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Use of Integrated Process Control Displays in Work System DesignThepvongs, Somchart 17 June 1998 (has links)
Given the continuing deployment of total quality control and total quality management initiatives by organizations, employees have seen changes in their work environment. Furthermore, the impact of downsizing has resulted in operators becoming responsible for the quality of their own processes. This study tested the impact of various display alternatives of control chart data on decision performance and mental workload. The control charts were shown as multiple two dimensional displays, a composite two dimensional display, and a composite three dimensional perspective display.
Multiple two dimensional displays were found to have significantly higher decision accuracy and decision confidence ratings than either composite displays. No significant difference in decision accuracy and decision confidence ratings was found among the composite displays. The type of display did not have a significant effect on decision time. Mental workload was also found to be significantly affected by the type of display used. Multiple two dimensional displays imposed significantly lower levels of mental workload than either composite display. No significant difference in mental workload was found among the composite displays. These results indicated that multiple two dimensional displays should be used when control chart data from multiple processes must be displayed. / Master of Science
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Analysis of Driver's Mental Workloads for Designing Adaptive Multimodal Interface for Transition from Automated Driving to Manual / 半自動運転時の権限移譲を支援する適応型マルチモーダル・インタフェースのデザインのためのドライバの心的負荷の分析Chen, Weiya 23 March 2023 (has links)
付記する学位プログラム名: デザイン学大学院連携プログラム / 京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(工学) / 甲第24607号 / 工博第5113号 / 新制||工||1978(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院工学研究科機械理工学専攻 / (主査)教授 椹木 哲夫, 教授 小森 雅晴, 教授 泉井 一浩 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Philosophy (Engineering) / Kyoto University / DFAM
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EYE TRACKING AND ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAM (EEG) MEASURES FOR WORKLOAD AND PERFORMANCE IN ROBOTIC SURGERY TRAININGChuhao Wu (7043360) 16 August 2019 (has links)
<p>Robotic-assisted surgery (RAS) is one of the most
significant advancements in surgical techniques in the past three decades. It
provides benefits of reduced infection risks and shortened recovery time over
open surgery as well as improved dexterity, stereoscopic vision, and ergonomic
console over laparoscopic surgery. The prevalence of RAS systems has increased
over years and is expected to grow even larger. However, the major concerns of
RAS are the technical difficulty and the system complexity, which can result in
long learning time and impose extra cognitive workload and stress on the operating
room. Human Factor and Ergonomics (HFE) perspective is critical to patient
safety and relevant researches have long provided methods to improve surgical
outcomes. Yet, limited studies especially using objective measurements, have been
done in the RAS environment. </p>
<p> </p>
<p>With advances in wearable sensing technology and data
analytics, the applications of physiological measures in HFE have been ever
increasing. Physiological measures are objective and real-time, free of some main
limitations in subjective measures. Eye tracker as a minimally-intrusive and
continuous measuring device can provide both physiological and behavioral
metrics. These metrics have been found sensitive to changes in workload in various
domains. Meanwhile, electroencephalography (EEG) signals capture electrical
activity in the cerebral cortex and can reflect cognitive processes that are
difficult to assess with other objective measures. Both techniques have the
potential to help address some of the challenges in RAS.</p>
<p> </p>
<p>In this study, eight RAS trainees participated in a 3-month
long experiment. In total, they completed 26 robotic skills simulation
sessions. In each session, participants performed up to 12 simulated RAS
exercises with varying levels of difficulty. For Research Question I,
correlation and mixed effect analyses were conducted to explore the
relationships between eye tracking metrics and workload. Machine learning
classifiers were used to determine the sensitivity of differentiating low and
high workload with eye tracking metrics. For Research Question II, two eye
tracking metrics and one EEG metric were used to explain participants’ performance
changes between consecutive sessions. Correlation and ANOVA analyses were
conducted to examine whether variations in performance had significant relationships
with variations in objective metrics. Classification models were built to
examine the capability of objective metrics in predicting improvement during
RAS training. </p>
<p> </p>
<p>In Research Question I, pupil diameter and gaze entropy
distinguished between different task difficulty levels, and both metrics
increased as the level of difficulty increased. Yet only gaze entropy was
correlated with subjective workload measurement. The classification model
achieved an average accuracy of 89.3% in predicting workload levels. In Research
Question II, variations in gaze entropy and engagement index were negatively
correlated with variations in task performance. Both metrics tended to decrease
when performance increased. The classification model achieved an average
accuracy of 68.5% in predicting improvements.</p>
<p> </p>
<p>Eye tracking metrics can measure both task workload and perceived
