Orientador: Elson Luciano Silva Pires / Banca: Silvia Selingardi Sampaio / Banca: Eliseu Saverio Sposito / Banca: Olga Lúcia Castreghini de Freitas Firkowski / Banca: João Eduardo de Morais Pinto Furtado / Resumo: A discussão em torno da aglomeração de pequenas e médias empresas (PMEs) e das vantagens que tal conformação pode produzir emerge a partir da proposta de Alfred Marshall, em fins do século XIX e início do XX, com os distritos industriais. Todavia, é o grande sucesso econômico alcançado na região da Terceira Itália que estimula pesquisas e ações práticas (políticas públicas) no sentido da reflexão sobre o papel das PMEs e das possibilidades de criação de estratégias de arranjos produtivos locais (APLs). Nos últimos anos, a despeito de alguns sinais de inflexão do Governo Lula, principalmente no segundo mandato, e de atitudes pontuais de alguns estados, o debate sobre a questão do desenvolvimento territorial, no Brasil, ainda permanece em segundo plano. No paradigma dominante, apesar das fortes tentativas de discussão do desenvolvimento sob a perspectiva territorial, a questão das escalas permanece na dicotomia local-global. Deste modo, as escalas intermediárias, sejam os estados, as regiões e os territórios, estão dispostos ao debate. Prova disso é a tímida discussão acerca dos impactos regionais causados pelo apoio ao desenvolvimento de atividades produtivas aglomeradas de pequenas e médias empresas sem base numa política nacional ou territorial de desenvolvimento. Nesse contexto, os APLs emergem como possibilidades positivas de desenvolvimento e ordenamento territorial, na medida em que são vistos como resultados de dinâmicas endógenas de comunidades capazes de, por meio de sua capacidade de governança, tornar o seu território pertinente, estimulando a criação de projetos de desenvolvimento e integração territorial. Nesse sentido, o presente trabalho analisa duas aglomerações produtivas no Paraná, ambas caracterizadas como APLs, quais sejam, o APLs de Malhas, em Imbituva, e o de Cal e Calcário... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The discussion on the agglomeration of small and medium enterprises (SMEs) and the advantages they can produce conformation emerges from the proposed Alfred Marshall in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, with the industrial districts. However, the great economic success is achieved in the region of the Third Italy that stimulates research and practical actions (policies) in the sense of reflection on the role of SMEs and the possibilities of establishing strategies of local productive arrangements (LPAs). In recent years, despite some signs of inflection of the Lula government, especially in the second term, and specific attitudes of some states, the debate on the issue of territorial development in Brazil remains in the background. In the dominant paradigm, despite strong attempts to discuss the development from a territorial perspective, the question remains of scales in the local-global dichotomy. Thus, the intermediate scales, be they states, regions and territories, are willing to debate. Proof of this is tentative discussion about the regional impacts caused by supporting the development of productive activities agglomerated small and medium enterprises with no basis in national policy or territorial development. In this context, clusters emerge as positive possibilities of development and land use, as they are seen as the result of endogenous dynamics of communities which, through its governance capacity, make the relevant territory, encouraging the creation of projects development and territorial integration. In this sense, this paper examines two productive agglomerations in Parana, both characterized as clusters, which are the clusters of meshes in Imbil, and Lime and Limestone in the Metropolitan Region of Curitiba. The construction of the profile provides insight into how these... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor

