Background: As high HIV transmission rates persist in Sub-Saharan Africa, the effect of wealth inequality rather than solely absolute wealth as a potential driver of the HIV epidemic has been given increased attention in recent research, but has not yet been investigated in the Nigerian setting. As, particularly in contexts of socioeconomic inequality, individuals may face barriers to both obtaining health-related knowledge and translating this knowledge into actual engagement in preventive measures, it is relevant to assess the level of HIV-related knowledge in the Nigerian population. Furthermore, it is of interest to investigate its socioeconomic predictors, and to identify risk-groups for low HIV-related knowledge, which consequentially are also potential risk groups for high HIV transmission. This will ultimately facilitate the targeting and implementation of more appropriate and effective preventive interventions among these groups. Due to the country’s high HIV prevalence and its ethnic and socioeconomic heterogeneity, it is both an interesting and highly relevant setting in which to analyse the socioeconomic determinants of HIV-related knowledge. Methods: Utilizing data from the Nigerian Demographic and Health Survey, Paper 1 of this thesis investigates wealth inequality as a predictor of low HIV-related knowledge in the Nigerian population through logistic regression modeling. The effects of other sociodemographic factors such as sex, literacy and rural or urban residence on HIV-related knowledge are also explored. In paper 2, a trend analysis is conducted of HIV-related knowledge in the country from 2003 to 2013, with changes in these trends represented graphically, stratified by various sociodemographic factors. ARIMA models were fit to the 2003-2013 trend data. Finally, Paper 3 presents a systematic review (using the Medline and Embase databases) and meta-analysis (conducted in R) of HIV-related knowledge interventions in Sub-Saharan Africa or among the African Diaspora, synthesising the available evidence for the efficacy of such interventions in 1) improving HIV-related knowledge, 2) resulting in increased engagement in preventive measures and safe sexual practices, and 3) reducing HIV incidence. Random-effects models were used for the meta- analyses. Results: The logistic regression model indicated that females were more than twice as likely as males to have low HIV-related knowledge in each wealth inequality category. In addition, females were more likely to have correct knowledge of mother-to-child transmission than males, but were over 1.5 times more likely to have poor knowledge of HIV risk reduction measures. Individuals with lower literacy levels were almost twice as likely as literate respondents to have low HIV-related knowledge. Ethnicity, religious affiliation, relationship status, and residing in rural areas were additional significant predictors of HIV-related knowledge. The trend analysis indicated an overall increase in HIV-related knowledge between 2003 and 2013, but a decrease in knowledge of mother-to-child-transmission. In addition, State-level disparities in knowledge regarding HIV risk reduction increased over time. The meta-analysis of HIV education interventions demonstrated significantly higher odds of correct knowledge of transmission routes as well as condom use, but insignificantly lower odds of HIV incidence. Conclusions: HIV-related knowledge in this sample is generally low among females, those with low literacy levels, the poor, the unemployed, those residing in rural areas, those with traditional religious beliefs, and those living in states with the highest wealth inequality ratios. The meta-analysis of HIV-related knowledge interventions in Paper 3 indicates that such interventions are generally effective at improving not only HIV-related knowledge but also increasing condom use, and should thus be targeted at the risk groups identified in Papers 1 and 2, in order to work towards the reduction of HIV transmission.