workload during simulated RAS training. It can potentially be used for real-time
monitoring of workload in RAS procedure to identify task contributors to high
workload and provide insights for training. When combined with EEG, the objective
metrics can explain the performance changes during RAS training, and help
estimate room for improvements.</p>
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Simulating the effects of mental workload on tactical and operational performance in tankcrewLundin, Mikael January 2004 (has links)
<p>Battletank crew must perform many diverse tasks during a normal mission: Crewmembers have to navigate, communicate, control on-board systems, and engage with the enemy, to mention a few. As human processing capacity is limited, the crewmembers will find themselves in situations where task requirements, due to the number of tasks and task complexity, exceed their mental capacity. The stress that results from mental overload has documented quantitative and qualitative effects on performance; effects that could lead to mission failure. </p><p>This thesis describes a simulation of tankcrew during a mission where mental workload is a key factor to the outcome of mission performance. The thesis work has given rise to a number of results. First, conceptual models have been developed of the tank crewmembers. Mental workload is represented in these models as a behavior moderator, which can be manipulated to demonstrate and predict behavioral effects. Second, cognitive models of the tank crewmembers are implemented as Soar agents, which interact with tanks in a 3D simulated battlefield. The empirical data underlying these models was collected from experiments with tankcrew, and involved first hand observations and task analyses. Afterwards, the model’s behavior was verified against an a priori established behavioral pattern and successfully face validated with two subject matter experts.</p>
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Analysis of Mental Workload and Operating Behavior in Secondary Tasks while DrivingPlatten, Frederik 12 February 2013 (has links) (PDF)
In this thesis, situations were analyzed in which drivers operate infotainment systems (IVIS) while driving. In this, the focus lay on such situations in which drivers operated these secondary tasks successfully. Following that, a resource orientated approach was chosen in contrast to the focus of many other studies. Demonstrating the negative effects of secondary tasks while driving was less central in this thesis. Rather, everyday behavior adaptations were analyzed that enabled drivers to operate secondary tasks successfully while driving. Therefore these adaptations were measured with regards to the following three factors: driving task, secondary task and mental workload. Additionally the influence of several secondary task attributes was analyzed. Thereby especially the perceived interruptibility was researched in detail.
The thesis contains 3 different parts: 1. Introduction to research field, 2. Empiric part and 3. Overall discussion. In the first part an introduction and an overview of the current research concerning secondary task operation while driving is presented. The second part contains 3 studies, each presented in manuscript form.
The goal of the first study was to show basic behavior adaptations in a driving simulator study that enables drivers to operate secondary tasks while driving. Thereby it became obvious that drivers adapted their driving behavior as well as their activity in the secondary task dynamically to the specific situation. The driving task was prioritized thereby. The adaptations were dependent on the current as well as the anticipated development of the situations and correspondingly sensitive to the variation of a cue to a hazardous driving situation. If drivers were warned (and thereby an anticipation was possible), they reduced especially their activity in the secondary task.
In the second study the influence of mental workload and the attributes of a secondary task were analyzed in-depth. Drivers were informed by a noise signal either about an upcoming unknown driving situation or about an upcoming speed reduction situation in this study. It could be shown that if a secondary task can be interrupted without a perceived decline in performance, it is interrupted in demanding driving situations. If an interruption causes a perceived performance loss, the task is interrupted less often, and so the workload is increased (measured with a physiological measurement). Thus, drivers compensate their current demands by behavior adaptations in different factors, depending on the characteristics of a secondary task. The interaction between driving task, secondary task and workload could be proven by this research. Only if a secondary task could be interrupted without a perceived loss of performance drivers interrupted the task before a hazardous situation was reached.
In line with the findings from the studies above a setting was developed for the third study that is less bound to the simulation of complex driving situations and thereby independent from specific driving simulator settings. Nevertheless the anticipation of further driving situations and the option to adapt behavior was given to the drivers by the setting to measure the effects described above. Additionally secondary tasks were analyzed that have a high comparability to common IVIS. Thus, a focus was on the influence of tasks that require time critical inputs. As expected, in tasks with time critical inputs the activity was less often reduced, even if a demanding driving situation was announced. Thereby another influencing factor to the perceived interruptibility of secondary tasks could be analyzed.
