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The presentation presents the state of discussion for guidelines for TEI XML encoding of Ancient Egyptian text artefacts in Egyptology as of middle of 2016. It introduces Egyptological projects actively involved in the development of TEI encoding recommendations and online thesauri/ontologies. Special attention is paid to the TEI encoding of toponyms, personal names, relative and absolute dates, as well as language varieties and script varieties. Furthermore, the presentation introduces the current state of an EpiDoc Cheatsheet for Egyptology compiled by Daniel A. Werning, which gives recommendations for the encoding of traditional philological markup in Egyptology which, in turn, is largely conform to the EpiDoc Guidelines (v8.21). A specific topic, in this respect, is the adaptation of the TEI ‘regularization’ tag <reg> to the needs of Egyptology.

(in English) Combs are used as toilet objects for adjustment of hair and beard, or as a decoration of hairstyle all over the world. Combs have also a number of symbolical and magical significances. The aim of this work is a comprehensive view on combs as a one part of medieval material culture. The first part deals with the manufacture of medieval combs, particularly materials used for comb making, manufacturing processes, decoration, the degree of specialization of bone and antler objects manufacturing and manufactures in which bone and antler objects were produced. The second part is applied to the function of combs, evolution of hairstyles in the Middle Ages, symbolical significance and the associated magical significances of human hair and beard and different rituals connected with their cutting and combing. The core of this thesis is analysis, synthesis and interpretation of selected finds of medieval combs from what now is the territory of the Czech Republic. The aim of the analysis, synthesis and interpretation is the comparison of morphology and decoration of combs from different periods of Middle Ages. Chapters, which are devoted to chronology, morphology and typology of medieval combs and social-representational aspects of using combs are largery based on this part.

Coins of the 9th and 10th centuries in archaeological discoveries from the Czech lands and their contribution to the beginning phase of the Czech history. The dissertation is focused on coins of the 9th and 10th centuries found on the territory of the Czech lands. Their archaeological context and detailed numismatic description bring new data, which can help to complete and precise our knowledge of the early medieval phase of the Czech history. Number of coins dating to the period before production of the first issues in the Czech lands (i.e. the coins of the 9th century and the first half of the 10th century) discovered on the mentioned territory increased. Their chronology is the following: the Old- Bohemian phase, the Old-Moravian phase and the Early Přemyslid phase, which is described in the first chapter of the dissertation - Coin finds before the beginning of the coinage in the territory of the Czech lands. The text brings results pointing to different monetary development of Bohemia and Moravia of that period. The new finds indicate a specific role of Bohemia in relationship with the Bavarian centre of the Frankish Empire. This situation culminates in production of the first coins in the Czech lands during the first half of the 960s. The second chapter of the dissertation - Beginning of the coinage...

