robotic vacuum cleaning and evaluation of available products qualities. However the main focus of this paper is system design of all subsystems, control systems and PCD design of robot electronics. In this paper is also described a method for evaluating approximate distance of robot from the obstacle. There are also described problems of system design of IR proximity sensors. The last part of this work is development of control software for robot and its testing.

De nouveaux besoins dans le domaine des télécommunications par satellite ont amené les industriels du secteur à se pencher sur l’optimisation des ressources en créant des systèmes reconfigurables, capables d’adapter leur fonctionnement fréquentiel en cours de mission. Cette thèse s’intéresse plus particulièrement aux multiplexeurs et à la manière de les rendre agiles à travers les filtres qui les composent ainsi qu’une adaptation de leur architecture.Dans un premier temps, le présent manuscrit dresse l’état de l’art des dispositifs accordables réalisés par les équipes de recherche du monde entier, avant de proposer des solutions mettant en œuvre une topologie de multiplexage à coupleurs hybrides. Dans un second temps, des études sont présentées portant sur une pluralité de concepts de cavités ou d’éléments de couplage accordables. Certains de ces concepts sont ensuite sélectionnés et assemblés afin de former des fonctions de filtrage et de multiplexage accordables. La dernière partie présente ainsi deux multiplexeurs accordables, l’un permettant une reconfiguration en bande étroite, l’autre en bande large, le premier ayant donné lieu à une réalisation expérimentale. / New needs in the field of satellite telecommunications have led manufacturers in the sector to focus on optimizing resources by creating reconfigurable systems able to adapt their operating frequencyplan during the mission. This thesis focuses on multiplexers and how to make them agile through their architecture and the filters that compose them.This manuscript starts by realizing the state of the art oftunable filtering devices through analysis of contributions made by research teams around the world. Based on this state of art,solutions to the problematic are proposed using a hybrid coupler multiplexing topology. Then studies are presented on various tunable cavities or coupling elements concepts. Some of these concepts have been selected and assembled to form tunable filtering and multiplexing functions. The last part thus presents two tunable multiplexers, allowing narrowband or broadband reconfiguration. An experimental realization has also been conducted on the narrowband version.

Le trafic dans les réseaux optiques est en constante augmentation depuis de nombreuses années. CISCO affirme qu'il devrait augmenter d'un facteur 13 en 2020. Ceci induit une augmentation de la consommation énergétique et de l'évolution de la taille des réseaux entrainant un accroissement de la complexité des réseaux. Dans ce contexte, pour répondre à l'augmentation du débit dans les réseaux et procure un réseau de télécommunications fiable, il faut prévoir une planification et une ingénierie de réseaux adaptées. Dans ce but, nous étudions dans cette thèse le design d'un nœud de commutation optique ROADM. nous considérons différentes architectures de nœud, composants et sous-systèmes utilisés dans les configurations de nœud RODM "Broadcast and Select" et "Route and Select". Diverses configurations de modules d'insertion/extraction sont analysées ("Colored/colorless, directional/directionless et contentional/contentionless"). Pour ce faire, nous avons développé un simulateur de nœud ROADM dans une plateforme de trafic dynamique et nous avons proposé une stratégie de gestion offline de la contention à l'intérieur du nœud. Nous avons obtenu une réduction du rapport de blocage intra noeud de l'ordre de 1.5. Ensuite, nous nous sommes focalisés sur la planification des futures générations de réseaux optiques métro cœur. Dans ce but, nous avons étudié la possibilité d'une transmission non cohérente à 100 Gb/s en utilisant le format de modulation PDM-DQPSK. Ensuite, nous avons considéré l'implémentation de la PDM-CS-DQPSK. La qualité de transmission de ces deux systèmes a finalement été évaluée / Traffic demand is exponentially increasing in recent years. Cisco forecast claims that by 2020, transport traffic will be 13 times of today's traffic transmission. This incremental traffic demand makes concerns about energy consumption and network scalability as well as increasing the network complexity. In this respect, to adresse the future traffic demand requirement and provide a reliable telecommunication network, precise network planning and engineering are needed. To this aim, we adress the problem of ROADM node design by presenting different architectures, components and subsystems to investigate the Broadcast and Select and Route and Select ROADM node architectures. Colored/colorless, directional/directionless and contentional/contentionless add/drop module configurations are studied. Futhermore, the problem of Intra Node Blocking is investigated by developing a node simulator in a dynamic network traffic platform. In this respect, we propose an offline contention management strategy for an ROADMnode in order to efficiently decrease the Intra Node blocking ration by more than 1.5 order of magnitude. Finally, we focus on network planning by investigating short and medium term network upgrades for metro-core optical network. To this goal, we investigate the possibility of non coherent signal transmission in metro-core segment of hierarchical layered optical network. Quality of transmission for 100 Gbit/s PDM-DQPSK-modulation format is investigated. Then, we propose the implementation of PDM-CS-DQPSK modulation format to transmit 100 Gbit/s signals in ROADM based optical transmission systems