In the presented studies it was shown that drivers anticipate the further development of a situation and adapt their activity in the secondary task dynamically due to several characteristics of this task. For the future evaluation of IVIS, methodological requirements were deduced from the presented studies and a possible setting for further research was discussed. / In dieser Dissertation werden Situationen untersucht, in denen Fahrer während der Fahrt Infotainmentsysteme (In- Vehicle Infotainment Systeme, kurz IVIS) bedienen. Hierbei wird der Fokus auf Situationen gelegt, in denen Fahrer erfolgreich Nebenaufgaben bearbeiten. Im Gegensatz zu einer Vielzahl von anderen Studien wird hier ein ressourcenorientierter Ansatz gewählt. Im Mittelpunkt steht demnach weniger der Nachweis von Leistungseinbußen in der Fahraufgabe durch zusätzliche Aufgaben. Es wird im Gegensatz dazu herausgearbeitet, durch welche alltäglichen Verhaltensanpassungen Fahrer in der Lage sind, Aufgaben zusätzlich zur Fahraufgabe erfolgreich zu bearbeiten. Dazu werden diese Verhaltensanpassungen messbar gemacht. Ein Hauptaugenmerk wird dabei auf die Faktoren Fahraufgabe, Nebenaufgabe und die mentale Beanspruchung gelegt. Des Weiteren wird der Einfluss verschiedener Nebenaufgaben auf das Verhalten analysiert. Dabei wird insbesondere die wahrgenommene Unterbrechbarkeit der Nebenaufgaben detailliert untersucht.
Die Arbeit besteht aus 3 Teilen: 1. Hintergrund des Forschungsfeldes, 2.Experimentalteil und 3. zusammenfassende Diskussion. Im ersten Teil der Arbeit wird zunächst eine Einführung in das Forschungsfeld gegeben und anschließend ein Überblick über den aktuellen Forschungsstand in Bezug auf Zweitaufgabenbearbeitung während der Fahrt. Im Experimentalteil werden 3 Studien präsentiert, die im Rahmen dieser Arbeit durchgeführt wurden (jeweils in Form einer Veröffentlichung).
In der ersten Studie war das Ziel grundlegende Verhaltensanpassungen in einer Fahrsimulationsstudie nachzuweisen, die es Fahrern ermöglichen Nebenaufgaben erfolgreich während der Fahrt zu bearbeiten. Dabei wurde deutlich, dass Fahrer ihr Fahrverhalten und ihre Eingabeaktivität in einer Nebenaufgabe der jeweiligen Situation dynamisch anpassen. Die Fahraufgabe wurde dabei priorisiert. Die Verhaltensanpassungen waren sowohl abhängig von der aktuellen, als auch von der antizipierten Situation und zeigten sich demnach abhängig von der Variation eines Hinweisreizes auf eine kritische Verkehrssituation. Als die Fahrer vor einer möglichen Gefahr gewarnt wurden (sie diese also antizipieren konnten), wurde insbesondere die Aktivität in der Nebenaufgabe reduziert.
In der daran anschließenden Studie wurde die Rolle der Beanspruchung im Zusammenhang mit den Eigenschaften der Nebenaufgabe näher untersucht. Probanden wurden mithilfe eines Tons entweder auf eine bevorstehende, unbekannte Fahrsituation oder auf eine bevorstehende Geschwindigkeitsreduktion hingewiesen. Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass Fahrer in Situationen, in denen sie den weiteren Fahrverlauf antizipieren und die Nebenaufgabe ohne wahrgenommenen Leistungsverlust unterbrechen konnten, signifikant weniger bedienten. Im Gegensatz dazu zeigte sich in Nebenaufgaben, deren Unterbrechung einen direkten Leistungsverlust nach sich zog, dass Fahrer auch in kritischen Situation gleich viel bedienten. Dieses Verhalten wurde durch eine höhere Anstrengung kompensiert (gemessen mit einem physiologischen Beanspruchungsmaß). Der Zusammenhang der drei Faktoren Fahraufgabe, Nebenaufgabe und Beanspruchung wurde hierbei deutlich. Des Weiteren konnte der Einfluss der Eigenschaften der Nebenaufgaben deutlich gemacht werden: Nur wenn die Unterbrechung der Nebenaufgabe keinen direkten Leistungsverlust zur Folge hatte, wurde diese bereits vor dem Auftreten einer kritischen Situation unterbrochen.
