AN ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS OFMelanie Tharp, for the Master of Science degree in Food and Nutrition, presented on November 16, 2021, at Southern Illinois University Carbondale. TITLE: A SURVEY OF PHYSIOLOGICAL FACTORS ON BREASTFEEDING DURATION AND EXCLUSIVITYMAJOR PROFESSOR: Dr. Dawn NullBreastfeeding an infant is the current best recommendation for infant feeding, but only about a quarter of infants are breastfed until the suggested age of 6 months exclusively and 12 months with complementary foods. In this study, the objective was to find what determinants there are in women choosing to breastfeed and what barriers that exist to cause early cessation of breastfeeding. Current studies suggest that more research be done on the physiological factors such as weight and the presence of hormone problems that affect breastfeeding. The study focused on the physiological factors that may affect breastfeeding outcomes, in this study, duration and exclusivity. It was hypothesized that both duration and exclusivity would be lower in the women with the physiological risk factors. Participants were adult breastfeeding mothers. The data was collected through the use of an online survey exploring breastfeeding practices and physiological factors. A total of 507 participants started the survey with data from participants who did not complete at least 50% of the survey were excluded leaving 437 participants in the final sample. Overall, the sample had higher than average income, education, and age. There were no significant relationships found between the physiological factors studied and the duration of breastfeeding. However, there was a significant relationship found between formula use and exercise which suggests a lower formula use with more exercise. Suggestions for future studies include considering ethnicity and using a stronger study design to be able to find cause and effect relationships between physiological factors and breastfeeding outcomes.

This thesis is about the co-evolution of non-interventionist norms and interventionist practice among African states in the post-colonial era. To understand this co-evolution, this study begins from the year 1957, when the first post-colonial state emerged, and is divided into three phases: the early post-colonial period (1957-1970), the post-independence period (1970-mid 1980), and the post-Cold War period (1990-April 1998). Each phase looks at examples of African involvement in internal disputes to consider how the practice of intervention has evolved alongside the clause of non-intervention in Article 3(2) of the Charter of the Organisation of African Unity (OAU). The cases studied illustrate the view that African leaders, to justify intervening in internal disputes, have often cited two persistent and recurrent themes: "African exclusivity" (often defined as "African solutions for African problems") and "African Unity" (often called "solidarity"). These however are not the only themes that explicate how intervention has evolved in African affairs. There are complex regional political realities and sensitivities and factors such as the problem of regional instability posed by internal disputes, the spread of arms and the overflow of refugees into neighbouring countries that impinge on the thinking of intervention and non-intervention. While there is an apparent contradiction between non-interventionist norms and interventionist practice in the history under investigation, the thesis concludes that instead, it represents a careful and pragmatic balance of coping with short-term contingencies (through intervention) and longer-term security (through strengthening the norm) without undermining the undoubted interest of African leaders to secure non-interventionist norms for Africa.

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no / Drawing on a 2011 national survey and 50 semi-structured interviews, we explore the differing ways in which those in living apart together (LAT) relationships discuss and experience notions of commitment. We found that sexual exclusivity in LAT relationships is expected by the large majority, regardless of their reasons for living apart. The majority of the interviewees also expressed a high degree of commitment to their partner in terms of love, care and intimacy, alongside an appreciation of the increased freedom and autonomy that living apart has to offer. Respondents were divided into four groups according to their perceived commitment: 1. Autonomous commitment, 2. Contingent commitment, 3. Ambivalent commitment, and 4. Limited commitment. Despite differing degrees of commitment, however, the overall finding was that the importance of relating and making relational decisions was central, even in the lives of those living in such unconventional relationship styles.

This research investigates relationships between undergraduate students' understanding of proof and how this understanding relates to their conceptions of mathematical definitions. Three students in an introductory proofs course were each interviewed three times in order to assess their proof schemes, understand how they think of specific mathematical concepts, and investigate how the students prove relationships between these concepts. This research used theoretical frameworks from both proof and definition literature. Findings show that students' ability or inability to adapt their concept images of the mathematical concepts enhanced and impeded their proof schemes, respectively. / Master of Science

藥品因為事涉公眾健康以及人類生命之延續，因此世界各國衛生主管機關皆以上市審查制度加以嚴格管制。為了通過審查，得到衛生主管機關之上市許可，藥廠必須提供藥品相關之臨床前與臨床試驗等測試資料，讓主管機關相信該藥品確實具有其所宣稱之安全性及有效性。「與貿易有關之智慧財產權協定」第39.3條乃規定會員國政府應對藥品測試資料提供保護，防止其洩漏以及被不公平商業使用。惟各會員國政府依賴第一家專利藥廠所提供之測試資料，以作為核准後續學名藥上市許可之依據，是否構成該條所謂的「不公平商業使用」？本文以為從該條之沿革、立法目的觀之，應擴張解釋第39.3條之適用範圍，使上述情形包括在內。基於此，台灣衛生署在七七公告以及雙十二公告中僅要求後續學名藥廠繳交較小規模之「國內臨床試驗報告」以及「銜接性試驗報告」，而免除其須繳交與專利藥廠相同之大規模測試資料之行為乃構成不公平商業使用，違反第39.3條之規定。