Les travaux portent sur les multiplexeurs optiques fonctionnant à mi-IR pour la source à large bande dans l'application de détection de gaz. Deux configurations ont été étudiées: réseau de guides d'onde (AWG) et réseau concave planaire (PCG). Premièrement, le principe du fonctionnement a été compris afin de développer une solution analytique pour le champ de sortie en utilisant une approximation gaussienne du champ et de l'optique de Fourier. Ensuite, un outil de simulation semi-analytique de la réponse spectrale pour les deux configurations de multiplexeur a été développé dans MATLAB. La distribution normale des erreurs de phase a été introduite dans le modèle semi-analytique AWG, ce qui nous a permis d'étudier la corrélation entre l'écart-type des erreurs de phase et le niveau de diaphonie de la réponse spectrale AWG. AWG à 5,65 μm a été fabriqué à partir de la technologie SiGe / Si à l'aide de l'outil MATLAB pour le calcul des paramètres de conception et de l'outil P.Labeye pour le calcul de la géométrie AWG. Les dispositifs avec des paramètres légèrement variables ont été caractérisés: AWG1 avec guides d'ondes de 4,6 μm et MMI de 9 μm; AWG2 avec guides d'ondes de 4,6 μm et MMI de 11 μm; AWG3 avec guides d'ondes de 4,8 μm et MMI de 9 μm. Des mesures des dispositifs sur la puce 36 (centre de la plaquette) et sur la puce 32 (côté de la plaquette) ont été effectuées et analysées. Les mesures de température de AWG2 et AWG3 (puce 32 et puce 36) aux points cinq points de température ont montré une dépendance linéaire du déplacement spectral avec la température qui a une bonne corrélation avec les prédictions de simulation. / The work focuses on optical multiplexers operating in mid-IR for broadband source in gas sensing application. Two configurations were studies – arrayed waveguide grating (AWG) and planar concave grating (PCG). First, principle of operation was understood in order to develop analytical solution for output field using Gaussian approximation of the field and Fourier Optics. Then, semi-analytical simulation tool of the spectral response for both multiplexer configurations was developed in MATLAB. Normal distribution of phase errors was introduced to semi-analytical AWG model, which allowed us to study the correlation between standard deviation of phase errors and the level of crosstalk of AWG spectral response. AWG at 5.65 µm was fabricated based on SiGe/Si technology using the MATLAB tool for design parameters calculation and P.Labeye’s tool for AWG geometry calculation. Devices with slightly varying parameters were characterized: AWG1 with 4.6 µm waveguides and 9µm MMI; AWG2 with 4.6 µm waveguides and 11µm MMI; AWG3 with 4.8 µm waveguides and 9µm MMI. Measurements of devices on chip 36 (center of the wafer) and chip 32 (side of the wafer) were performed and analyzed. Temperature measurements of AWG2 and AWG3 (chip 32 and chip 36) at points five temperature points showed linear dependence of spectral shift with the temperature which has a good correlation with simulation predictions.

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[ES] La presente tesis doctoral tiene como principal objetivo el estudio, diseño, desarrollo y fabricación de nuevos dispositivos pasivos de microondas, tales como filtros y multiplexores con respuestas avanzadas para aplicaciones de alto valor añadido (i.e. comerciales, militares, espacio); orientados a distintos servicios, actuales y futuros, en sistemas inalámbricos de comunicación. Además, esta investigación se centrará en el desarrollo de filtros encapsulados de montaje superficial y con un elevado grado de miniaturización. Para ello, se propone investigar distintas técnicas que consigan respuestas muy selectivas o con unas características exigentes en rechazo (mediante la flexible introducción de ceros de transmisión), así como una excelente planaridad en banda (aplicando técnicas tales como la mejora del Q o el diseño de filtros con pérdidas, lossy filters), obteniendo de este modo respuestas mejoradas, con respecto a soluciones conocidas, en los componentes de microondas desarrollados. De forma general, la metodología seguida se iniciará con una búsqueda y conocimiento del estado del arte sobre cada uno de los temas que se acometerán en esta tesis. Tras ello, se establecerá un procedimiento de síntesis que permitirá acometer de forma teórica los objetivos y especificaciones a conseguir en cada caso. Con ello, se establecerán las bases para iniciar el proceso de diseño, incluyendo co-simulación circuital/electromagnética y optimización que permitirán, en última instancia, implementar la solución planteada en cada caso de aplicación concreto. Finalmente, la demostración y validez de todas las investigaciones realizadas se llevará a cabo mediante la fabricación y caracterización experimental de distintos prototipos. / [CA] La present tesi doctoral té com a principal objectiu l'estudi, disseny, desenvolupament I fabricació de nous dispositius passius de microones, com ara filtres i multiplexors amb respostes avançades per a aplicacions d'alt valor afegit, (comercials, militars, espai); orientats a oferir diferents serveis, actuals i futurs, en els diferents sistemes sense fils de comunicació. A més, aquesta investigació es centrarà en el desenvolupament de filtres encapsulats de muntatge superficial i amb un elevat grau de miniaturització. Per a això, es proposa investigar diferents tècniques que aconsegueixin respostes molt selectives o amb unes característiques exigents en rebuig (mitjançant la flexible introducció de zeros de transmissió), així com una excel·lent planaritat en banda (aplicant tècniques com ara la millora de l'Q o el disseny de filtres amb perdues, lossy filters), obtenint d'aquesta manera respostes millorades, respecte solucions conegudes, en els components de micrones desenvolupats. De forma general, la metodologia seguida s'iniciarà amb una recerca i coneixement de l'estat de l'art sobre cadascun dels temes que s'escometran en aquesta tesi. Després d'això, s'establirà un procediment de síntesi que permetrà escometre de forma teòrica els objectiusi especificacions a aconseguir en cada cas. Amb això, s'establiran les bases per iniciar el procés de disseny, amb co-simulació circuital / electromagnètica i optimització que permetran, en última instància, implementar la solució plantejada en cada cas d'aplicació concret. Finalment, la demostració i validesa de totes les investigacions realitzades es durà a terme mitjançant la fabricació i caracterització experimental de diferents prototips. / [EN] The main objective of this doctoral thesis is the study, design, development and manufacture of new passive microwave components, such as filters and multiplexers with advanced responses for commercials, military and space applications; oriented to other different services, in current and future wireless communication systems. In addition, this research will focus on the development of surface-mounted encapsulated filters with a high degree of miniaturization. With this purpose, it is proposed to investigate different techniques that achieve highly selective responses or with demanding characteristics in rejection (through the flexible introduction of transmission zeros), as well as an excellent in-band planarity (applying techniques such as the Q enhancement or lossy filters), thus obtaining improved responses, with respect to known solutions, in the developed microwave components. In general, the followed methodology will begin with a search and knowledge of the state of the art on each of the topics addressed in this thesis. After that, a synthesis procedure will be established, which will allow the achievement of the objectives and specifications in a theoretical way, for each case. With this, the bases will be established to start the design process, with circuital and electromagnetic co-simulations and optimizations that will allow, ultimately, to implement the proposed solution, in every application case, specifically. Finally, the demonstration and validity of all the investigations will be carried out through the manufacture and experimental characterization of different prototypes. / Marín Martínez, S. (2022). Microwave Filters in Planar and Hybrid Technologies with Advanced Responses [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/188943

