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Modélisation et caractérisation expérimentale du transport de chaleur en milieu fracturé / Modelling and experimental characterization of thermal transport in fractured mediaLa Bernardie, Jérôme de 06 December 2017 (has links)
Les milieux cristallins fracturés constituent un potentiel géothermique non négligeable. Il est essentiel d'améliorer son exploitation, pour la géothermie basse et haute énergie, afin de répondre au processus de transition énergétique. Pour cela, la compréhension des mécanismes de transport thermique dans les milieux fracturés est fondamentale. Le transport de chaleur est fortement influencé par l'hétérogénéité hydrodynamique des milieux fracturés et par la géométrie des fractures et des blocs matriciels. A travers des travaux basés sur des développements analytiques et numériques ainsi que des expériences sur site, l'objectif de cette thèse est ainsi de mieux évaluer l'impact de la géométrie des fractures, que ce soit à l'échelle d'un réseau de fractures, ou à l’échelle d’une fracture, sur le transport et le stockage d’énergie thermique dans les milieux cristallins fracturés. Des simulations numériques du transport de chaleur dans un réseau simple de fractures planes et bien connectées ont permis de caractériser l'impact de la géométrie du système de fractures sur le stockage thermique. Deux régimes sont mis en évidence. Tout d'abord, à court terme, la densité de fractures ou de chemins préférentiels, caractérisant la surface d'échange, contrôle l'échange thermique. Puis, à long terme, c'est le volume de roche total entre les fractures qui contrôle le stockage thermique. Ce modèle ne prend toutefois pas en compte la variabilité des ouvertures à l'échelle de la fracture qui est particulièrement présente dans les réseaux de fractures naturels. Des tests de traçage thermique et de soluté ont ainsi été réalisés pour caractériser le transport de chaleur dans un milieu fracturé sur le site de Ploemeur (SNO H+). Pour interpréter les traçages, les expressions analytiques du retard et de l'amplitude du pic de la courbe de restitution thermique ont été développées pour différentes géométries de fractures : fractures planes et chenaux. Ces expressions constituent un outil puissant et novateur pour caractériser la géométrie des fractures lors de tests de traçage thermique mais aussi pour prédire le déplacement du front thermique et la durée de vie des systèmes géothermiques à partir de tests de traçage de soluté. La comparaison de ces expressions avec les résultats expérimentaux permet de mettre en évidence l'importante chenalisation des flux, induisant l'arrivée anticipée du traceur thermique. / Fractured crystalline media has a significant geothermal potential. Its exploitation, for low and high enthalpy geothermal power generation, could be enhanced to satisfy the energy transition process. For this, understanding thermal transport processes in fractured media is fundamental. Heat transport is strongly influenced by hydrodynamics heterogeneity of fractured media and by fracture and matrix block geometry. Through analytical and numerical modelling and field site experiments, the aim of this thesis is thus to better assess the impact of fracture geometry on thermal transport and storage in fractured crystalline rock, at fracture and fracture network scale. Numerical simulations of heat transport in a simple network of well connected plane fractures allowed us to characterize the impact of the fracture system geometry on thermal storage. Two regimes are highlighted. First, at short term, the density of fractures, or preferential paths, controls heat exchanges. Then at long term, the total rock volume between the fractures controls thermal storage. This model does not take into account the aperture variability at fracture scale, which is particularly present in natural fracture networks. Thus, thermal and solute tracer tests have been achieved to characterize heat transport in a fractured media at Ploemeur field site (SNO H +). To interpret the tracer tests, analytical expressions of thermal breakthrough peak retardation and amplitude have been developed for different fracture geometries : parallel plate fractures and channels. Those expressions are a powerful and innovative tool to characterize fracture geometries from thermal tracer tests, and also to predict thermal front transit time and lifetime of geothermal systems from solute tracer tests. Confrontation of those expressions to experimental results shows that observed differences between thermal and solute breakthrough can be explained only by channeling flow inducing low thermal transit times.