O presente trabalho busca observar aspectos associados à Nova Geografia Econômica, aplicados ao Brasil através de três ensaios. No primeiro, intitulado “O impacto do mercado potencial sobre os salários nos estados brasileiros, de 2001 a 2009”, estimou-se através de dados em painel em três métodos, painel com efeitos fixos, a metodologia de Hausman-Taylor e o um painel dinâmico utilizando o estimador de Arellano e Bond (1991), um modelo semi-estrutural derivado de Krugman (1991), onde se observou o equilíbrio de curto prazo de um modelo centro-periferia aplicado ao Brasil. Em todos os casos, o mercado potencial, variável diretamente relacionada aos fatores chave da Nova Geografia Econômica, sendo que se podem destacar os ganhos de escala da aglomeração e os custos de comércio, apresentaram impacto positivo sobre os salários regionais. O segundo ensaio, cujo título é “Migração e mercado potencial: uma análise para os estados brasileiros de 2001 a 2009”, observou através da fundamentação teórica de Tabuchi e Thisse (2002), uma aplicação utilizando dados em painel do modelo de Crozet (2004), em que o mercado potencial dos estados afeta o fluxo de migração entre os mesmos. Nesse caso, embora o efeito do mercado potencial tenha apresentado resultado de acordo com a literatura, observou-se um papel importante dos fatores não observáveis, que podem ser associados às amenidades e a heterogeneidade individual no que concerne a escolha sobre migrar, sobre o fluxo migratório mencionado. Por fim, o terceiro ensaio, que se intitula “Decomposição em componentes não observáveis e a dinâmica salarial em regiões metropolitanas brasileiras”, observa os padrões de tendência, ciclo e sazonalidade para seis regiões metropolitanas brasileiras, para o período 2002-2014, utilizando uma estimação com filtro de Kalman. Através da metodologia empregada, pode-se afirmar que a dinâmica dos salários regionais difere em todos os aspectos citados e também em termos de ajuste do modelo. / This study aims to observe aspects of the New Economic Geography, applied to Brazil through three essay. In the first, entitled "The impact of the potential market on wages in the Brazilian states, 2001-2009", was estimated by panel data in three methods, panel fixed effects, the Hausman-Taylor methodology and a dynamic panel using the estimator of Arellano and Bond (1991), a semi-structural model derived from Krugman (1991), which also produced the short-run equilibrium of a core-periphery model applied to Brazil. In all cases, the market potential variable directly related to the key factors of the New Economic Geography, and can highlight the scale economies of agglomeration and trade costs, had a positive impact on regional wages. The second essay, entitled "Migration and potential market: an analysis for the Brazilian states from 2001 to 2009," noted with theoretical basis of Tabuchi and Thisse (2002), an application using panel data model of the Crozet (2004 ), wherein the potential market conditions affecting the migration flow therebetween. In this case, although the effect of the potential market has shown a result according to the literature, there is an important role for unobservable factors that may be associated with features and individual heterogeneity as regards the choice of migrating on migration flow mentioned. Finally, the third test, which is entitled "Decomposition on unobservable components and wage dynamics in Brazilian metropolitan areas," notes the patterns of trend, cycle and seasonality for six urban areas for the period 2002-2014, using a estimation with Kalman filter. Through the methodology used, it can be said that the dynamics of regional wage differs in all the above aspects and also in terms of model fit.

O presente trabalho busca observar aspectos associados à Nova Geografia Econômica, aplicados ao Brasil através de três ensaios. No primeiro, intitulado “O impacto do mercado potencial sobre os salários nos estados brasileiros, de 2001 a 2009”, estimou-se através de dados em painel em três métodos, painel com efeitos fixos, a metodologia de Hausman-Taylor e o um painel dinâmico utilizando o estimador de Arellano e Bond (1991), um modelo semi-estrutural derivado de Krugman (1991), onde se observou o equilíbrio de curto prazo de um modelo centro-periferia aplicado ao Brasil. Em todos os casos, o mercado potencial, variável diretamente relacionada aos fatores chave da Nova Geografia Econômica, sendo que se podem destacar os ganhos de escala da aglomeração e os custos de comércio, apresentaram impacto positivo sobre os salários regionais. O segundo ensaio, cujo título é “Migração e mercado potencial: uma análise para os estados brasileiros de 2001 a 2009”, observou através da fundamentação teórica de Tabuchi e Thisse (2002), uma aplicação utilizando dados em painel do modelo de Crozet (2004), em que o mercado potencial dos estados afeta o fluxo de migração entre os mesmos. Nesse caso, embora o efeito do mercado potencial tenha apresentado resultado de acordo com a literatura, observou-se um papel importante dos fatores não observáveis, que podem ser associados às amenidades e a heterogeneidade individual no que concerne