Thesis (Ph. D)--University of Hawaii. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 188-204).

Sweden holds third place of diabetes incidence in young people after Finland and Sardinia. One fifth of the population is nowadays of foreign descent. We have a substantial number of immigrants from countries where the risk for T1D is considerably lower. Migration as a natural experiment is a concept to assess the risk for diabetes in offspring of immigrant parents and assess the interaction between genetics (genotype) and the impact of environment (phenotype). Aims: To study the risk of incurring diabetes for children of immigrant parents living in Sweden (I) and further study the risk if the child is born in Sweden or not (II); to specifically study and evaluate if children from East Africa have increased risk to develop T1D (III). To investigate if clinical and sociodemographic status at T1D onset differs between immigrant children compared to their Swedish indigenous peers (IV). Finally to study the clinical outcome and the impact of socio-demographic factors at diabetes onset after three years of treatment (V). Methods: All five studies are observational, nationwide and population based, on prospectively collected data. Statistics mainly by logistic and linear regressions. Results: Parental country of origin is a strong determinant for diabetes in the offspring. Children born to immigrant parents seem to keep their low risk compared to their Swedish peers (I). When adding the factor of being born in Sweden, the pattern changed; there was a significantly (p < 0.001) increased risk for T1D if the child was born in Sweden (II). East Africans have a substantial risk for T1D and especially if the children are born in Sweden (III). Immigrant children and adolescents have worse metabolic start at T1D onset compared to their indigenous Swedish peers (IV). After 3 years of treatment, the immigrant children had a sustained higher median HbA1c, compared to their Swedish peers (V). Conclusions: Genotype and influences during fetal life or early infancy have an important impact for the risk of T1D pointing towards epigenetics playing a substantial role. Children with an origin in East Africa have a high risk of incurring T1D. Immigrant children have worse metabolic start at T1D onset, which sustains after three years of treatment

Many of the patterns of genetic variation we observe today have arisen via the complex dynamics of interactions and isolation of historic human populations. In this thesis, we focus on two important features of the genetics of populations that can be used to learn about human history: population structure and admixture. The Iberian peninsula has a complex demographic history, as well as rich linguistic and cultural diversity. However, previous studies using small genomic regions (such as Y-chromosome and mtDNA) as well as genome-wide data have so far detected limited genetic structure in Iberia. Larger datasets and powerful new statistical methods that exploit information in the correlation structure of nearby genetic markers have made it possible to detect and characterise genetic differentiation at fine geographic scales. We performed the largest and most comprehensive study of Spanish population structure to date by analysing genotyping array data for ~1,400 Spanish individuals genotyped at ~700,000 polymorphic loci. We show that at broad scales, the major axis of genetic differentiation in Spain runs from west to east, while there is remarkable genetic similarity in the north-south direction. Our analysis also reveals striking patterns of geographically-localised and subtle population structure within Spain at scales down to tens of kilometres. We developed and applied new approaches to show how this structure has arisen from a complex and regionally-varying mix of genetic isolation and recent gene-flow within and from outside of Iberia. To further explore the genetic impact of historical migrations and invasions of Iberia, we assembled a data set of 2,920 individuals (~300,000 markers) from Iberia and the surrounding regions of north Africa, Europe, and sub-Saharan Africa. Our admixture analysis implies that north African-like DNA in Iberia was mainly introduced in the earlier half (860 - 1120 CE) of the period of Muslim rule in Iberia, and we estimate that the closest modern-day equivalents to the initial migrants are located in Western Sahara. We also find that north African-like DNA in Iberia shows striking regional variation, with near-zero contributions in the Basque regions, low amounts (~3%) in the north east of Iberia, and as high as (~11%) in Galicia and Portugal. The UK Biobank project is a large prospective cohort study of ~500,000 individuals from across the United Kingdom, aged between 40-69 at recruitment. A rich variety of phenotypic and health-related information is available on each participant, making the resource unprecedented in its size and scope. Understanding the role that genetics plays in phenotypic variation, and its potential interactions with other factors, provides a critical route to a better understanding of human biology and population health. As such, a key component of the UK Biobank resource has been the collection of genome-wide genetic data (~805,000 markers) on every participant using purpose-designed genotyping arrays. These data are the focus of the second part of this thesis. In particular, we designed and implemented a quality control (QC) pipeline on behalf of the current and future use of this multi-purpose resource. Genotype data on this scale offers novel opportunities for assessing quality issues, although the wide range of ancestral backgrounds in the cohort also creates particular challenges. We also conducted a set of analyses that reveal properties of the genetic data, including population structure and familial relatedness, that can be important for downstream analyses. We find that cryptic relatedness is common among UK Biobank participants (~30% have at least one first cousin relative or closer), and a full range of human population structure is present in this cohort: from world-wide ancestral diversity to subtle population structure at sub-national geographic scales. Finally, we performed a genome-wide association scan on a well-studied and highly polygenic phenotype: standing height. This provided a further test of the effectiveness of our QC, as well as highlighting the potential of the resource to uncover novel regions of association.