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Développement de méthodes numériques pour l’imagerie de sources optoacoustiques en milieu solide / Development of numerical methods for the imaging of optoacoustic sources in solid mediaRaetz, Samuel 16 November 2012 (has links)
L’objectif de ces travaux est le développement d’une méthode d’imagerie de sources optoacoustiques en milieu solide. Afin d’analyser l’influence de la géométrie de la source sur les ondes acoustiques qu’elle génère et ainsi prévoir qualitativement si l’image de la source peut être obtenue avec une précision suffisante, la directivité d’une source acoustique est d’abord considérée. Pour quantifier plus précisément cette influence, la résolution complète de la propagation des ondes générées par cette source est ensuite menée. L’analyse de l’influence de l’incidence oblique d’un faisceau laser lors de la génération photoacoustique est proposée en illustration. La seconde partie de ce manuscrit est consacrée à la résolution du problème inverse qui permet d’obtenir l’image de la source initiale. Un algorithme de rétropropagation est alors mis en place. Il est basé sur les principes du retournement temporel et de Huygens, et simule la propagation, en milieu solide, des ondes mesurées vers la position initiale de la source acoustique. / The purpose of this work is to develop a method to image optoacoustic sources in solid media. To analyze the influence of the source geometry on laser-generated acoustic waves and thus qualitatively predict if the image of the source can be obtained with sufficient accuracy, the directivity of an acoustic source is considered first. In order to quantify more precisely this influence, the complete resolution of the propagation of acoustic waves generated by this source is then achieved. The analysis of the effect of oblique incidence of a laser beam in the photoacoustic generation process is proposed as an illustration. The second part of this thesis is devoted to the inverse problem resolution, which provides the image of the initial acoustic source. A backpropagation algorithm is then implemented. It is based on the time-reversal principle and the Huygens’ principle, and simulates, in a solid medium, the propagation of the measured acoustic waves back to the initial position of the acoustic source.
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System Identification of a Bridge-Type Building StructureRamos, Pablo D, Jr. 01 March 2013 (has links) (PDF)
The Bridge House is a steel building structure located in Poly Canyon, a rural area inside the campus of California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo. The Bridge House is a one story steel structure supported on 4 concrete piers with a lateral force resisting system (LFRS) composed of ordinary moment frames in the N-S direction and braced frames in the E-W direction and vertically supported by a pair of trusses. The dynamic response of the Bridge House was investigated by means of system identification through ambient and forced vibration testing. Interesting findings such as diaphragm flexibility, foundation flexibility and frequency shifts due to thermal effects were all found throughout the mode shape mapping process. Nine apparent mode shapes were experimentally identified, N-S and E-W translational, rotational and 6 vertical modes. A computational model was also created and refined through correlation with the modal parameters obtained through FVTs. When compared to the experimental results, the computational model estimated the experimentally determined building period within 8% and 10% for both N-S and E-W translational modes and within 10% for 4 of the vertical modes.
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Macroscale Modeling of the Piezoresistive Effect in Nanofiller-Modified Fiber-Reinforced CompositesSultan Mohammedali Ghazzawi (18369387) 16 April 2024 (has links)
<p dir="ltr">The demand and utilization of fiber-reinforced composites are increasing in various sectors, including aerospace, civil engineering, and automotive industries. Non-destructive methods are necessary for monitoring fiber-reinforced composites due to their complex and often visually undetectable failure modes. An emerging method for monitoring composite structures is through the integration of self-sensing capabilities. Self-sensing in nanocomposites can be achieved through nanofiller modifications, which involve introducing an adequate amount of nanofillers into the matrix, such as carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and carbon nanofillers (CNFs). These fillers form an electrically well-connected network that allows the electrical current to travel through conductive pathways. The disruption of connectivity of these pathways, caused by mechanical deformations or damages, results in a change in the overall conductivity of the material, thereby enabling intrinsic self-sensing.</p><p dir="ltr">Currently, the majority of predictive modeling attempts in the field of self-sensing nanocomposites have been dedicated to microscale piezoresistivity. There has been a lack of research conducted on the modeling of strain-induced resistivity changes in macroscale fiber-matrix material systems. As a matter of fact, no analytical macroscale model that addresses the impact of continuous fiber reinforcement in nanocomposites has been presented in the literature. This gap is significant because it is impossible to make meaningful structural condition predictions without models relating observed resistivity changes to the mechanical condition of the composite. Accordingly, this dissertation presents a set of three research contributions. The overall objective of these contributions is to address this knowledge gap by developing and validating an analytical model. In addition to advancing our theoretical understanding, this model provides a practical methodology for predicting the piezoresistive properties of continuous fiber-reinforced composites with integrated nanofillers.