A number of practitioner surveys across a range of industries have cited the lack of senior female role models as a barrier to career progression. There is very little academic literature to explain this at a senior organizational level. An initial review of the extant role model literature led to the inclusion of two further related areas – organizational demographics, as a contextual factor affecting the availability of role models, and work identity development as a link between the lack of senior female role models and the lack of career progression. In seeking to answer the question of why and then how female role models are important for senior women, this study fills an identified gap in the comprehension of the concept of role models and their importance in the workplace. It addresses a need to understand both the key elements of the concept and the mechanism by which they come into play. The research uses qualitative methods, specifically in-depth semi-structured interviews. These were conducted with a senior group of 33 female directors from six global investment banks, in order to elicit their experiences of role models in demographically imbalanced work contexts. Analysis of interview data considered all three areas of role models, demographic context and work identity development. As the women forged their identities in the male-dominated context of global investment banks, what became clear was that who they are and have become was informed by the critical relationships they have had. Whilst clearly some of the women had found male role models with whom to develop these critical relationships, there were some identity issues, particular salient to women, which could not be addressed by men. Thus the findings demonstrated the utility of female role models. This thesis has a number of contributions to make on varying levels: On a conceptual level, this study adds to our understanding of the value of role models, particularly detailing the affective or symbolic value. It has added to the conceptualization of role models, detailing what were the core attributes of individuals chosen to be role models, who they were in relation to the women, how the women used them and why they were important. It has combined the three literature areas of role models, organizational demographics and work identity development in a way not previously done, and has shown empirically that they are related and explain each other. Organizational demographics affect the availability of role models. And it is suggested that the relatively new theory of relational identification is the mechanism that explicates how the presence of positive female role models is a key influence on women’s work identity development. It has clarified the value of role models in extreme gender demographic contexts, and how and why they are important to senior women’s professional development, thereby adding to the theory of role modelling. Practically, the study explains why women in surveys may have been citing the lack of female role models as such a prominent issue, and suggests what some of the issues are that organizations should pay heed to in trying to address this.

Este trabalho analisa as relações entre o processo de transição demográfica pelo qual o Brasil está passando e o crescimento econômico. Levando em consideração o que os demógrafos denominam de “janela de oportunidade demográfica”, o Brasil tem hoje uma potencialidade única para acelerar o crescimento econômico e conduzir o país para um desenvolvimento sustentado. O trabalho está dividido em três capítulos. Partindo da discussão filosófica entre o iluminista Marquês de Condorcet e o pastor anglicano Thomas Malthus, apresenta-se a teoria da transição demográfica e a relação entre transição demográfica e desenvolvimento econômico, com destaque para a transição das tendências de mortalidade e de fecundidade. O processo de transição demográfica que o Brasil está passando e as possibilidades de crescimento econômico advindas da demografia são apresentadas no segundo capitulo. No último, são discutidos dois pontos essenciais para o sucesso de qualquer política que vise crescimento econômico sustentável: o mercado de trabalho brasileiro e o sistema educacional do país. Apresenta-se, também, uma análise da desigualdade social no Brasil. Considerando-se que as oportunidades demográficas se apresentam tão somente por este lado, procura-se demonstrar a importância da inserção do componente populacional na agenda das políticas públicas como um fator que pode contribuir para a aceleração do crescimento econômico do Brasil. Caso contrário, o componente demográfico reduzirá sua eficiência e o país se afastará dos objetivos de um desenvolvimento econômico com redução das desigualdades sociais. / This work analyzes the relationship between the process of demographic transition, through which Brazil is going, and the economic growth. Taking into consideration what the demographers call “window of demographic opportunity”, Brazil has a unique potentiality to speed up the economic growth and lead the country to the sustainable development. The work is divided into three chapters. The theory of the demographic transition and the relationship between the demographic transition and the economic development is based on the philosophic discussion between the illuminist Marquis de Condorcet and the Anglican minister Thomas Malthus, with emphasis on the transition of the mortality and fertility tendencies. The demographic transition process Brazil is going through and the possibilities of the economic growth arising from the demography are presented in the second chapter. The last chapter discusses two essential points for the success of any policy that aims at the sustainable economic growth: Brazilian labor market and educational system of the country. Furthermore, the social inequality is analyzed as well. Considering that the demographic opportunities are only presented from this viewpoint, the work tries to show the importance of introducing the populational component in the agenda of the public policies as a factor that may contribute to speeding up the economic growth in Brazil. Otherwise, the demographic component will reduce its efficiency and the country will stray from the objectives of economic development aimed at reducing the social inequalities.