a escolha sobre migrar, sobre o fluxo migratório mencionado. Por fim, o terceiro ensaio, que se intitula “Decomposição em componentes não observáveis e a dinâmica salarial em regiões metropolitanas brasileiras”, observa os padrões de tendência, ciclo e sazonalidade para seis regiões metropolitanas brasileiras, para o período 2002-2014, utilizando uma estimação com filtro de Kalman. Através da metodologia empregada, pode-se afirmar que a dinâmica dos salários regionais difere em todos os aspectos citados e também em termos de ajuste do modelo. / This study aims to observe aspects of the New Economic Geography, applied to Brazil through three essay. In the first, entitled "The impact of the potential market on wages in the Brazilian states, 2001-2009", was estimated by panel data in three methods, panel fixed effects, the Hausman-Taylor methodology and a dynamic panel using the estimator of Arellano and Bond (1991), a semi-structural model derived from Krugman (1991), which also produced the short-run equilibrium of a core-periphery model applied to Brazil. In all cases, the market potential variable directly related to the key factors of the New Economic Geography, and can highlight the scale economies of agglomeration and trade costs, had a positive impact on regional wages. The second essay, entitled "Migration and potential market: an analysis for the Brazilian states from 2001 to 2009," noted with theoretical basis of Tabuchi and Thisse (2002), an application using panel data model of the Crozet (2004 ), wherein the potential market conditions affecting the migration flow therebetween. In this case, although the effect of the potential market has shown a result according to the literature, there is an important role for unobservable factors that may be associated with features and individual heterogeneity as regards the choice of migrating on migration flow mentioned. Finally, the third test, which is entitled "Decomposition on unobservable components and wage dynamics in Brazilian metropolitan areas," notes the patterns of trend, cycle and seasonality for six urban areas for the period 2002-2014, using a estimation with Kalman filter. Through the methodology used, it can be said that the dynamics of regional wage differs in all the above aspects and also in terms of model fit.

This paper presents an empirical analysis about the position new economic geography plays in economics. In a theoretical review we discuss recent developments in economics, like new trade theory, endogenous growth theory, and new economic geography and analyze their implications for spatial structure. The paper presents the basic components of these theories and points out their commonalties. This shows that all these theories are based on assumptions that lead to spatial structure, i.e. differences in the spatial allocation of economic activities. In the empirical investigation we use the Social Science Citation Index to analyze citations of seminal contributions in various types of journals and the rate with which geographical content appears in economic journals. As we show, spatial topics still play only a marginal role in economics. Economists it seems are still reluctant to accept the spatial implications of their own theoretical models. / Series: SRE - Discussion Papers

In the Brainport region, many different projects take place in the framework of EU co-financed programmes and initiatives. Between the different programmes and initiatives, these projects all have a different way to contribute to this development. Firstly, all projects contribute to the activities of organisations in the region. The subsidy that is linked to the projects gives the organisations in the region extra financial capacity, which allows organisations to do something extra besides their regular activities. The relations within Brainport are also very much developed with contributions of the projects of the EU programmes and initiatives. The projects in all programmes had an emphasis on connecting different organisations with each other and the development of new ecosystems. Therefore, especially the network dimension is developed thanks to the EU co-financed projects. The institutions in the region are almost undeveloped by the projects, because the projects have a duration period that is too small to contribute to this. Although some projects instigate the development of knowledge, this is to a far smaller degree than the instigation of entrepreneurial activities, because knowledge is used in the project as a means to do entrepreneurial activities.