</p><p dir="ltr">To bridge the above-mentioned research gap, three scholarly contributions are presented in this dissertation. The first contribution proposes an analytical model that aims to predict the variations in resistivity within a material system comprising a nanofiller-modified polymer and continuous fiber reinforcement, specifically in response to axial strain. The fundamental principle underlying our methodology involves the novel use of the concentric cylindrical assembly (CCA) homogenization technique to model piezoresistivity. The initial step involves the establishment of a domain consisting of concentric cylinders that represent a continuous reinforcing fiber phase wrapped around by a nanofiller-modified matrix phase. Subsequently, the system undergoes homogenization to facilitate the prediction of changes in the axial and transverse resistivity of the concentric cylinder as a consequence of longitudinal deformations. The second contribution investigates the effect of radial deformations on piezoresistivity. Here, we demonstrate yet another novel application of the CCA homogenization technique to determine piezoresistivity. This contribution concludes by presenting closed-form analytical relations that describe changes in axial and transverse resistivity as functions of externally applied radial strain. The third contribution involves computationally analyzing piezoresistivity in fiber-reinforced laminae by using three-dimensional representative volume elements (RVE) with a CNF/epoxy matrix. By comparing the single-fiber-based analytical model with the computational model, we can investigate the impact of interactions between multiple adjacent fibers on the piezoresistive properties of the material. The study revealed that the differences between the single-fiber CCA analytical model and the computational model are quite small, particularly for composites with low- to moderate-fiber volume fractions that undergo relatively minor deformations. This means that the analytical methods herein derived can be used to make accurate predictions without resorting to much more laborious computational methods.</p><p dir="ltr">In summary, the impact of this dissertation work lies in the development of novel analytical closed-form nonlinear piezoresistive relations. These relations relate the electrical conductivity/resistivity changes induced by axial or lateral mechanical deformations in directions parallel and perpendicular to the reinforcing continuous fibers within fiber-reinforced nanocomposites and are validated against in-depth computational analyses. Therefore, these models provide an important and first-ever bridge between simply observing electrical changes in a self-sensing fiber-reinforced composite and relating such observations to the mechanical state of the material.</p>
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Performance modelling and evaluation of heterogeneous wired / wireless networks under Bursty Traffic. Analytical models for performance analysis of communication networks in multi-computer systems, multi-cluster systems, and integrated wireless systems.Yulei, W.U. January 2010 (has links)
Computer networks can be classified into two broad categories: wired networks and
wireless networks, according to the hardware and software technologies used to
interconnect the individual devices. Wired interconnection networks are hardware
fabrics supporting communications between individual processors in highperformance
computing systems (e.g., multi-computer systems and cluster systems).
On the other hand, due to the rapid development of wireless technologies, wireless
networks have emerged and become an indispensable part for people¿s lives. The
integration of different wireless technologies is an effective approach to
accommodate the increasing demand of the users to communicate with each other
and access the Internet.
This thesis aims to investigate the performance of wired interconnection
networks and integrated wireless networks under the realistic working conditions.
Traffic patterns have a significant impact on network performance. A number of
recent measurement studies have convincingly demonstrated that the traffic
generated by many real-world applications in communication networks exhibits
bursty arrival nature and the message destinations are non-uniformly distributed.
Analytical models for the performance evaluation of wired interconnection networks
and integrated wireless networks have been widely reported. However, most of these
models are developed under the simplified assumption of non-bursty Poisson process
with uniformly distributed message destinations.
To fill this gap, this thesis first presents an analytical model to investigate the
performance of wired interconnection networks in multi-computer systems. Secondly,
the analytical models for wired interconnection networks in multi-cluster systems are
developed. Finally, this thesis proposes analytical models to evaluate the end-to-end
delay and throughput of integrated wireless local area networks and wireless mesh
networks. These models are derived when the networks are subject to bursty traffic
with non-uniformly distributed message destinations which can capture the
burstiness of real-world network traffic in the both temporal domain and spatial
domain. Extensive simulation experiments are conducted to validate the accuracy of
the analytical models. The models are then used as practical and cost-effective tools
to investigate the performance of heterogeneous wired or wireless networks under
the traffic patterns exhibited by real-world applications.