Basierend auf den Ergebnissen der ersten beiden Studien wurde für die dritte Studie ein vereinfachtes Setting entwickelt, das weniger auf der Simulation komplexer Fahrsituationen basiert, mithilfe dessen jedoch dennoch die relevanten Effekte messbar sein sollen. Dadurch wird das Setting unabhängiger von einer bestimmten Simulationsumgebung. Dabei wurde den Probanden sowohl ermöglicht relevante Fahrsituationen zu antizipieren als auch ihr Verhalten daran anzupassen. Des Weiteren wurden Nebenaufgaben analysiert, die ähnliche Bedieneingaben erforderten wie gebräuchliche IVIS, und die zum Teil zeitkritische Eingaben erforderten. Wenn Eingaben zeitkritisch gemacht werden mussten, wurde die Nebenaufgabe erwartungsgemäß seltener unterbrochen, auch wenn eine kritische Fahrsituation angekündigt wurde. Dadurch wurde ein weiterer Einflussfaktor auf die wahrgenommene Unterbrechbarkeit von Aufgaben in Fahrsituationen untersucht.
In den vorliegenden Studien konnte gezeigt werden, dass Fahrer den weiteren Verlauf von Fahrsituationen antizipieren und ihre Aktivität in einer Nebenaufgabe dynamisch und in Abhängigkeit zu bestimmten Eigenschaften der Nebenaufgabe anpassen. Für die zukünftige Bewertung von IVIS wurden dabei relevante methodische Rahmenbedingungen herausgearbeitet und ein mögliches Setting vorgestellt.
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Effects Of Way Finding Affordances On Usability Of Virtual World Environments In Terms Of UsersCansiz, Yaver 01 March 2012 (has links) (PDF)
This study aims to test the effects of different way finding affordances on the usability of METU virtual campus built in Second Life virtual world in terms of users&rsquo / satisfaction, performance and mental workload. This study was conducted with 36 participants who are students at the Middle East Technical University. Participants were randomly put on of the five groups namely map, signboard, voice and agent groups and a control group. The participants were given navigational tasks in METU virtual campus within Second Life. In the experiment, the eye movements of the participants were examined with eye tracking tool in order to determine the areas which participants paid attention most. Also mental work load in their prefrontal cortex was examined with fNIR device. There was no significant difference among groups in terms of satisfaction, however / there were significant difference among groups in terms of task completion accuracy, time, length, navigation cue gaze duration and mental workload. Agent group has the highest accuracy score, map group has the highest time, length and navigation cue gaze duration score. Moreover, agent group has the highest mental workload but control group has the lowest mental workload.
The results of the tests were used to provide guidance for the design of way finding affordances in METU virtual campus.
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Effects of task automation on the mental workload and situation awareness of operators of agricultural semi-autonomous vehiclesBashiri, Behzad January 2015 (has links)
The effects of in-vehicle automation and driving assistant systems on the mental workload and situation awareness of drivers have been the interest of many studies; some of the implications of automation in such man-machine systems have been identified. Due to the introduction of advanced automated systems in agricultural machinery, farmers are currently working with semi-autonomous vehicles. A human factors perspective on the design of these systems will ensure safe and efficient operation of such man-machine systems.
In this study, a systematic approach was utilized to address human factors issues associated with operating a semi-autonomous agricultural vehicle, and to provide design recommendations. The study was carried out in three stages. First, a task analysis was used to identify tasks associated with operating an agricultural vehicle and to select appropriate experimental variables. Next, a preliminary experiment was performed to validate the test procedure and measurement techniques. Finally, the main experiment was administered. Experiments were conducted using the Tractor Driving Simulator located in the Agricultural Ergonomics Laboratory at the University of Manitoba. Thirty young experienced tractor drivers participated in this study. The experiment investigated the effects of i) vehicle steering task automation (VSTA) and ii) implement control and monitoring task automation (ICMTA) on mental workload and situation awareness of drivers.