Zirkadiane Rhythmen haben sich in allen Lebensbereichen aufgrund täglicher Wechselwirkungen zwischen internen Zeitgebern und Umweltreizen entwickelt. Molekulare Oszillatoren bestehen aus einer Transkriptions-Translations-Rückkopplungsschleife (TTFL), die selbsterregte Rhythmen ermöglicht. Eine verzögerte negative Rückkopplungsschleife ist zentral für dieses genregulatorische Netzwerk. Die Theorie sagt voraus, dass selbsterregte Oszillationen robuste Verzögerungen und Nichtlinearitäten (Ultrasensitivität) erfordern. Wir untersuchen die zirkadianen Rhythmen in dem filamentösen Pilz Neurospora crassa, um die zugrundeliegenden Uhrmechanismen zu studieren. Seine TTFL umfasst den aktivierenden White Collar Complex (WCC) und den hemmenden FFCKomplex, der aus FRQ (Frequency), FRH (FRQ-interacting RNA Helicase) und CK1a (Caseinkinase 1a) besteht. Darüber hinaus gibt es mehrere Phosphorylierungsstellen auf FRQ (~100) und WCC (~ 95). FRQ wird durch CK1a phosphoryliert. Während wir die zeitliche Dynamik dieser Proteine erforschen, untersuchen wir: 1) wie multiple, langsame und zufällige Phosphorylierungen die Verzögerung und Nichtlinearität in der negativen Rückkopplungsschleife bestimmen. 2) wie Grenzzyklus-Oszillationen entstehen und wie molekulare Schalter selbsterregte Rhythmen unterstützen. In der ersten Veröffentlichung simulieren wir FRQ-Multisite-Phosphorylierungen mit Hilfe gewöhnlicher Differentialgleichungen. Das Modell zeigt zeitliche und stationäre Schalter für die freie Kinase und das phosphorylierte Protein. In der zweiten Veröffentlichung haben wir ein mathematisches Modell von 10 Variablen mit 26 Parametern entwickelt. Unser Modell offenbarte einen Wechsel zwischen WC1-induzierter Transkription und FFC-unterstützter Inaktivierung von WC1. Zusammenfassend wurde die Kernuhr von Neurospora untersucht und dabei die Mechanismen, die den molekularen Schaltern zugrunde liegen, aufgedeckt. / Circadian rhythms have evolved across the kingdoms of life due to daily interactions between internal timing and environmental cues. Molecular oscillators consist of a transcription-translation feedback loop (TTFL) allowing self-sustained rhythms. A delayed negative feedback loop is central to this gene regulatory network. Theory predicts that self-sustained oscillations require robust delays and nonlinearities (ultrasensitivity). We study the circadian rhythms in the filamentous fungi Neurospora crassa to investigate the underlying clock mechanisms. Its TTFL includes the activator White Collar Complex (WCC) (heterodimer of WC1 and WC2) and the inhibitory FFC complex, which is made of FRQ (Frequency protein), FRH (Frequency interacting RNA Helicase) and CK1a (Casein kinase 1a). Moreover, there are multiple phosphorylation sites on FRQ (~ 100) and WCC (~ 95). FRQ is phosphorylated by CK1a. While exploring the temporal dynamics of these proteins, we investigate: 1) how multiple, slow and random phosphorylations govern delay and nonlinearity in the negative feedback loop. 2) how limit cycle oscillations arise and how molecular switches support selfsustained rhythms. In the first publication, we simulate FRQ multisite phosphorylations using ordinary differential equations. The model shows temporal and steady state switches for the free kinase and the phosphorylated protein. In the second publication, we developed a mathematical model of 10 variables with 26 parameters consisting of WC1 and FFC elements in nuclear and cytoplasmic compartments. Control and bifurcation analysis showed that the model produces robust oscillations. Our model revealed a switch between WC1-induced transcription and FFC-assisted inactivation of WC1. Using this model, we also studied possible mechanisms of glucose compensation. In summary, the core clock of Neurospora was examined and mechanisms underlying molecular switches were revealed.

Cette thèse présente le fruit de cinq années d’études et de travail au doctorat à l’Université de Montréal. Elle est le support théorique derrière un cycle de onze compositions instrumentales narratives et autonomes, suivant la définition du cycle donnée par la chercheure Anne Besson dans son livre D’Asimov à Tolkien : cycles et séries dans la littérature de genre 1 . L’objectif a été de créer des compositions constituant un univers fictif cohérent et uni, qui se penche sur le concept de la chronologie narrative dans la musique. Les œuvres ont été composées dans un ordre différent de celui dans lequel les événements du récit se déroulent. Cela permet d’explorer la notion d’antépisode (prequel) et de suite (sequel) en musique. Composées tout d’abord pour le concert, ces pièces, écrites pour des formations allant de la musique de chambre jusqu’au grand orchestre, ont été adaptées afin d’être enregistrées et travaillées en studio, ce qui permet d’ajouter une nouvelle couche de procédés compositionnels. Présentant plusieurs concepts théoriques tels que la narrativité (générale et propre à la musique), la notion de cycle dans un ensemble d’œuvres ainsi que la définition d’un univers fictif, cette thèse analysera ces onze œuvres et apportera des pistes de solution afin d’adapter ces procédés fréquemment utilisés en littérature et à l’écran à la musique. / This thesis is the outcome of five years of doctoral studies at the University of Montreal. It presents the theory behind a cycle of eleven autonomous narrative instrumental pieces, following the definition of cycle as defined by researcher Anne Besson in her book “D’Asimov à Tolkien : cycles et séries dans la littérature de genre.” The goal was to create a coherent and unified fictional universe that explores the concept of narrative chronology in music. The pieces were composed in a different order than the one in which the events of the story occur. It allows us to explore the idea of prequel and sequel in music. Originally composed for the concert hall, for ensembles ranging from chamber music to symphonic orchestras, they were afterwards adapted to be recorded and edited in a studio, allowing the composer to explore an array of new compositional techniques. Presenting many theoretical concepts such as narrativity (in general and pertaining specifically to music), the cyclic concept in a body of works and also the definition of a fictional universe, this thesis will analyze these eleven works while suggesting possible solutions for bringing processes that occur frequently in literature and film to the world of music.