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Embedding Carbon Nanotubes Sensors into Carbon Fiber LaminatesAndolfi, Riccardo January 2022 (has links)
The use of Fibre Reinforced Polymer (FRP) composite materials in structural applications has increased in the past decades in highperformance sectors, such as in the automotive and aeronautic industries, for weight reduction purposes. However, FRP composite materials can offer more significant innovation potential. The application of CNTs in conjunction with composite material can allow the creation of multifunctional materials, relying on FRP for the structural side and CNT for the sensing ability. In this master thesis, the embedment of a Vertical Aligned Carbon Nanotube (VACNT) layer into the interlaminar region of Carbon Fibre (CF) laminates to provide polyvalent sensing ability to the material was investigated. In order to obtain accurate results, the sensor had to be isolated from the rest of the laminate. For this reason, the main problem to be solved in this project was the electrical isolation on the CNT layer and its contacts from the layers of CF laminate. This study aims to find a suitable isolation technique in order to apply the CNT sensor technology, developed in previous studies, into CF laminate. Although thought for aerospace applications, these sensors could be applied to different structural components in various fields. / Användningen av fiberförstärkta polymerer (FRP)-kompositmaterial i strukturella applikationer har ökat under de senaste decennierna i högpresterande sektorer, såsom i fordons och flygindustrin, för viktminskningsändamål. FRP-kompositmaterial kan dock erbjuda mer betydande innovationspotential. Användningen av CNTs i kombination med kompositmaterial kan möjliggöra skapandet av multifunktionella material, beroende på FRP för den strukturella sidan och CNT för avkänningsförmågan. I denna masteruppsats undersöktes inbäddningen av ett Vertical Aligned Carbon Nanotube (VACNT) lager i den interlaminära regionen av Carbon Fiber (CF) laminat för att ge polyvalent avkänningsförmåga till materialet. För att få exakta resultat måste sensorn isoleras från resten av laminatet. Av denna anledning var huvudproblemet som skulle lösas i detta projekt den elektriska isoleringen på CNT-lagret och dess kontakter från lagren av CF-laminat. Denna studie syftar till att hitta en lämplig isoleringsteknik för att tillämpa CNTsensorteknologin, utvecklad i tidigare studier, i CF-laminat. Även om de är tänkta för flygtillämpningar, kan dessa sensorer appliceras på olika strukturella komponenter inom olika områden.
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Analytical Modelling and Optimization of Congestion Control for Prioritized Multi-Class Self-Similar TrafficMin, Geyong, Jin, X. January 2013 (has links)
No / Traffic congestion in communication networks can dramatically deteriorate user-perceived Quality-of-Service (QoS). The integration of the Random Early Detection (RED) and priority scheduling mechanisms is a promising scheme for congestion control and provisioning of differentiated QoS required by multimedia applications. Although analytical modelling of RED congestion control has received significant research efforts, the performance models reported in the current literature were primarily restricted to the RED algorithm only without consideration of traffic scheduling scheme for QoS differentiation. Moreover, for analytical tractability, these models were developed under the simplified assumption that the traffic follows Short-Range-Dependent (SRD) arrival processes (e.g., Poisson or Markov processes), which are unable to capture the self-similar nature (i.e., scale-invariant burstiness) of multimedia traffic in modern communication networks. To fill these gaps, this paper presents a new analytical model of RED congestion control for prioritized multi-class self-similar traffic. The closed-form expressions for the loss probability of individual traffic classes are derived. The effectiveness and accuracy of the model are validated through extensive comparison between analytical and simulation results. To illustrate its application, the model is adopted as a cost-effective tool to investigate the optimal threshold configuration and minimize the required buffer space with congestion control.