abstract: "White flight" is a sociological phenomenon where White members depart urban neighborhoods or schools predominantly populated by minorities, and move to places like suburbs or commuter towns. A huge limitation in White flight research does not account for communities in rural America. The rural community of Garden City, Kansas, is of particular interest because of its shift in demographics over the years. Garden City has transformed dramatically with the arrival of immigrants to staff meatpacking plants and their children who attend the Garden City Public School District. In the last eighteen years, the Garden City Public School District has experienced a 204% growth in Hispanic student enrollment while simultaneously experiencing a 54% decline in White student enrollment. The exodus of White students from the Garden City Public School District is the focus of this research. The findings of this study indicate that White flight exists in the Garden City Public School District primarily as a product of racism due to White community constituents' feelings of xenophobia and ethnophobia toward Garden City's minority populations. / Dissertation/Thesis / Ed.D. Educational Leadership and Policy Studies 2011

BACKGROUND: Patient navigators have been shown to reduce cancer disparities among racial/ethnic minorities by improving timely diagnosis and treatment of cancer. We sought to determine if race/ethnicity and language concordance of patients and their navigator improved time to diagnostic resolution of breast and cervical cancer screening abnormalities. METHODS: Demographic data on patients and navigators from the Boston Patient Navigation Research Program were used to assess concordance by race, ethnicity, and language. Kaplan-Meier survival curves and Cox proportional hazards regression models examined the association of race/ethnicity and language concordance on time to definitive diagnosis of cancer screening abnormalities. All analyses were performed separately for breast and cervical groups. RESULTS: There were 1257 patients and 23 navigators in this study. In the breast group (n=655), 44% of patient-navigator pairs were concordant by race/ethnicity and 75% were language concordant. In the cervical group (n=602), 70% of patient-navigator pairs were race/ethnicity concordant and 87% were language concordant. There was no association with race/ethnicity concordance and time to diagnostic resolution for the breast group, aHR 1.19 (95% CI: 0.97, 1.46) or cervical group, aHR 1.23 (95% CI: 0.99, 1.53). However, in the stratified analysis, race/ethnicity concordance was associated with timelier resolution for minority women with breast and cervical cancer screening abnormalities but not for Whites. For cervical cancer screening abnormalities resolving in less than 90 days, language concordance was also associated with timelier resolution, aHR of 1.46 (95% CI: 1.18, 1.80) but there was no association in the breast group. In the subgroup analysis of Spanish concordance there was also an association of timelier resolution for those with cervical cancer screening abnormalities resolving in less than 90 days. CONCLUSION: Patient-navigator race/ethnicity concordance is associated with timelier diagnostic resolution of breast and cervical cancer screening abnormalities among minority women. Language concordance is also associated with timelier resolution in participants with cervical cancer screening abnormalities despite the availability and use of interpreters. Given poorer cancer outcomes among minority women, the use of patient navigators that are diverse by race/ethnicity and multilingual may help address barriers to care and improve health outcomes among low-income minorities.

