The news media have documented the missions of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) since its formation in 1958. Little of that coverage, however, has focused on Mars exploration and colonization, which has only recently become a serious target of interest for NASA. The current study examines how three elite print newspapers in the United States and three in the United Kingdom framed Mars coverage between 2011 and 2016. A content analysis found that most of the frames were similar to those observed in previous studies, such as exploration, scientific knowledge, business, nationalism, settlement, legacy, and fear. New frames, including life, health, social justice, and social engagement, emerged from the current study. The framing and tone of Mars articles were deployed similarly in U.S. and U.K. newspapers despite the different objectives of each country's space program. From the Apollo moon shots to human exploration of Mars, each successive era of spaceflight has been framed in a logical progression from concept to completion that resonates with the values of the times.

This thesis focuses on the flourishing music-publishing industry in England in the second half of the seventeenth century, and examines its relationship to and influence on the activities of professional musicians. Music publishing as a commercial entity developed in England during this period, particularly, but not exclusively, through the endeavours of the Playford family. By placing the printed music books within the social and cultural contexts in which they were produced, this thesis explores the consequences of printing on the musical text, understanding the purposes for which the printed book was created and how different functions of print affected the musical texts that they contained. A detailed examination of the printed music sources sheds light on how publication (including posthumous publication) related to the image and status of the composer, and draws attention to the interaction between public music-making, compositional activity and music publishing during this period. Through an investigation of the contemporary printed outputs of five case-study composers - William Lawes, Henry Lawes, Matthew Locke, Henry Purcell and John Blow - this thesis explores the individual nature of the composers' relationships with the printed music book trade and how their contemporary printed outputs relate to their overall compositional output. This is followed by a detailed analytical study of specific compositions by the five case-study composers, examining both contemporary manuscript and printed sources, in order to determine to what extent the commercial print market influenced professional musical creativity. Different versions of compositions of certain genres, particularly secular vocal works, were disseminated via print as opposed to manuscript, and these alternative versions appear to have been instigated by both composers and stationers. This approach to examination of contemporary sources calls for the contextual consideration of sources and the musical texts within them.

This study provides a new account of the evolution of the eighteenth-century British novel by reading it as a response to contemporary interest in, and self-consciousness about, print communication. During the eighteenth century, print went from being a marginal technology to being one with an increasingly wide circulation and a diverse range of applications. The pervasive adoption of print generated anxiety about its positive and negative effects, prompting a series of responses from writers. Examining the work of five British novelists from across the long eighteenth century, this dissertation investigates the influence of eighteenth-century philosophical thinking about human understanding and social interaction on the assumptions that these novelists made about the way their work would be received. In particular, this thesis explores the ways in which these novelists respond to contemporary philosophical ideas about the cognitive functions of the imagination by experimenting with the form of their work in order to generate new kinds of reception. But this study also shows that, while these five novelists drew on the tenets of eighteenth-century moral philosophy, their work exposed a number of the limitations of that philosophy by putting it into practice. Each chapter in this study focuses on a different aspect of the intersection of mediation and imagination. Chapter One considers the ways in which Locke's understanding of probability informed Richardson's attempts to promote specific affective reading practices with his epistolary fictions and editorial commentary. Chapter Two reads Sterne's manipulations of the material page in Tristram Shandy as an attempt to expose the limitations of print communication and to suggest new ways of reading that could overcome those limitations. Chapter Three examines the writing of Smith, Kames, Mackenzie, Reeve and Godwin in order to illustrate both the promise and the danger that these authors attribute to imaginative sympathy and to the reading practices that promote sympathetic reactions. Chapter Four explores Scott's experiments with a form of fiction that could collapse the distance between writing and orality in order to force readers to reevaluate the complex relationship of sound and writing in the establishment of communities in an age of print. / Arts, Faculty of / English, Department of / Graduate