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Conception Optimale Intégrée d'une chaîne éolienne "passive" : analyse de robustesse, validation expérimentale / Integrated Optimal Design of a passive wind turbine system : robust analysis, experimental validationTran, Duc-Hoan 27 September 2010 (has links)
Ce travail présente une méthodologie de Conception Optimale Intégrée (COI) d'un système éolien entièrement passif pour offrir un compromis coût-fiabilité–performance très satisfaisant. En l'absence d'électronique de puissance et de contrôle par MPPT, le dispositif n'est efficace que si l'adaptation des constituants est optimale. L'extraction de vent ainsi que les pertes globales du système sont donc optimisées à l'aide d'un algorithme génétique multicritère pour augmenter l'efficacité énergétique et minimiser la masse pour un profil de vent donné. La globalité du système (turbine – génératrice – redresseur - stockage) a été modélisée pour parvenir aux résultats d'optimisation et à la réalisation d'un prototype correspondant à une solution particulière. Les résultats obtenus montrent, d'une part, la cohérence entre modèles et expérience. D'autre part, il est possible, pour un profil de vent donné, d'obtenir une configuration optimale de l'ensemble génératrice – pont redresseur présentant des caractéristiques analogues à celles d'architectures « actives" plus complexes, associées à des lois de contrôle par MPPT. Suite à une analyse de sensibilité des performances aux paramètres, une de nos contributions concerne une approche de conception intégrant les questions de robustesse au sein même du processus d'optimisation. / This work deals with an Integrated Optimal Design (IOD) methodology of a full passive wind turbine system offering very good tradeoff in terms of cost, reliability and performance. Without active electronic device (power and MPPT control), efficiency of such architecture can only be obtained if all devices are mutually adapted: this can be achieved through an Integrated Optimal Design (IOD) approach. Wind energy extraction as whole losses are then optimized from a multiobjective genetic algorithm which aims at concurrently optimizing the energy efficiency while reducing the weight of the wind turbine system given a wind cycle. The whole system (turbine, generator, diode reducer, battery DC bus) has been modeled to obtain optimization results and finally to select a particular solution for an experimental validation. On the one hand, the obtained results put forward coherency between models and experience. On the other hand, given a reference wind cycle, it is possible to obtain optimal devices (generator – reducer – DC bus) whose energy efficiency is nearly equivalent to the ones obtained with active and more complex systems with MPPT control. Based on a sensitivity analysis of performance versus parametric uncertainties, one major contribution deals with a design methodology integrating robustness issues inside the optimization process.
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Conception optimale d'un entraînement électrique pour la chaîne de traction d'un véhicule hybride électrique : Co-conception des machines électriques, des convertisseurs de puissance et du réducteur planétaire / Optimal design of electrical drive for a hybrid electric vehicle powertrain : Co-design of electrical machines, power converters and planetary gearWu, Zhenwei 21 March 2012 (has links)
Une nouvelle chaîne de traction dédiée à un véhicule hybride électrique de poids lourds a été développée dans ces travaux de recherche. A ce stade, la conception et l'optimisation des composants électriques de la chaîne de traction ont été étudiées, notamment les machines synchrones à aimants permanents et les onduleurs de tension associés, ainsi que le train Ravigneaux. En ce qui concerne la conception, un modèle analytique a été créé et qui permet de répondre au cahier des charges simultanément. Les différentes contraintes multiphysiques ont été prises en compte dans le modèle analytique. Ensuite, un modèle numérique via la méthode élément fini a été mise en œuvre. Le modèle numérique nous a permis de valider les performances de la machine électrique. En ce qui concerne l'optimisation, une stratégie de l'optimisation globale a été étudiée. Un exemple d'optimisation a été basé sur un système composé par deux machines électriques et deux onduleurs associés, ainsi que le train Ravigneaux. La comparaison basée sur cet exemple pour l'optimisation locale et globale nous a permis de valider l'avantage de la stratégie de l'optimisation globale. L'expérimentation a été réalisée sur un banc d'essais qui est constitué par la machine prototype et la machine de charge, les deux machines électriques ont été alimentées et pilotées par deux variateurs de fréquence. Les résultats expérimentaux nous ont permis de valider les modèles théoriques. / A new powertrain for a hybrid electric vehicle of heavy duty was developed in this research work. In this case, the design and the optimization of electrical components of powertrain have been investigated involving the permanent magnet synchronous machines, the associated inverters and the Ravigneaux train. Regarding the design, an analytical model was created and that permits simultaneously answering to specification. The various multiphysic constraints have been taken into account in analytical model. And then the numerical model was carried out via finite element method has been implemented. The numerical model allowed us to valid electrical machine performances. Regarding the optimization, a global optimization strategy was investigated. An optimization example was based on a system which was composed of two electrical machines, two associated inverters and the Ravigneaux train; The comparison based on this example between the local optimization and the global optimization, which allowed us to valid the advantage of global optimization strategy. The experimentation has been performed with a test bench involving the prototype machine and the load machine, the two electrical machines were fed and controlled by two frequency drives. The experimental results permit to valid the theoretical models.