Submitted by CAMILA ANNICCHINO DE ANDRADE (camila.annicchino@hotmail.com) on 2018-08-16T23:25:41Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Mestrado Camila Annicchino de Andrade.pdf: 1063522 bytes, checksum: aad3a5058c4e612cef62cde245c7a9c1 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Sulamita Selma C Colnago null (sulamita@btu.unesp.br) on 2018-08-17T19:57:02Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 andrade_ca_me_bot.pdf: 1063522 bytes, checksum: aad3a5058c4e612cef62cde245c7a9c1 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-17T19:57:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 andrade_ca_me_bot.pdf: 1063522 bytes, checksum: aad3a5058c4e612cef62cde245c7a9c1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-07-20 / A prevalência de uso de drogas ilícitas e álcool em gestantes aumentou acentuadamente nos últimos anos, problema que ganha destaque, pois a exposição dessas mulheres as drogas podem levar ao comprometimento irreversível da integridade do binômio mãe-filho. Dessa forma, é importante a caracterização dessa população com objetivo de desenvolver medidas para melhor assisti-las. Objetivo: O objetivo do estudo foi caracterizar o perfil sociodemográfico das gestantes usuárias de drogas acompanhadas num serviço especializado. Método: Trata-se de um estudo de coorte retrospectivo com 111 mulheres acompanhadas durante o pré-natal e parto num serviço especializado. Foram avaliadas as seguintes variáveis: características demográficas, tipo de droga utilizada, períodos de abstinência e de recaída na gestação, repercussões sociais (história de prostituição, antecedentes de problemas judiciais, história de perda da guarda dos filhos, presença de rede de apoio social e afetivo, parceiro usuário de drogas ilícitas). Para a análise estatística, utilizou-se o teste qui-quadrado para as proporções, considerando o nível de significância de 5%. Resultados: O perfil sociodemográfico das gestantes acompanhadas no serviço especializado foi de mulheres adultas, brancas, em união estável, com baixo nível de escolaridade, não trabalhavam e procuraram o serviço tardiamente. A maioria das gestantes eram poliusuárias (três ou mais drogas), sendo que aproximadamente 78% delas ficaram abstinente por um período durante a gestação e 57% ficaram abstinente por mais de três meses durante a gestação. Cerca de um terço das gestantes relataram história de prostituição e problemas judiciais, 55,7% das multíparas tiveram perda da guarda dos filhos e aproximadamente 67% conviviam com parceiro usuário de drogas. Conclusão: O atendimento especializado (grupo psicoterápico e pré-natal) contribui para abstinência ao longo da gestação, uma vez que se sentem acolhidas, restabelecem seus vínculos familiares e são reinseridas no contexto social. Dessa forma, esse estudo mostra que se faz necessário investir em pré-natal especializado a gestantes usuárias de drogas, com equipe de assitênica que possibilite o melhor acolhimneto a essas mulheres. Palavras Chaves: gestação, drogas, características demográficas, características sociais. / The prevalence of illicit drugs and alcohol use in pregnant women has risen sharply in recent years, a problem that is highlighted, since the exposure of these women to drugs may lead to irreversible impairment of the integrity of the mother-child binomial. Thus, it is important to characterize this population in order to develop measures to better assist them. Objective: The purpose of the study was to characterize the sociodemographic profile of pregnant drug users accompanied by a specialized service. Methods: This is a retrospective cohort study with 111 women followed during prenatal care and delivery in a specialized service. The following variables were evaluated: demographic characteristics, type of drug used, periods of abstinence and relapse during pregnancy, social repercussions (history of prostitution, history of legal problems, history of loss of child custody, presence of social support network and affective, drug user partner). For the statistical analysis, the chi-square test was used for the proportions, considering the level of significance of 5%. Results: The sociodemographic profile of the pregnant women followed by the specialized service was of white women, in a stable union, with low level of schooling, unemployed and sought the service belatedly. Most of the pregnant women were polyusers (three or more drugs), and approximately 78% of them were abstinent for a period during pregnancy and 57% were abstinent for more than three months during gestation. About one-third of the pregnant women reported a history of prostitution and legal problems, 55.7% of the multiparous women had lost custody of their children and approximately 67% lived with a drug-using partner. Conclusion: The specialized care (psychotherapeutic and prenatal group) contributes to abstinence during pregnancy, once they feel welcomed, reestablish their family ties and are reinserted in the social context. Thus, this study shows that it is necessary to invest in specialized prenatal care for pregnant drug users, with a assistential team that allows groups of care to these women. Key-Words: gestation, drugs, demographic characteristics, social characteristics.