The news media serve as the Canadian public’s main source of information about the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. This thesis examines the ways in which the Canadian media portray the conflict, through a lens of Habermas’ (1962) public sphere theory, Foucault’s (1926 – 1984) ideas on discourse, and Rawls’ (1921 – 2002) conceptions of equality and justice. Building on these theories, Noelle-Neumann’s Spiral of Silence theory (1974), Said’s Orientalism (1978), and d’Arcy’s (1913 – 1983) conception of the right to communicate are examined to arrive at a framework for analyzing Canadian news. Looking at ideological representations, power manifestations, issue framing, and social responsibility within the media, this thesis explores whether the Canadian media portray the conflict in such a way that fosters a downward spiral of opinions within the Canadian public. A Critical Discourse Analysis of coverage in two national English Canadian newspapers, The Globe and Mail and the National Post, during three separate timeframes of increased violence in Israel and Palestine between 2000 and 2009 reveals that newspaper representations of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict are often entrenched in predefined ways of portraying the Other, fostering an Israeli-Palestinian spiral of silence in Canadian media.

The thesis is focused on analyzing the development of print media based on the example of selected fashion magazines. It is also focused on the international strategies that can be used by these magazines. The author examines the theoretical background of print media and international marketing strategies, followed by application of this knowledge on the analysis of the chosen magazines. The thesis consists of two main parts: theoretical and empirical. The theoretical part includes a description of print media history, the background of magazines, and international marketing communications, particularly with regard to magazines. The empirical part is focused on analysis of the selected magazines and their international strategies. This part concentrates on the printed and online versions of magazines, so it is easier to see how magazines are influenced by new technologies.

The aim of this Master's Thesis is to characterize and analyze the current design of automotive print advertising placed in nationwide magazine. The Thesis is divided into two main parts. The first part summarizes the basic theoretical aspects -- such as content and functions of advertising, media types and their characteristics, brands and reference groups. In the application part, I firstly describe how to perform content analysis and give a description of magazine Reflex. In the following analysis of data obtained from the content analysis I uncover and describe which elements are highlighted, how often the reference groups are used or which car colors are mostly applied. I also analyze texts and keywords mentioned in the advertisements. The following is a comparison of advertisements between 2003, 2008 and 2013. In conclusion, I answer research questions; summarize the most important findings from the performed analysis and present marketing recommendations.

Esse trabalho discute a viabilidade de utilização de impressoras domésticas a jato de tinta líquida por sistema termoelétrico para a inserção de microcápsulas em papel. O procedimento experimental, em etapas, consistiu inicialmente da desmontagem do cartucho termoelétrico e da análise por microscopia óptica e estéreo microscopia. A síntese das microcápsulas poliméricas e cerâmicas ocorreu via polimerização por miniemulsão e sol-gel, respectivamente. A caracterização das partículas foi realizada via microscopia eletrônica de varredura - MEV, espectroscopia por energia dispersiva - EDS, granulometria e espectroscopia de infravermelho por transformada de Fourier - FT-IR. As microcápsulas misturadas em tinta, água deionizada e etanol 99,8% através de agitador magnético e sonda ultrassônica foram analisadas por MEV. As tintas puras e as diferentes misturas, com quantidades específicas de tinta e cápsulas, foram submetidas a testes de densidade relativa, viscosidade, granulometria e FT-IR. Já a caracterização dos papéis deu-se por MEV e EDS. Finalizando o procedimento, a impressão da tinta contendo microcápsulas foi avaliada por MEV e FT-IR. Os resultados demonstraram que as dimensões das partículas estão diretamente relacionadas com o desempenho da impressão. O uso de partículas menores, com tamanho médio de 250 nm, mostrou-se eficiente, posto que a dimensão dos pigmentos em tintas a jato está entre 100 e 200 nm e os orifícios no cabeçote dos cartuchos termoelétricos testados possuem aproximadamente 13,5 μm. Dessa forma, o design de produto pode se beneficiar da aplicação de microcápsulas, com dimensões controladas, pelo processo de impressão termoelétrico em materiais fibrosos, porosos ou ocos. / This research discusses the use viability of domestic inkjet liquid printers for thermoelectric system to insert microcapsules in paper. The experimental procedure, in stages, consisted firstly at the disassembly of the thermoelectric cartridge and analysis by optical and stereo microscopy. The polymeric and ceramic microcapsules synthesis occurred by miniemulsion polymerization and sol-gel reaction, respectively. The characterization of the particles was performed by scanning electron microscopy - SEM, energy dispersive system - EDS, granulometry and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy - FT-IR. The microcapsules blended into paint, deionized water and 99.8% ethanol by ultrasonic probe and magnetic stirrer were analyzed by SEM. The pure inks and the different mixtures with specific amounts of ink and capsules were subjected to relative density, viscosity, granulometry and FT-IR tests. Concomitant, the characterization of the papers was performed by SEM and EDS. As a last stage of the experimental procedure, the impression with ink containing microcapsules was assessed by SEM and FT-IR. The results showed that the particle sizes are directly related to the printing performance. The use of smaller particles with an average size of 250 nm was efficient, since the size of the pigments in ink-jet is between 100 and 200 nm and the holes in the head of the thermoelectric cartridges. The holes are 13.5 μm. Therefore, the product design can take advantage of the application of microcapsules, with controlled dimensions, by thermoelectric printing process, in fibrous, porous or hollow materials.