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Contribution à l’étude de l’influence des régimes bi-phasiques sur les performances des électrolyseurs de type PEM basse pression : approche numérique, analytique et expérimentale / Contribution to the study of the influence of bi-phasic regimes on the performance of electrolysers of low pressure PEM type : numerical, analytical and experimental approachAubras, Farid 27 April 2018 (has links)
Les électrolyseurs à membrane échangeuse de protons basse pression (E-PEMs) apparaissent comme une solution efficace et durable pour la production d’hydrogène. Cette technologie pourrait permettre de pallier l’intermittence des énergies renouvelables (notamment solaire et éolien) en convertissant l’énergie électrique produite en énergie chimique (hydrogène). Durant ces travaux de thèse, trois aspects ont été développés : une approche analytique, une approche numérique, ainsi que approche expérimentale. Ces trois approches ont permis de comprendre l’influence du mélange bi-phasique eau/oxygène à l’anode du système sur les performances électrochimiques des E-PEMS ainsi que déterminer les paramètres opérationnels et intrinsèques qui impactent les performances des E-PEMs. À propos de l'approche expérimentale, des mesures d'impédance électrochimique ainsi que des courbes de polarisation ont été réalisées sur deux différentes cellules d'électrolyseurs de type PEM basse pression (la cellule ITW power de l'Electrochimical innovation Lab (UCL) et la cellule réversible Q-URFC du Laboratoire d'Énergétique, d'Électronique et Procédés (LE2P). À propos de la modélisation numérique, Le modèle expérimentale conjugue une approche multi-échelle macroscopique 2D et mésoscopique 1D. Ce modèle prend en compte le transfert de matière, le transfert de chaleur, les réactions électrochimiques anodique et cathodique et le transfert de charges présents dans le cœur des E-PEMs. D’un point de vue mésoscopique, une attention particulière a été portée sur l’influence des régimes bi-phasiques anodiques (régime de bulles coalescées (BC régime) et régime de bulles non coalescées (NCB régime) sur le transfert de matière à l’anode et sur l’humidification de la membrane. Ces travaux démontrent et confirment l’hypothèse que la transition du NCB régime vers le CB régime augmente le transfert de matière anodique, diminue la résistance ohmique de la membrane et améliore l’efficacité des E-PEMs. À propos de la modèle analytique, l’étude analytique explore une approche adimensionnelle de l'assemblage membrane électrode (AME) en régime stationnaire et isotherme. À l’échelle locale, en 1D, les équations prises en compte sont la conservation du courant dans l’AME, les réactions électrochimiques au sein des couches actives et le transfert de matière à travers la membrane. La résolution a permis d’obtenir des expressions analytiques des surtensions aux électrodes, de la chute ohmique et de la teneur en eau dans la membrane. L’approche adimensionnelle a permis de quantifier analytiquement les sources d’irréversibilités (chute ohmique, surtensions d’activations anodique et cathodique, et de la surtension induite par le bouchonnement des canaux anodiques) respectivement pour les faibles densités de courant, les moyennes densités de courant et les hautes densités de courant. En outre, ce modèle analytique peut être implémenté dans une boucle de contrôle commande. Ces travaux de thèse proposent une contribution à la compréhension du fonctionnement des E-PEMs basse pression en général, et en particulier de l'impact des régimes bi-phasiques sur leurs performances électro-chimiques. / Based on proton conduction of polymeric electrolyte membrane (PEM) technology, the water electrolysis (PEMWE) offers an interesting solution for efficiency hydrogen production. During the electrolysis process of water in PEMWE, the anodic side is the place where the water is splitting into oxygen, protons and electrons. The aim of this study is to recognize the link between two-phase flows (anode side) and cell performance under low pressure conditions. We have developed three approaches: the analytical approach and the numerical approach validated by the experimental data. For the numerical model, we have developed a two-dimensional stationary PEMWE model that takes into account electro-chemical reaction, mass transfer (bubbly flow), heat transfer and charges balance through the Membrane Electrodes Assembly (MEA). In order to take into account the changing electrical behavior, our model combines two scales of descriptions: at microscale within anodic active layer and MEA scale. The water management at both scales is strongly linked to the slug flow regime or the bubbly flow regime. Therefore, water content close to active surface areas depends on two-phase flow regimes. Our simulation results demonstrate that the transition from bubble to slug flow in the channel is associated with improvement in mass transport, a reduction of the ohmic resistance and an enhancement of the PEMWE efficiency. Regarding the analytical model, we have developed a one-dimensional stationary isothermal PEMWE model that takes into account electro-chemical reaction, mass transfer and charges balance through the Membrane Electrodes Assembly (MEA). The analytical approach permit to obtain mathematical solution of the activation overpotential, the ohmic losses and the bubbles overpotential respectively for the low current density, the middle current density and the high current density. This approach quantify the total overpotential of the cell, function of the operational and intrinsic numbers. In terms of perspective, the analytical model could be used for the diagnostic of the electrolyzer PEM.
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