It was found that ICMTA significantly affected situation awareness (and its underlying components) of the operator. The situation awareness of drivers increased as the automation support level increased, but the highest level of automation, where the participants were out of the task loop, resulted in low situation awareness, similar to the condition with no automation support. VSTA only reduced the attentional demand of the situation, one of the three components of the situation awareness, which had negative effect on overall situation awareness.
Based on the results from a subjective mental workload measure, moderate levels of mental workload were reported when the participants were involved in the implement control and monitoring task loop. The highest level of ICMTA reduced the average mental workload by 18%. Reaction time of drivers and number of errors committed by drivers both decreased as the automation level increased. / October 2015
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Simulating the effects of mental workload on tactical and operational performance in tankcrewLundin, Mikael January 2004 (has links)
Battletank crew must perform many diverse tasks during a normal mission: Crewmembers have to navigate, communicate, control on-board systems, and engage with the enemy, to mention a few. As human processing capacity is limited, the crewmembers will find themselves in situations where task requirements, due to the number of tasks and task complexity, exceed their mental capacity. The stress that results from mental overload has documented quantitative and qualitative effects on performance; effects that could lead to mission failure. This thesis describes a simulation of tankcrew during a mission where mental workload is a key factor to the outcome of mission performance. The thesis work has given rise to a number of results. First, conceptual models have been developed of the tank crewmembers. Mental workload is represented in these models as a behavior moderator, which can be manipulated to demonstrate and predict behavioral effects. Second, cognitive models of the tank crewmembers are implemented as Soar agents, which interact with tanks in a 3D simulated battlefield. The empirical data underlying these models was collected from experiments with tankcrew, and involved first hand observations and task analyses. Afterwards, the model’s behavior was verified against an a priori established behavioral pattern and successfully face validated with two subject matter experts.
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Bakgrundsljud : En studie om mental arbetsbelastning i kontorsmiljöerJägermon, Andréas, Petersson, Daniel January 2017 (has links)
Office environment and its configuration evolve constantly. Research has shown that office environment affects the health of the employees, at work as well as off work. This study used an experimental design aiming to find out how mental workload is affected by background noise in an environment similar to office landscapes compared to a silent environment that resembles a private office. Subjects performed tasks in a simulated office environment where brain activity (EEG), sweat levels (GSR) and self-assessments (NASA-TLX) measured mental workload. Results from the different measures were later compared. NASA-TLX showed that background noise made the task more mentally demanding than an environment without background noise. However, the EEG and GSR data did not show any measurable effect of the sound conditions. A possible explanation to the results could be that the subjects were stressed before the experiment and that the tasks were too mentally demanding. The result regarding perceived mental demand in a noisy environment is consistent with previous research. Perceived mental demand can have a negative impact on health and productivity according to previous research. / Kontorsmiljön och dess utformning är i ständig utveckling. Forskning har visat att kontorsmiljön påverkar de anställdas hälsa, både på och utanför arbetet. Denna studie använde en experimentell design med syfte att ta reda på hur mental arbetsbelastning påverkas av bakgrundsljud, liknande ljudmiljön i öppna kontorslandskap, jämfört med en tyst miljö som mer påminner om privata kontor. Försökspersoner utförde uppgifter i en simulerad kontorsmiljö där hjärnaktivitet (EEG), svettnivåer (GSR) och självskattningar (NASA-TLX) mätte arbetsbelastningen. Resultatet av de olika mätningarna jämfördes. NASA-TLX visade att bakgrundsljud gjorde en uppgift mer belastande än utan bakgrundsljud. Däremot kunde inte EEG- eller GSR-data visa på någon mätbar skillnad mellan ljudbetingelserna. En möjlig förklaring till detta är att försökspersonerna kan ha varit stressade innan experimentet och att uppgifterna var för mentalt belastande. Att öppna kontorslandskap upplevdes som mer mentalt belastande stämmer överens med vad tidigare forskning visat. Upplevd mental belastning kan enligt tidigare forskning ha en negativ effekt på hälsa och produktivitet.