Industries, as well as the governments of the world, scrutinise higher education institutions. Although Higher Education is the most stable of all the educational levels, the demand for greater relevance of these institutions in today’s society is a matter of certainty. South Africa’s economy is strongly dependent for its growth on finance, real estate and business services. This fast growing sector demands a knowledge-based economy for sustainable growth. In order to stay relevant and to be sustainable, research is imperative. The new responsibility to produce more research has led to a transition phase that puts universities constantly on the defence. This study considers the effect of producing more and more research and the race to be the top research university in South Africa. Challenges are numerous, including Government’s pressure on universities be more independent of state funds. The University of Pretoria serves as exemplar to study the effect and consequences of the transition from a knowledge management perspective. The researcher implemented the Work System Theory of Steven Alter to analyse the elements of the research work system. The study has been conducted on two levels: The Research Information Management System (RIMS) database of the Department of Research and Innovation Support (DRIS) was analysed to obtain a broad overview of the research conducted by University of Pretoria researchers between 2006 and 2009. On the second level, the top researchers from faculties on the main campus were identified and interviewed during 2014 and 2015 in order to obtain an individual perspective. The findings and gap analysis showed that although the University of Pretoria is considered one of the top research institutions, many gaps exist that inhibit the dissemination of knowledge throughout organisations and that changes need to be implemented. The fields of Economic Geography and Information Systems were applied to get a better understanding of knowledge integration in the knowledge management field. The study culminated in a research framework derived from strategic, tactical and operational input by top researchers. Aspiring researchers can use the framework to understand the environment in which research needs to take place and to improve their personal strategies to enhance their research output. / Thesis (DPhil)--University of Pretoria, 2017. / Geography, Geoinformatics and Meteorology / DPhil / Unrestricted

Many of the world’s most impoverished populations rely on farming, hunting and gathering to eat and earn a living where people often have just enough food and assets to last through the next season, and ultimately inadequate reserves to fall back on in the event of a poor harvest. Rural resource-dependent livelihoods are embedded in high risks, as climate variability and climate extremes are additional stressors to poverty. They often have limited livelihood options and few economic opportunities to adapt and compensate for unforeseen events. This research is a contribution to the limited and narrowed research of Zanzibari coastal people’s livelihoods’ exposure to rainy seasons. Based on women’s distinctively vulnerable position towards poverty, this research addresses single mothers, and their experiences of forming and maintaining their livelihoods during rainy seasons, in the coastal village of Paje, on Zanzibar, Tanzania. The intention is to outline these women’s exposure to rainy seasons and their range of adaptive capacity to maintain a sustainable livelihood. The research method is semistructured interviews with 30 single mothers living in Paje village, Zanzibar. The analysis is guided by the sustainable livelihoods framework to conceptualise the complex dynamic systems of poor rural livelihoods. The results reveal that seasonal transition to rainy season generates several constraints for single mothers to sustain their livelihood security throughout the rainy season. Women experience instability in their livelihood security, with extensive shortfalls in their income levels. These losses are further linked to food insecurity, destruction of homes, health issues and many other socioeconomic disadvantages. The women’s most persuasive survival strategy relies on their social capital of donations or loans from friends, families and neighbours. Hence, their level of adaptive capacity is affected by several other factors, such as inadequate institutional support and infrastructure, poor education and issues of gender inequality.

Förtätning är idag ett vanligt förfarande i samhällsbyggandet och sker runt om i hela världen. Det lyfts ofta fram som ett hållbart sätt för en stad att växa, men det finns nackdelar och möts ofta av motstånd från boende i området. När en ort växer och förtätas med en ny typ av bebyggelse kan det förändra identiteten, gemenskapen och känslan av en ort, vilket kan skapa starka känslor. Hur ställer sig de tre intressenterna; (1) boende, (2) kommun och (3) byggsektorn till förtätningen och tillväxten? Vilka likheter och olikheter finns det i deras inställning? Vart är de överens och var krockar de? För att undersöka detta har en fallstudie utformats på Rydebäck, för att belysa de olika intressenternas relation till varandra och deras intresse i utbyggnaden av orten. Rydebäck är en tätort med 6000 invånare i Helsingborgs kommun. Det har utförts en kvalitativ intervjustudie med respondenter från vardera grupp intressenter. Respondenterna sinsemellan visade överlag god förståelse för varandras intressen. De boende var de som framförde flest känsloargument, vilken inte är förvånande, då de är mer personligt engagerade i orten än respondenterna från kommun och byggsektorn. Det framgick att Rydebäck undergått en förändring i identitet, gemenskap och gestaltning när det förändrats från ett typiskt villa- och radhusområde till ett område med flerbostadshus. Men exakt vad som föranledde förändringen är inte helt tydligt. / Densification is today common practice within urban development around the world. The motive behind this is often that it is a sustainable way for cities to grow. However, there are downsides and it is often met with resistance from the local community. When a district is growing through densification with a different type of building that does not already exist in that area, the feeling of community and place identity may be at stake, which can cause strong emotions among the residents. What opinion do the three stakeholders; (1) residents, (2) municipality and (3) construction companies have when it comes to densification and growth? Are there any differences to their perception or are they aligned? A qualitative case study was formed around Rydebäck to identify their relations and interests. Rydebäck is a suburban area with approximately 6000 inhabitants in the Helsingborg municipality. The interviews were held with respondents from each group. The findings show that the respondents had an understanding for each other's interests. The residents had arguments largely based on emotions, which was not too surprising due to them having a more personal connection to Rydebäck than the construction companies and the municipality. It became clear that the view was that Rydebacks place identity had been subject to change in the aftermath of the integration of multi-family homes. However it is not clear if it is caused by the building of multi-family homes in an area otherwise dominated by single-family homes or by the population increase in general.