Nas últimas décadas, a demanda pela leitura é cada vez maior em nossa sociedade. Ela é requerida para que se possa ter acesso às informações veiculadas das mais diversas maneiras, tais como outdoors, revistas, jornais, livros, internet e para que os indivíduos sejam capazes de se posicionar criticamente nas diversas situações. Uma delas é como consumidores, pois todos nós, inclusive os adolescentes, somos bombardeados dia após dia por propagandas veiculadas pelos meios de comunicação. A propaganda impressa foi escolhida para este trabalho de leitura em sala de aula com alunos do Ensino Médio porque é um gênero discursivo muito rico em seus elementos constitutivos. O objetivo geral desta pesquisa é desenvolver as habilidades de leitura de alunos do ensino médio, especificamente desenvolver um projeto de leitura do gênero discursivo propaganda impressa nas aulas de Língua Portuguesa, visando a contribuir para a formação de leitores mais proficientes e críticos desse gênero. Para tanto, foi desenvolvida uma pesquisa-ação em 02 salas de aula do 2 e 3 ano do ensino médio, de uma escola estadual de um município do Vale do Paraíba, no segundo bimestre de 2011. A fundamentação teórica para a análise dos dados gerados durante a pesquisa-ação é referente à abordagem sociocognitiva de leitura, ao conceito bakhtiniano de linguagem e de gêneros discursivos e a estudos sobre a propaganda impressa. A análise dos resultados das atividades desenvolvidas em sala de aula é feita de modo qualitativo, com base em pressupostos teóricos eleitos como adequados à pesquisa. Este estudo possibilitou a realização de um trabalho com as habilidades de leitura do gênero discursivo propaganda impressa para um maior desenvolvimento do senso crítico dos alunos no momento da leitura desse gênero discursivo. A proposta da análise das propagandas a partir de procedimentos de leitura resultou em um nível de conhecimento de leitura desse gênero que talvez de outra forma não tivesse êxito. / In the last decades the demand for reading has increased significantly in our society. Reading is required to access the information transmitted by the most various ways such as billboards, magazines, newspapers, books and the internet. In a way, consumers, including the teenagers, are being daily bombed by the advertisements conveyed by the means of communication. The print advertising was chosen for this work of reading in the classroom with secondary school students because it is a discursive way constituted of very rich elements. The general objective of this research is to develop the secondary school students reading skills, particularly developing a print advertising reading project in the Portuguese Language classes, aiming at forming more proficient and critical readers of this type of discourse. Therefore, it was developed an action-research in two secondary school classrooms (grades 2 and 3), in a state school of a town in the Vale do Paraíba region, in the second bimester of 2011. The theoretical foundation for the analysis of the data obtained during the action-research refers to the reading socio-cognitive approach, to the Bakhtins concept of language and types of discourse, and to studies on print advertising. The analysis of the results of the activities developed in the classroom is done in a qualitative way, based on theoretical presuppositions elected as adequate for the research. This study enabled to carry out a work with the reading skills of the print advertising discursive way for a greater development of the students critical sense while reading this type of discourse. The proposed analysis of advertisements from reading procedures resulted in a level of knowledge of this kind of reading that might not otherwise succeed.