Zirkadiane Uhren sind Zell-autonome Oszillatoren. Aus diesem Grund ist deren interzelluläre Kopplung essentiell, um die Synchronität zirkadianer Oszillatornetzwerke zu erhalten und die Störung zirkadianer Gewebsfunktionen zu verhindern. Neuronale Oszillatoren des Nucleus suprachiasmaticus (SCN), der Schrittmacher-Uhr im Zentralnervensystem der Säugetiere, koppeln interzellulär und über den Austausch sekretierter Neurotransmitter. Die Fähigkeit zirkadianen Oszillatoren peripherer Gewebe interzellulär zu koppeln ist hingegen stark umstritten und molekulare Mechanismen sind unbekannt. In dieser Dissertation zeigen wir, dass periphere Oszillatoren in der Tat interzellulär über den Austausch sekretierter Signalmoleküle koppeln und identifizieren TGF-b als peripheren Kopplungsfaktor. Weiterhin zeigen wir, dass TGF-b die cAMP Enhancer-Motiv abhängige, als auch Immediate Early Expression des Uhr-Gens PER2 induziert und folglich die Phasenanpassung molekularer zirkadianer Oszillationen reguliert. Genetische und pharmakologische Störeinflüsse verursachen die Dysregulation des TGF-b Signalweges und begünstigen die Desynchronisierung zellulärer Oszillatoren, welche sich in Amplitudenreduktion und verstärkter Sensitivität gegenüber Zeitgeber-Signalen äußert. Die in dieser Dissertation präsentierten Ergebnisse, legen einen bisher unbekannten molekularen Mechanismus intrazellulärer Kopplung peripherer zirkadianer Oszillatoren dar und eröffnen neue Perspektiven auf die Bedeutung der Synchronität peripher zirkadianer Uhren für rhythmische Organfunktionen und zirkadiane Gesundheit. / Circadian clocks are cell-autonomous oscillators. Intercellular coupling is crucial to prevent desynchronization of oscillator networks and thus, the disruption of circadian tissue functions. While neuronal oscillators within the mammalian central clock, the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), couple intercellularly via the exchange of secreted neurotransmitters, intercellular coupling among peripheral oscillators is highly debated and molecular mechanisms are unknown. Here, we show that peripheral circadian oscillators couple intercellularly via exchange of secreted signaling molecules and identify TGF-ß as peripheral coupling factor. TGF-ß signaling induces the cAMP response element dependent, immediate-early expression of the clock gene PER2, thereby phase-adjusting the molecular circadian oscillator. Genetic or pharmacologic disruption of TGF-ß signaling causes desynchronization of cellular oscillators resulting in amplitude reduction and increased sensitivity towards Zeitgeber cues. Our findings reveal a previously unknown mechanism of peripheral coupling and open new perspectives on the importance of peripheral clock synchrony for rhythmic organ functions and circadian health.