This diploma thesis deals with the influence of long fiber optic paths on the polarization state of light and their use for powering polarization sensors. The aim of the diploma thesis was to design the arrangement of optical fiber components so that the polarization properties of light at the end of the path are further usable for sensory purposes. Four partial measurements with a long path (in a laboratory setting, laying in the ground, on a curtain, under the influence of external influence) and one measurement without a path under the influence of external influence were designed. The overall measurement results demonstrate that for the functional power supply of long-distance sensor systems, an existing single-mode fiber can be used (laid by laying in the ground), into which a light source for a given sensor system would be multiplexed. In the discussion, all types of measurements are analyzed and compared with each other. Finally, the overall result is summarized and applications are described in which such a sensor system could be used.

This Master`s thesis is focused on through acquaintance of principles of the function circuits with switched capaticors and posibility of their application mainly in frequency filters or signal generators. The origin of the switched capacitor circuits is mentioned at the beginning of the work. There are references to the first scientific work and scientists who have dealt with this issue. Maxwell`s idea: lossy element (resistor) replace with lossless element (switched capacitor) in electric circuit, is further described. In the next chapter of this work are listed types of switching capacitors and their use in simple RC filters and in structures of inverted or noninverted integrators and their application in more complex higher order filters. The advantages and disadvantages of SC circuits versus circuit composed of discrete components are shown. It is also listed a simple low-pass switched RC filter implemented with analogue multiplexer 4053. Using the LTC1043 integrated circuit, which structure and properties are described and analyzed in detail in the work, the 1st order aktive or pasive low and high pass filters were designed and subsequently simulated in the computer simulator OrCAD PSpice v.10. Another chapter deals with the integrated circuits higher order filters, structure and properties of the integrated filter LTC1060 are further analyzed here. Except this IC there are mentioned integrated filters commercially less available from the corporations Linear Technology and Maxim. The main objective of thesis was to propose and establish laboratory device and laboratory measurment focused on the switched capacitor circuits. The laboratory device has been designed with integrated circuits LTC1043 and LTC1060, which is demonstrated by using passive and active integrator, 2nd order band-pass and 4th order band-pass with Chebyshevovou approximation.

The purpose of this master’s thesis is foremost to provide a simple guide how to build elements of optical metropolitan area network. The basic model consists to sequence of construction, network topology, passive and active parts. The collection contains examples of alternative technology such as Wireless LAN with different frequency. The optical network construction based on optical cable, fibres, splices, trays, adapters, connectors and active parts for example a lot of media convertor models. After that there are demonstrating type of wavelength division multiplexer used in metropolitan area network – passive planar PCL splitter. One of the passive planar splitter are used to increase optical fibre channel. At the end of the collection a simplified examples of used measurements – optical time domain reflectometry and optical fibre transmission. Contains standard protocols or reflectogram. The conclusion of this thesis summarizes costs of FTTb (Fibre To The Building) model of optical metropolitan area network in Czech republic and future contribution for society.