abstract: This dissertation explores changes in fertility and family formation in South Korea, a setting in which rapid demographic changes have taken place since the early twentieth century. Despite active debate and discussion among experts and policymakers, knowledge is still limited in regards to the country’s significant demographic changes. I take advantage of Korean census samples data from 1966 to 2010, which span birth cohorts from pre- and early-transitional stages to post-transitional stages, which comprise the entry stage of the second demographic transition. From a cohort perspective, I use diverse demographic methods to analyze three different aspects of fertility and family formation—fertility differentials, marriage delay, and fertility concentration. The findings illustrate how fertility and marriage patterns have changed over generations and range from a politically tumultuous period, which includes World War II, liberation, and the Korean War, to an advanced economic period. By and large, the three studies suggest that until 1960, fertility and family formation converged as per social norms and leadership guidelines. Then, marriage and childbearing behaviors began to diversify and variation by social groups increased for cohorts born during and after the 1960s. The phrase “convergence towards diversity” captures the reversal of demographic trends within the country. Taken together, this dissertation advances our understanding of how fertility and family formation have changed in South Korea, which has been on an intense demographic journey from pre-transitional fertility through very low fertility, and currently headed toward another destination. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Sociology 2015

Made available in DSpace on 2018-07-27T17:13:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2010-03-04. Added 1 bitstream(s) on 2018-07-27T17:16:43Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000890733.pdf: 378910 bytes, checksum: a3fb3185e38679bf1e9734ba9ae4dfc3 (MD5) / Este estudo objetiva um exame mais detalhado da evolução da relação entre o tamanho das cidades brasileiras e sua distribuição populacional no período de 1920 a 2000. Para isso, utilizaremos dois tipos de métodos, um estático - que envolve um indicador de convergência baseado na Lei de Zipf - e outro dinâmico, que mostra, através de uma cadeia de Markov, movimentos nas posições relativas das cidades dentro da distribuição por tamanhos. Nas duas análises, verificamos uma persistente concentração populacional em um número pequeno de áreas. Os efeitos espaciais, considerados em ambas as análises, mostraram ter importante influência nos resultados obtidos. / This study aims a more detailed examination on the evolution of the relationship between Brazilian cities size and their population distribution in the period from 1920 to 2000. For this purpose, two type of methods are performed. A static one - which involves the estimation of convergence indicator given by the Zipf's Law - and a dynamic one - which shows, by means of a Markov chain, movements in cities relative positions within the distribution of their sizes. In both analyses, there is a persistent concentration of people residing in a small number of areas, growing at a greater rate than smaller ones. Spatial effects, considered in the estimation of both analyses, is clearly an important influence on the results.

Resumo: Em florestas tropicais, ainda são incipientes os estudos que tratam da influência dos bambus na dinâmica da vegetação. Pela grande capacidade de se expandir rapidamente no ambiente seja por crescimento vegetativo ou por produção massiva de sementes, os bambus promovem alterações significativas na estrutura das comunidades vegetais. Desta forma, esse estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o ciclo de vida das plantas em ambientes com (B) e sem bambus (SB) em uma área de floresta Atlântica densamente ocupada pelo bambu nativo Guadua tagoara. Os objetivos específicos deste estudo foram separados em capítulos. Para o capítulo 1, conhecer a composição de aves associadas aos ambientes com e sem bambus, identificar as aves que compõem a guilda de dispersores de sementes de Euterpe edulis, Sloanea guianensis e Virola bicuhyba e avaliar o potencial de dispersão das aves registradas em censos. Para o capítulo 2, avaliar o padrão espacial dos estágios iniciais da regeneração da comunidade de plantas nos ambientes B e SB. Finalmente para o capítulo 3, quantificar as perdas de propágulos e as probabilidades de transição entre cada etapa demográfica das três espécies de plantas selecionadas, e identificar os gargalos demográficos do recrutamento que podem colapsar a regeneração natural das três espécies de plantas nos ambientes B e SB. Verificamos que nos ambientes B foi registrado maior número de espécies de aves do que em ambientes SB. A maioria das aves registradas em censos nos dois ambientes foi insetívora, seguida por espécies frugívoras. A efetividade da dispersão de Euterpe, Sloanea e Virola, esteve restrita a um pequeno grupo de dispersores efetivos. As aves que mais contribuíram para a dispersão de Virola ocorreram mais freqüentemente em B. Este padrão foi similar para Sloanea, enquanto Euterpe apresentou um padrão misto, com algumas espécies de aves... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Studies about the bamboo influence in the plant dynamic process are still incipient. Given that bamboos are able to quickly expand in environment by either vegetative growth or massive seed production, bamboos promote significant changes in plant community structure. Thus, this work aimed at assessing the plant life cycles in bamboo (B) and non bamboo stands (NB) in an Atlantic forest area where the native bamboo Guadua tagoara occurs at high densities. The specific goals of this study were showed in chapters. For chapter 1, to know bird species associated with bamboo and non bamboo stands, identify the birds which belong to seed dispersers guild of Euterpe edulis, Sloanea guianensis and Virola bicuhyba and evaluate dispersal effectiveness and potential contribution to seed dispersal for the three plant species. For chapter 2, assess the spatial pattern of early regeneration stages of plant communities in B and NB stands. Finally, for chapter 3, quantify propagule losses as well as the probabilities of transition between each stage for all three plant species, and identify the demographic bottlenecks in recruitment that could collapse natural regeneration of the three plant species in B and NB stands. We verified that a higher number of bird species was registered in B stands than in NB. Most of registered birds in both B and NB stands were insectivorous followed by frugivorous species. The dispersal effectiveness of Euterpe, Sloanea and Virola depended on a restricted subset of effective bird dispersers. Birds which mostly contributed to the seed dispersal of Virola occurred more frequently in B. This pattern was similar for Sloanea while Euterpe exhibited a mixed pattern with some bird species contributing to the dispersal in the B stands and other species contributing in NB stands. We conclude that a substantial number of frugivorous bird species can favor borders of bamboo patches... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Orientador: Marco Aurélio Pizo Ferreira / Coorientador: Pedro Diego Jordano Barbudo / Banca: Luciana Spinelli Araujo / Banca: Mauro Galetti Rodrigues / Banca: Leonor Patrícia Cerdeira Morellato / Banca: Eliana Cazetta / Doutor

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:27:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2006-11-29Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:36:21Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 oliveira_rad_me_rcla.pdf: 2391346 bytes, checksum: 870e5d2549d7d217fbf6f5bfce948e94 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / O presente estudo teve como objetivo, a análise do processo de envelhecimento da população urbana de São Carlos SP nos últimos 25 anos. Para isto, foram desenvolvidas três etapas de análise: revisão bibliográfica; avaliação do processo histórico de desenvolvimento social, econômico e territorial em suas relações com a evolução da dinâmica demográfica local; e, estudo detalhado do processo de envelhecimento da população local. O desenvolvimento da pesquisa foi baseado na revisão de bibliografia sobre diversos aspectos relevantes; no trabalho com dados secundários diversos; na aplicação de questionários; e, nas entrevistas com profissionais que trabalham com questões relativas aos idosos da cidade. A heterogeneidade de situações caracteriza a qualidade de vida da população idosa local. Este fato representa grande desafio, em virtude daquilo que se apresenta na atualidade, mas especialmente, para o futuro. As questões levantadas tornam necessária a atuação urgente e eficaz da administração e da sociedade local, com o intuito de minimizar ou solucionar as diversas demandas deste grupo populacional. / This study had the objective of analyze the aging process of São Carlos's population, in the last 25 years. To reach this objective, three stages were considered: bibliographical revision; evaluation of the historical process of social, economic and territorial development, in its relations with the local demographic dynamic evolution; and; detailed study of the aging process of local population. The development of the research was based on: the bibliographical revision of various relevant aspects; the work with diverse secondary data; the application of questionnaires; and, interviews with people who works with questions related to the São Carlos's elderly population. The heterogeneity of situations characterizes the quality of life of local elderly population. This fact represents a great challenge, because of its present but, specially, to the future. The questions evaluated showed the need of urgent and efficient intervention of local's administration and society, with the objective of minimize or solve the diverse kind of demands from this population group.