Ce mémoire porte sur la chronologie culturelle des Amérindiens du Nord-Est américain. Il vise à documenter un des épisodes culturels de la préhistoire de l’Estrie, soit le Sylvicole moyen ancien, compris entre l’an 400 avant notre ère et 500 de notre ère. De la poterie typique de cette période a été récoltée sur le site Vieux-Pont (BiEx-1) à Lennoxville par des archéologues amateurs et professionnels depuis sa découverte. L’analyse des tessons de poterie réalisée dans ce projet a surtout révélé une forte homogénéité de l’effet basculant, une technique d’application décorative, sur la paroi interne et la panse des vases. Elle a aussi permis de proposer une occupation récente au Sylvicole moyen ancien, entre les ans 1 et 500-600 de notre ère. L’analyse comparative suggère la participation des groupes de Vieux-Pont aux mêmes réseaux d’interactions et d’échanges que ceux des régions de Montréal, de Québec, du Haut-Richelieu et de la Nouvelle-Angleterre. / This thesis focuses on the culture history of Amerindian groups from north-eastern North America. It aims to document one of the prehistoric cultural periods of the Eastern Townships, the early Middle Woodland period, which lasted between 400 BC and AD 500. Pottery characteristic of this period has been found by many amateur and professional archaeologists on the Vieux-Pont (BiEx-1) site in Lennoxville since its discovery. The analysis of pottery sherds revealed a high homogeneity of the rocker stamping technique on the interior face and the body of the vessels. It also allows us to propose a late occupation during the early Middle Woodland period, between AD 1 to 500-600. The comparative analysis suggests the participation of the Vieux-Pont inhabitants in the same network of interactions and exchanges as those of the Montreal, Quebec, upper-Richelieu and New England regions.

Sporadiquement distribués en Méditerranée occidentale au début du Ier s. av.n.è., vaisselle et conteneurs en verre entrent dans les habitudes de consommation autour du changement d'ère et deviennent, en moins d'un siècle, des objets d'usage quotidien. Le littoral narbonnais, surface de contact entre mondes méditerranéens et continentaux, précocement soumis aux influences hellénistiques et romaines, constitue une zone propice à l'observation de cette mutation sans précédent de l'économie du verre. L'étude privilégie l'analyse d'assemblages homogènes, issus de contextes datés, autorisant une approche chrono-quantitative. Le corpus est composé de lots provenant de 18 sites du littoral de Narbonnaise orientale (épaves et dépotoirs portuaires, sites de consommation domestique, militaire et funéraire). La présence de productions non référencées ou succinctement sériées dans les classifications typologiques usuelles, invite à proposer un outil typo-chronologique adapté aux contextes précoces méditerranéens. L'approche transversale de la documentation permet de définir quatre faciès, représentatifs de quatre grandes étapes de l'évolution des productions et des habitudes de consommation. Si, en l'état des connaissances et en raison de la particularité des modes de production du verre, l'émergence et le développement des courants commerciaux sont difficiles à préciser, les abondants assemblages portuaires du littoral (Arles, Fos, Marseille, Toulon), mettent en évidence la place prépondérante des produits de consommation courante, voyageant comme vases-marchandises, dans la commercialisation des produits verriers en Méditerranée occidentale et le long de l'axe rhodanien. / Sporadically distributed in the western Mediterranean at the beginning of the first century BC, crockery and glass containers come in consumption patterns during the augustean decades and become, in less than a century, objects of daily use. The Narbonensis coastline, key point between Mediterranean and continental worlds, early influenced by Hellenistic and Roman culture, is an propitious area for the observation of this unprecedented transformation of the economy of the glass. The study focuses on the analysis of homogeneous assemblages, from dated contexts, allowing a chrono-quantitative approach. The corpus is constituted of batches from 18 sites from eastern Narbonensis (wrecks, harbour levels, domestic, military and funeral contexts). The presence of production unreferenced in usual typologies invites to propose a suitable typo-chronological tool for early Mediterranean contexts. A transversal approach allows defining four major stages in the evolution of production and consumption patterns. If, in the state of knowledge and because of the particularity of the patterns of production of glass, the emergence and development of trade flows are difficult to specify, the abundant assemblages from harbour levels (Arles, Fos, Marseille, Toulon), highlight the preponderance of common consumer products, travelling as goods more than as containers, in the trade of glass products in the western Mediterranean and along the Rhone axis.