This diploma thesis deals with the topic of "Family in the classes of fundaments of civics and natural science at the 1st level of primary school". Among the main aims of this study is to determine teachers 'awareness of pupils' families, as to which difficult situations they usually encounter in practice and how the teachers present the given topic in the classes of fundaments of civics and natural science and besides in the context of various family forms build-up. The thesis is divided in two parts. In the first, theoretical part, I'm trying to explain the school subject of fundaments of civics and natural science, to briefly characterize a family with its evolution from prehistorical to recent times, while also mentioning an overview of demographic changes related to this field. The second, practical part brings results of a mixed methods research carried out among teachers at the 1st level of primary school. Questionnaire and interview method was used for research survey.

Este trabalho analisa as relações entre o processo de transição demográfica pelo qual o Brasil está passando e o crescimento econômico. Levando em consideração o que os demógrafos denominam de “janela de oportunidade demográfica”, o Brasil tem hoje uma potencialidade única para acelerar o crescimento econômico e conduzir o país para um desenvolvimento sustentado. O trabalho está dividido em três capítulos. Partindo da discussão filosófica entre o iluminista Marquês de Condorcet e o pastor anglicano Thomas Malthus, apresenta-se a teoria da transição demográfica e a relação entre transição demográfica e desenvolvimento econômico, com destaque para a transição das tendências de mortalidade e de fecundidade. O processo de transição demográfica que o Brasil está passando e as possibilidades de crescimento econômico advindas da demografia são apresentadas no segundo capitulo. No último, são discutidos dois pontos essenciais para o sucesso de qualquer política que vise crescimento econômico sustentável: o mercado de trabalho brasileiro e o sistema educacional do país. Apresenta-se, também, uma análise da desigualdade social no Brasil. Considerando-se que as oportunidades demográficas se apresentam tão somente por este lado, procura-se demonstrar a importância da inserção do componente populacional na agenda das políticas públicas como um fator que pode contribuir para a aceleração do crescimento econômico do Brasil. Caso contrário, o componente demográfico reduzirá sua eficiência e o país se afastará dos objetivos de um desenvolvimento econômico com redução das desigualdades sociais. / This work analyzes the relationship between the process of demographic transition, through which Brazil is going, and the economic growth. Taking into consideration what the demographers call “window of demographic opportunity”, Brazil has a unique potentiality to speed up the economic growth and lead the country to the sustainable development. The work is divided into three chapters. The theory of the demographic transition and the relationship between the demographic transition and the economic development is based on the philosophic discussion between the illuminist Marquis de Condorcet and the Anglican minister Thomas Malthus, with emphasis on the transition of the mortality and fertility tendencies. The demographic transition process Brazil is going through and the possibilities of the economic growth arising from the demography are presented in the second chapter. The last chapter discusses two essential points for the success of any policy that aims at the sustainable economic growth: Brazilian labor market and educational system of the country. Furthermore, the social inequality is analyzed as well. Considering that the demographic opportunities are only presented from this viewpoint, the work tries to show the importance of introducing the populational component in the agenda of the public policies as a factor that may contribute to speeding up the economic growth in Brazil. Otherwise, the demographic component will reduce its efficiency and the country will stray from the objectives of economic development aimed at reducing the social inequalities.