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-12T20:12:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 PGEF14MA021.pdf: 206259 bytes, checksum: bd7faaf217079dcff33f702a472c2892 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-06-13 / The present study was conducted in a fragment of montane Araucaria Forest, from southern Brazil. The first chapter aimed to describe functional traits (wood density, leaf size, regime of leaf renovation, dispersion syndrome and maximum height) for tree species and to group them functionally. The second chapter sought to evaluate the relationships among functional traits (wood density, leaf size and maximum height), demographic rates and environmental gradients. For this sake, the 20 most abundant species in the fragment were selected, sampling for each species a total of 10 individuals, in order to determine the wood density and leaf size. Information about leaf renovation regime, dispersal syndrome and maximum height were obtained through field observation and literature review. Data of abundance, demographic rates from 2008 and 2012, and environmental characterization were obtained from the Database of Laboratory of Dendrology and Phytosociology (LABDENDRO), of the Santa Catarina State University. The data for this area were collected within 50, 100 m2, plots, totaling 1 ha of sampling area. The species were grouped according to their functional traits, by a dendrogram, using Ward algorithm. For the analyzes of the relationship between functional traits and demographic rates, the species were ordered through a Non-metric Multidimensional Scaling (NMDS), in which the demographic rates were fitted a posteriori to the ordination, being those significant (p ≤ 0,10) plotted as vectors. The response of function traits to environmental gradients was verified through a Redundancy Analysis (RDA), using a community weight matrix of functional traits (CWM) and environmental data. The dendrogram indicated the existence of two main groups of species, formed due to foliar renovation regime, with subsequent subdivisions in function of leaf size and dispersal syndrome. The species with greatest values of wood density and short maximum height showed more elevated values of recruitment, increment of population abundance and basal area turnover. The species with greatest values of diametric increment were those with higher maximum height and lower values of wood density. In sites with basic soils, the community demonstrated greater values of wood density. Plots with more elevated values of soil Mg content and lower altitude predominantly showed large trees, with larger leaf size. We conclude that the community was organized in functional groups, with distinct life strategies, as demonstrated by species performance along 2008 and 2012. Furthermore, the functional traits were influenced by environmental gradients, indicating a short space turnover / O presente estudo foi realizado em um fragmento de Floresta Ombrófila Mista Montana, localizado em Lages, SC. O primeiro capítulo teve como objetivo descrever os traços funcionais (densidade da madeira, tamanho da folha, regime de renovação foliar, síndrome de dispersão de propágulos e altura máxima) das espécies arbóreas e agrupá-las funcionalmente. O segundo capítulo teve como objetivo avaliar as relações entre os traços funcionais (densidade da madeira, tamanho da folha e altura máxima), taxas demográficas das espécies arbóreas e gradientes ambientais. Para isto, foram selecionadas as 20 espécies mais abundantes do fragmento, amostrando um total de 10 indivíduos, e determinado a média, por espécie, da densidade básica da madeira e do tamanho das folhas. Informações sobre o regime de renovação foliar, síndrome de dispersão de propágulos e altura máxima foram obtidos por meio de observações de campo e revisão de literatura. Os dados de abundância da comunidade, as taxas demográficas para o período de 2008 a 2012 e a caracterização ambiental foram obtidas a partir do banco de dados do Laboratório de Dendrologia e Fitossociologia (LABDENDRO), da Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina. Esses dados