El presente trabajo de investigación consiste en crear una idea de negocio innovadora que cubra una necesidad actual y pueda ser viable de ejecutarse. En la investigación se identificó a través de entrevistas de profundidad que existen padres que cuando van a comprar ropa para sus bebés entre cero y dos años, se sienten abrumados porque los bebés se aburren rápidamente. Por esta razón, nace WAWA STORE, una idea de negocio que consiste en fabricar y comercializar ropa personalizada para bebés a través de una Web App. Para el desarrollo del presente proyecto se cuenta con un equipo de trabajo con experiencia en el rubro, uno de los integrantes en la actualidad cuenta con un negocio de ropa para niños y el equipo que lo acomp0aña cuenta con experiencia en administración, finanzas, y ventas. El presente proyecto cuenta con el potencial de generar una rentabilidad promedio anual de 15% asimismo, les permitirá a los accionistas recuperar su inversión con un excedente de S/.139,290 que logra una tasa de rendimiento interna de retorno de 84%. Por último, para poner en marcha el proyecto se requiere una inversión total de S/.89,186 soles, de los cuales se cuenta con el 66% de capital propio. En consecuencia, se busca adquirir un aporte de inversión de S/.30,000 para dar inicio a las operaciones. / The present research work is to create an innovative business idea that meets a current need and can be viable to execute. The research identified through in-depth interviews that there are parents who when they go to buy clothes for their babies between zero and two years old, they feel overwhelmed because babies get bored quickly. For this reason, WAWA STORE was born as a business idea that consists of manufacturing and marketing personalized baby clothes through a web app. For the development of this project there is a work team with experience in the field, one of the members currently has a business of clothing for children and the team that accompanies him has experience in administration, finance and sales. This project has the potential to generate an average annual return of 15% also, it will allow shareholders to recover their investment with a surplus of S/. 139,290 achieving an internal return rate of 89%. Finally, the implementation of the project requires a total investment of S/.89,186 soles, of which 66% own capital is available. Consequently, it seeks to acquire an investment contribution of S/.30,000 to start operations. / Trabajo de investigación

Breast milk is the optimal source of nourishment for babies, providing positive nutritional and psychosocial benefits for infants' growth and development. Rates for initiation of breastfeeding and exclusive breastfeeding at 6 months in the United States are well below the target rates for the Healthy People 2020 Maternal, Infant, and Children's Health objectives. Using Ajzen's theory of planned behavior, the purpose of this project was to ascertain how knowledge and attitudes influenced a mother's intent to breastfeed during her hospital stay and the likelihood of exclusive breastfeeding continuing after discharge. A convenience sample of 68 postpartum mothers was recruited from women who delivered a viable infant between January and March 2017 at a large urban teaching hospital. Mothers completed the 17-question 5-point Likert scale instrument, the Iowa Infant Feeding Attitude Scale, and demographic information before discharge from the hospital. Mothers who planned to breastfeed and mothers who did not plan to breastfeed scored above the midpoint on the scale; however, women who intended to breastfeed after discharge scored significantly higher (p < .001). Demographic variables were not significant with the exception of education level. Women with higher education levels scored higher on the scale and were more likely to plan to breastfeed after discharge than women with lower levels of education. Findings may promote social change through development and implementation of tailored nursing interventions, such as community prenatal education and clinical reinforcement, which will support initiation of breastfeeding in the hospital setting and exclusivity of breastfeeding upon discharge.

This thesis is an attempt to explore the Jordanian community of today with its multi-ethnic fusion and its social practices that often appear rooted in the past. It is an examination of what possible series of symbols could be formed from a collective view of the diverse ethnicity in Jordan and that could be culturally relevant to the seven-pointed star of the Jordanian flag. This has been an investigation structured around Design Thinking processes using a mixture of qualitative methods integrated with a social science methodology. The qualitative data collection methods involved close contact between the research participants and the author in such a way that emergent topics could be explored. Accordingly, the first major practical contribution of the research provided a series of prototypes that established ‘terminologies’ that were discovered, evaluated and reflected upon through design processes and supporting documentation. This was followed by a testing stage designed to show the cultural diversity and acceptability of both the symbols/ and the final artefacts. Three main tests were conducted in 2016: 1. Semi-structured interviews with participants selected at random from seven different ethnic groups according to country of origin. 2. Public exhibitions in Jordan and Plymouth with audiences from diverse research backgrounds (e.g. users or consumers of designs). 3. A workshop with Jordanian designers (students and practitioners). The methodology adopted during each test included the sharing of the author’s work and personal experiences and invited feedback that could be used to validate and build on the Research Question. The stories and discourse produced a wide array of social patterns that are referred to as ‘findings’. The results emphasised a relationship between social communal values and the historic stories related by the participants. It was hoped that by having the opportunity to involve users throughout the process and by discussing open-ended questions, that the most objective valuations possible would be achieved. However, a deficiency occurred during the process of testing prototypes, which had the effect of decreasing the reliability of the test. It also emerged that correlating all the data proved more difficult to produce answers as accurately and consistently as possible. Subsequently the author is proposing a number of follow-on design research methodologies, investigating and exploring further the significant values embodied in the Jordanian flag. Namely: Faith in one God Humanity Humility National spirit Virtue Social justice Aspiration Despite these difficulties, however, this research-based activity proved to be an invaluable achievement in terms of personal practice and recorded data as a result of testing the open ended-questions and demonstrated the ability to produce design documentation with its own unique features.