Este trabalho busca compreender e analisar a dinâmica demográfica da cidade de Porto Alegre-RS, conjugada à dinâmica da produção imobiliária, a fim de contribuir com subsídios para o planejamento de políticas públicas. O aumento do contingente idoso, a redução do índice de fecundidade, o baixo crescimento populacional, as desigualdades socioespaciais nas áreas centrais e periféricas da cidade retratam, na atualidade, a produção do espaço urbano. A metodologia adotada para este estudo consistiu em três etapas: a primeira corresponde ao levantamento bibliográfico, cartográfico e de dados dos censos demográficos de 2000 e 2010, dos censos imobiliários levantados pelo Sinduscon e dos relatórios anuais levantados e organizados pelo Secovi-RS; a segunda parte, na elaboração de produtos cartográficos através dos materiais obtidos, os quais foram analisados e organizados para que os objetivos da pesquisa fossem alcançados. Por último, a elaboração e a interpretação dos resultados, através da sistematização dos dados obtidos e produzidos durante a realização do trabalho. Fez parte deste estudo, também, avaliar os empreendimentos imobiliários destinados à alta renda e baixa renda. Através dos Censos Imobiliários do SINDUSCON, pudemos identificar os principais eixos de valorização imobiliária, destacando-se os perfis populacionais. Da mesma forma, o levantamento dos empreendimentos vinculados ao Programa Minha Casa Minha Vida permitiu, através da análise espacial, identificar o vetor de expansão para a zona sul. Dessa maneira, conseguimos entender o ordenamento territorial da cidade, como um espaço urbano aparentemente fragmentado e segregado, pautado pela valorização das áreas centrais e pela intensificação do processo de expansão da urbanização em direção à periferia. Através da espacialização do processo de envelhecimento populacional foi possível identificar e diferenciar os principais eixos de valorização imobiliária, caracterizando um processo de ocupação fragmentado, adicionado à fragmentação socioespacial da cidade. / This paper seeks to understand and analyze the demographic dynamics in the different districts of the city of Porto Alegre-RS, coupled to the dynamics of the housing production in order to provide insight into the implementation of public policies. The increase of the elderly quota, the reduction in the fertility rate, low population growth, socio-spatial inequalities in central and peripheral areas of the city portray, at present, the production of urban space. The methodology adopted for this study consisted of three stages: the first corresponds to the literature, cartographic and 2010 Census data; the second part for the preparation of cartographic products through materials obtained, which were analyzed and organized so that the research objectives were achieved. Finally, the drafting and interpretation of results, through the systematization of data and produced during the work. He was part of this study also assess the real estate projects aimed at high income. Through the Real Estate SINDUSCON Census, we identify the main areas of real estate valuation, highlighting the population profiles. Thus, we can understand the territorial organization of the city, as a seemingly fragmented and segregated city, marked by the appreciation of the central areas and intensification of the urban periphery process. Through the spatial distribution of population aging process can identify and differentiate the focus for real estate appreciation, featuring a fragmented occupation process, added to social and spatial fragmentation of the city.

Na atualidade existe uma necessidade de repensar políticas voltadas para o desenvolvimento devido a que o milagre resgitrado por os baby boomers no século passado começa a desaparecer. Por isto, o objetivo deste trabalho é medir o impacto econômico e demográfico dos elderly boomers sobre o crescimento económico, adicionando duas variáveis na equação geral de Solow- Swan. Além disso, medir o impacto da participação das mulheres na força de trabalho como uma das fontes possível para mitigar este declínio (separado por edade e sexo). Os principais ressultados foram: que evidenciá-se una redução do 34% no crecimento explicado pelo factor puramente demográfico (força laboral) em relação com o abservado nos anos 80-90. Evidenciáse também para o grupo de mulheres maiores de 25+ que tem um coeficiente negativo -0,24 (cresciemnto taxa de emprego) sobre o crescimento econômico (PIB per-capita), isto deve-se a que embora as mulheres tenham um maior crescimento em sua força laboral do que os homens, as mulheres empregadas não cresce na mesma proporção, isto em grande parte pela fraqueça institucional e ausência apertura econômica ainda na maioria dos países. / At present there is a necessity to rethink development policies because the miracle registered by the baby boomers in the last century begins to disappear. For this reason, the objective of this work is to measure economic and demographic impact of elderly boomers on economic growth by adding two variables in the general Solow-Swan equation. Also, measuring the impact of women participation in the workforce as one of the possible ways to mitigate this decline (disaggregate by sex and age). The main results were: a 34% reduction in growth explained by the purely demographic factor (labor force) in relation to the observed in the years 80-90. To group of women over 25+ who have a negative coefficient -0.24 (growth rate of employment) on economic growth (GDP per-capita), this is due to the fact that although women have a higher labor force growth than men, the number of women employments do not increase in the same proportion, this is largely due to institutional weakness and lack of economic openness in most countries.