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In this dissertation, I evaluate questions related to the role of connectivity in economic and innovation-related processes. Specifically, I utilize conceptual frameworks from the economic geography literature to study the relevance of internal, external, and infrastructural connectivity at a city level.In the first essay, I examine the role of intra-metropolitan connectivity of inventors and evaluate the quality of the associated innovation outputs. I focus on the fact that there exist meaningful demographic differences between people domiciled in city centers and the suburban areas and claim that these heterogeneities serve as sources of diversity and creativity. I suggest empirical evidence that the collaboration of inventors from the two different sub-regions is associated with higher quality innovation outcomes. I further study how firm heterogeneity moderates the effects of this intra-metropolitan connectivity. The findings suggest that local firms and small to mid-sized firms (SMEs) enjoy more benefits because foreign firms and large firms are exploiting their own global network. This paper provides both managerial and practical implications that a metropolitan area may improve its quality of innovation outputs by taking advantage of the urban-suburban connectivity among the inventors. In the second essay, I provide specific guidelines to city planners to evaluate the external connectivity of the associated city. Cities are industry hotspots, playing vital roles as centers of economic development. Each city has different location-specific advantages that can foster different core industries and firms, participating in diverse activities within a global value chain system. Given the increasing rate of globalization at the metro level, it has become paramount for cities to establish and develop economic partnerships with other cities to further growing their regional economies. However, few city planners have clear directions in choosing partner cities, and the decisions are rarely based on appropriate data analysis. Based on the Brookings Institution’s Global City Initiative 2.0 project, and after enhancing it with additional data analyses, I introduce a set of step-by-step guidelines to city planners for finding global partner cities. To provide an actual case, I share our own anecdote regarding how Philadelphia chose potential partner cities in order to attract more FDI in its biopharmaceutical sector and foster innovation activities. I also present evidence that the inadequate ability of local firms to source knowledge from international markets associates with relatively weak economic performance. The comprehensive analyses of the city’s role in the global value chain include from the upstream (Research and Development) and the midstream (FDI, imports, international joint ventures) to the downstream (exports). This case-based paper provides practical implications to city planners by providing ways of understanding the broad global value chain with which the city is involved. In the third essay, I assess the relationship between soft networks and hard networks of global cities. Public transportation systems (PTS) have been developed along with the associated metropolitan area. Scholars in urban studies have emphasized the important roles of PTS in connecting diverse people, regions, activities, and socio-economic consequences. In this paper, I examine the relationship between public transportation systems and the innovation network in four major U.S. cities in the northeast - New York, Boston, Philadelphia, and Pittsburgh. I graphically show that inventor locations, as well as their connectivity, are established along with the city’s public transportation networks. I further stipulate that this relationship has been seriously undermined by the recent pandemic – COVID-19. Even though it is too early to draw a conclusion, I advance propositions that predict how the relationship between public transportation network and inventor connectivity will be changed followed by the pandemic. In conclusion, I claim that a metropolitan area’s internal, external, and infrastructural network significantly affects its competitiveness. Throughout this dissertation, I confirm that both hard networks and soft networks are key to enhancing the economic and innovative performance of the city. / Business Administration/International Business Administration