A utilização de temas diversificados nas aulas de leitura é uma forma de viabilizar o contato dos alunos com vários textos que estão constituídos dentro de algum gênero. Sabe-se que a esfera jornalística é rica em gêneros advindos de assuntos relacionados à vida social, os quais fazem uso de recursos não-verbais, tais como fotografias, imagens e cores, para construírem seus sentidos. Esta dissertação teve como objetivo geral focalizar o jornal impresso como um recurso por meio do qual a escola pode didatizar o gênero reportagem nas aulas de leitura para o Ensino Médio, tratando-o como um meio de ensino e aprendizado, com o intuito de melhorar o desempenho do aluno quanto à compreensão e como objetivo específico analisar nas reportagens impressas os títulos, os títulos auxiliares e lide de quatro pares de reportagens impressas, de jornais dos estados de São Paulo e do Amazonas, e apresentá-las como proposta de ensino para as aulas de leitura. A escolha deste gênero textual é justificada por sua ampla circulação social, pelo fato de nele ser empregada linguagem verbo-visual, e por sua relação direta com o contexto sócio-histórico e cultural dos alunos. O constructo teórico que balizou esta dissertação é constituído pelos pressupostos bakhtinianos sobre gêneros textuais e linguagem; por teorias referentes à esfera jornalística; e por estudos sobre leitura e estratégias para compreensão leitora em determinadas perspectivas. Os resultados mostraram que o trabalho com o gênero reportagem trouxe mais dinamismo às aulas de leitura, atraindo a atenção dos alunos e possibilitando a compreensão textual, mesmo dos leitores menos proficientes, vez que este gênero ao tratar de assuntos relacionados à sociedade contemporânea, lança mão de ambas linguagens verbal e não-verbal. / The use of diverse themes in reading classes is a way to facilitate the contact of students with various texts that are composed inside some sort of genre. It is known that the journalistic sphere is rich in genres that happen to arise from matters relating to social life, which make use of non-verbal resource, such as photographs, images and colors to build their senses. This paper aims to focus on the print newspaper as a resource through which the school can didactically instruct general reporting in High School reading classes, using it as a means of teaching and learning and specifically, it aims to analyze on general reporting the headlines, subtitles and headings of the printed material, from newspapers of the states of Sao Paulo and Amazonas, and present them as a proposal of teaching to reading comprehension classes. The reason for the choice of this genre was due to its great circulation, the use of a verb-visual language, and its relation to the socio historical-cultural context of students. The foundational theory that guided this paper consists of Bakhtin assumptions about text genres and language; theories concerning the journalistic sphere and studies of reading and reading comprehension strategies in certain perspectives. The results showed that the work with general reporting brought more dynamism to the reading classes, attracting the attention of students and enabling the reading comprehension of even the least proficient readers, since this genre deals with issues related to contemporary society, it makes use of both verbal and non-verbal language.

Searching, accessing, reading, and storing academic literature is increasingly done with the help of digital devices. This master’s thesis presents the results of a qualitative study on researchers’ academic reading practices, including the surrounding practices of searching for and storing the literature. The aim of this thesis is to gain a deeper understanding of researchers' use of academic literature on paper and on screens. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with ten researchers within four different research areas from a university college in Norway. The theoretical framework used to discuss the results is practice theory, with the concepts materiality and affordance. Key findings are that there is not always concordance between what the researchers say they prefer and what they do, as they have a pragmatic approach. The respondents see pros and cons of both formats, and they use both, depending on the situation and what their aim is. The surrounding practices are often done digitally, while deep reading is preferred to do on paper, by the majority. The first reading of a text, which is browsing through it to see whether the text is relevant or not, is always done on screen, while most of the respondents prefer to print out articles when they are to be read thoroughly, as they value the physical properties of paper. However, the respondents of this study are more positive to screen reading than what is seen in previous research, and many of them wish to improve their skills when it comes to e-reading.Keywords: Academic reading, researchers, digital reading, reading practices,