foram coletados a partir de 50 parcelas alocadas no fragmento, de 10 x 20m, totalizando 1 ha de área amostrada. As espécies foram agrupadas de acordo com seus traços funcionais, em um dendrograma, construído por meio do algoritmo de Ward. Para a análise da relação entre os traços funcionais e as taxas demográficas, as espécies foram ordenadas por meio de um Escalonamento Multidimensional Não-métrico (NMDS), onde as taxas demográficas foram ajustadas a posteriori a ordenação, sendo aquelas significativas (p ≤ 0,10) plotadas na forma de vetores. A relação dos traços funcionais em resposta aos gradientes ambientais foi verifica por meio de uma análise de redundância (RDA), utilizando uma matriz de traços funcionais ponderada para a comunidade (CWM) e de dados ambientais. O dendrograma indicou a existência de dois grandes grupos de espécies, formados em função do regime de renovação foliar e com subdivisões subsequentes devido ao tamanho das folhas e à síndrome de dispersão. Espécies com maiores valores em densidade básica da madeira e menor altura máxima apresentaram elevado recrutamento, elevada mudança líquida positiva em número de indivíduos e rotatividade em área basal. As espécies com maiores valores em incremento diamétrico foram aquelas com maiores valores de altura máxima e menor densidade básica da madeira. Em solos mais básicos a comunidade apresentou maiores valores em densidade básica da madeira. Os locais com maiores teores de Mg e com menor altitude apresentaram predominantemente maior porte das árvores e maiores tamanhos de folha. Conclui-se que a comunidade avaliada apresenta-se organizada em grupos funcionais, com estratégias de vida distintas, como indicado pela performance das espécies ao longo do período de 2008 a 2012. Além disso, os traços funcionais foram influenciados pelos gradientes ambientais, demonstrando rotatividade dos mesmos em pequena escala espacial

Na atualidade existe uma necessidade de repensar políticas voltadas para o desenvolvimento devido a que o milagre resgitrado por os baby boomers no século passado começa a desaparecer. Por isto, o objetivo deste trabalho é medir o impacto econômico e demográfico dos elderly boomers sobre o crescimento económico, adicionando duas variáveis na equação geral de Solow- Swan. Além disso, medir o impacto da participação das mulheres na força de trabalho como uma das fontes possível para mitigar este declínio (separado por edade e sexo). Os principais ressultados foram: que evidenciá-se una redução do 34% no crecimento explicado pelo factor puramente demográfico (força laboral) em relação com o abservado nos anos 80-90. Evidenciáse também para o grupo de mulheres maiores de 25+ que tem um coeficiente negativo -0,24 (cresciemnto taxa de emprego) sobre o crescimento econômico (PIB per-capita), isto deve-se a que embora as mulheres tenham um maior crescimento em sua força laboral do que os homens, as mulheres empregadas não cresce na mesma proporção, isto em grande parte pela fraqueça institucional e ausência apertura econômica ainda na maioria dos países. / At present there is a necessity to rethink development policies because the miracle registered by the baby boomers in the last century begins to disappear. For this reason, the objective of this work is to measure economic and demographic impact of elderly boomers on economic growth by adding two variables in the general Solow-Swan equation. Also, measuring the impact of women participation in the workforce as one of the possible ways to mitigate this decline (disaggregate by sex and age). The main results were: a 34% reduction in growth explained by the purely demographic factor (labor force) in relation to the observed in the years 80-90. To group of women over 25+ who have a negative coefficient -0.24 (growth rate of employment) on economic growth (GDP per-capita), this is due to the fact that although women have a higher labor force growth than men, the number of women employments do not increase in the same proportion, this is largely due to institutional weakness and lack of economic openness in most countries.

At the beginning of the work there are described the most important anatomical structures in the observed locations of the both compared types of fractures The second part is divided in more chapters and it the traumatological introduction for the diaphyseal and angle fractures issue. This part is beginning with the basic partition to the further specialization on diagnostics, classification, therapy and healing focused on the tibial and ankle part. The single demographic data for the both types of fractures is described in the third part. In the last chapter there is the comprehension of the most important data of diaphyseal tibial and ankle fracture.