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Évaluation multidimensionnelle et dynamique de la maitrise de la situation par l’opérateur : création d’un indicateur temps réel de charge mentale pour l’activité de supervision de drones / Multidimensional and dynamic evaluation of the control of the situation by the operator : creation of a real-time mental load indicator for drone supervision activityKostenko, Alexandre Sviatoslave 27 April 2017 (has links)
L’évolution de la technologie se traduit par l’émergence de systèmes de plus en plus complexes et automatisés. Dans les situations dynamiques, l’activité de l’opérateur est désormais plus centrée sur la supervision que sur l’exécution. Ces situations sont caractérisées par la complexité, l’incertitude, un contrôle partiel et un risque important de perdre la maîtrise de la situation. L’objectif principal des travaux présentés dans ce manuscrit est de créer un indicateur synthétique de charge mentale, qui servira à piloter une réallocation des fonctions en temps réel. Il s'agit, in fine, de permettre à l’opérateur de mieux réguler sa charge mentale, et de l'aider à garder ou à récupérer la maîtrise de la situation. Ces travaux sont appliqués à l’activité de supervision d’un essaim de drones étudiée sur une plateforme de simulation (la plateforme SUSIE). Nous avons pour cela revisité et combiné le modèle de Hart et Staveland (1988), qui considère la charge mentale comme une construction multidimensionnelle et celui de Sperandio (1971), qui se focalise sur les régulations de l’activité. Cela nous a amené à proposer un modèle dynamique et tridimensionnel (basé sur l’analyse des contraintes, des effets de la charge sur la tâche et l’opérateur, et des régulations), sur lequel nous nous sommes appuyés pour construire une démarche de création d’un indicateur synthétique de charge mentale. Cette démarche se décompose en quatre étapes. La première consiste à réaliser une analyse de la tâche en suivant la méthodologie de Sperandio (1988), afin de définir et d’identifier les descripteurs de la charge mentale suivant les trois catégories de notre modèle dynamique et tridimensionnel. La seconde étape s’appuie sur la réalisation d’une expérimentation, qui vise à valider ou exclure les indicateurs identifiés, en fonction de leur sensibilité aux variations de charge mentale (telle que définie par Cegarra et Chevalier (2008)). Les résultats montrent notamment que le diamètre pupillaire et l’observation des régulations permettent une mesure sensible. La troisième étape a pour objectif de créer un indicateur synthétique de charge mentale en fusionnant par réseaux bayésiens et logique floue les indicateurs retenus. Enfin, la dernière phase supporte la conception d’une allocation dynamique des fonctions, déclenchée à partir de l’indicateur synthétique de charge mentale. Une deuxième expérimentation a été menée afin d’évaluer l’apport de la réallocation. Elle montre que l’aide permet à l’opérateur de mieux réguler son activité ; elle modifie la charge de travail (contrainte), mais ne réduit pas la charge mentale. / The evolution of technology has resulted in the emergence of increasingly complex and automated systems. In dynamic situations, the activity of the operator is now more centred on supervision than on execution. These situations are characterized by complexity, uncertainty, partial control and a significant risk of losing control of the situation. The main objective of the work presented in this manuscript is to create a synthetic mental workload indicator, which will be used to trigger a reallocation of functions in real time. The ultimate goal is to enable the operator to better regulate his/her mental workload and to help him/her maintain or regain control of the situation. This work is applied to the supervision activity of a drone swarm studied on a simulation platform (the SUSIE platform). We have revisited and combined the model of Hart and Staveland (1988), which considers the mental workload as a multidimensional construct and that of Sperandio (1971), which focuses on the regulation of activity. This led us to propose a dynamic and three-dimensional model (based on the analysis of the constraints, the effects of the workload on the task and the operator, and the regulations), on which we relied to build a creative approach of a synthetic mental workload indicator. This process is divided into four stages. The first consists in carrying out an analysis of the task following the methodology of Sperandio (1988), to define and identify the descriptors of the mental workload according to the three categories of our dynamic and three-dimensional model. The second step is based on the realization of an experiment, which aims to validate or exclude the identified indicators, per their sensitivity to variations in mental workload (as defined by Cegarra et Chevalier (2008)). The results show in particular that the pupillary diameter and the observation of the regulations allow an appreciable measurement. The third step aims to create a synthetic indicator of mental load by merging the chosen indicators by using Bayesian networks and fuzzy logic. Finally, the last phase supports the design of a dynamic allocation of functions, triggered from the synthetic indicator of mental workload. A second experiment was carried out to evaluate the contribution of reallocation. It shows that the aid allows the operator to better regulate his activity; it modifies the task workload (constraint), but does not reduce the mental workload.
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