Vivre avec une maladie pulmonaire obstructive chronique (MPOC), c’est vivre avec une maladie chronique, dégénérative et irréversible. La dyspnée qui l’accompagne demande une adaptation continuelle à de multiples incapacités. La qualité de vie des personnes vivant avec la MPOC s’en trouve compromise. Au Québec, le taux de mortalité de la MPOC a doublé depuis 20 ans. Si plusieurs études se sont intéressées à la symptomatologie vécue dans la dernière année de vie, aucune n’a abordé spécifiquement les perceptions de personnes vivant avec une MPOC sévère au regard de leur fin de vie. La présente étude avait justement pour but de décrire ces perceptions dans la perspective de la théorie de l’humain en devenir. Cette étude qualitative descriptive fut réalisée auprès de six personnes dans un centre hospitalier universitaire de la région de Montréal. L’analyse des entrevues a été réalisée selon la méthode de Miles et Huberman (2003) à partir de la transcription intégrale des entrevues. Cette analyse a permis de dégager quatre thèmes qui reflètent les perceptions des participants au regard de leur fin de vie, soit: 1) vivre et se voir décliner, 2) vivre et se préparer à mourir, 3) mourir d’une MPOC c’est étouffer et 4) mourir entouré à l’hôpital. Cette étude a mis en évidence que les personnes vivant avec une MPOC sévère souhaitent mourir à l’hôpital entouré de leurs proches. Cette étude contribue à une connaissance plus globale de l’expérience de fin de vie. De plus, elle propose des recommandations pour la recherche, la pratique, la formation et la gestion infirmière. / Living with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) means living with a chronic, degenerative and irreversible disease. The associated disabilitated dyspnoea justified an adaptation to the multiples limitations. The quality of life is compromised. The mortality rate of COPD has a steadily increasing incidence. In Québec, it has doubled in the last 20 years. If many studies have been interested by the symptomatology during the last year of life, none have addressed specific interest to the perceptions concerning end of quality life. The aim of this study was to describe the perceptions of people living with severe COPD concerning end of life in the perspective of human living with is health. This descriptive qualitative study has been realised with six persons in a university hospital of the metropolitan area of Montreal. This analysis has been realised based on the integral transcripts of interviews as per the Miles and Huberman (2003) method. This study has permitted to identify four themes reflecting the perceptions concerning end of life. The themes were: 1) living and seeing decline, 2) living and preparing to die, 3) dying of COPD means dying of suffocation and 4) dying in the hospital surrounding by lovers. This study has permitted to the participants to express themselves concerning their perceptions of elements contributing to their end of life. So it has been show that people living with COPD wish to die in the hospital surrounding by lovers. In describing their perceptions of living with COPD, this study contributes to a more complete knowledge of the experience of the experience of a end of life when the death is coming. Furthermore, the study proposes some recommendations for the nursing research, practice, formation and management.

Η ενδοθηλίνη-1 (ΕΤ-1) είναι ένα ισχυρό αγγειοσυσπαστικό και βρογχοσυσπαστικό μόριο το οποίο παρουσιάζει και προφλεγμονώδεις ιδιότητες. Η ικανότητά του να ελκύει φλεγμονώδη κύτταρα στην εστία παραγωγής της, να προκαλεί την παραγωγή μορίων προσκόλλησης στην επιφάνειά τους αλλά και κυτταροκινών αποτελεί απόδειξη της δράσης αυτής. Από την άλλη οι κυτταροκίνες είναι σε θέση να επάγουν την σύνθεση και την έκκριση αυτού του μορίου, δημιουργώντας έτσι ένα μοριακό φαύλο κύκλο ενίσχυσης της φλεγμονής των αεραγωγών που λαμβάνει χώρα στη Χρόνια Αποφρακτική Πνευμονοπάθεια (ΧΑΠ). Με το τρόπο αυτό η φλεγμονή συνεχίζει να υφίσταται ακόμα και μετά την διακοπή του ερεθιστικού παράγοντα που προκάλεσε την έκλυσή της όπως είναι π.χ. το κάπνισμα. Έτσι, οι λειτουργικοί πολυμορφισμοί που αυξάνουν την παραγωγή της ΕΤ-1 δυνατό να αυξάνουν και το κίνδυνο ανάπτυξης ΧΑΠ. Υλικά-μέθοδοι: Σε αυτή την προοπτική μελέτη ερευνήθηκε η επίδραση στην αναπνευστική λειτουργία δυο λειτουργικών πολυμορφισμών του γονιδίου της ΕΤ-1 σε ένα πληθυσμό 190 καπνιστών (95 υγιείς καπνιστές και 95 καπνιστές που νοσούσαν από ΧΑΠ). Οι δυο πολυμορφισμοί αφορούσαν μια ένθεση αδενίνης στο 5’-άκρο στη θέση +138 (εξώνιο 1, 138/ex1ins/delA) και την αντικατάσταση μιας γουανίνης με θυμίνη στη θέση +5665 (εξώνιο 5) που αλλάζει το αμινοξύ λυσίνη της θέσης 198 σε ασπαραγίνη (Lys198Asn). Στα άτομα αυτά διενεργήθηκε λειτουργικός έλεγχος της αναπνοής σε ετήσια βάση για συνολικό χρονικό διάστημα τριών ετών. Αποτελέσματα: Η μέση ετήσια μείωση στον δυναμικά εκπνεόμενο όγκο στο πρώτο δευτερόλεπτο (ΔFEV1) ήταν η παράμετρος που μελετήθηκε. Αυτή ήταν μεγαλύτερη για όσους έφεραν το μεταλλαγμένο γόνο 138/ex1ins/delA σε σχέση με τα άτομα που έφεραν το φυσιολογικό αλληλόμορφο. Οι ετεροζυγώτες για το μεταλλαγμένο αλληλόμορφο που ανήκαν στην ομάδα των καπνιστών δίχως ΧΑΠ παρουσίαζαν μια ΔFEV1 μεγαλύτερη κατά 19,4 ml σε σχέση με τα άτομα που ήταν ομόζυγα για το φυσιολογικό αλληλόμορφο (p=0.004). Η αντίστοιχη διαφορά για τους ετεροζυγώτες του μεταλλαγμένου αλληλόμορφου που ανήκαν στην ομάδα των καπνιστών που νοσούσαν από ΧΑΠ ήταν 11,15 ml (p=0.003). Αντιθέτως, όσοι έφεραν τον πολυμορφισμό Lys198Asn παρουσίαζαν μια μικρότερη ΔFEV1 σε σχέση με τα άτομα που έφεραν το φυσιολογικό αλληλόμορφο. Έτσι, οι ετεροζυγώτες για το μεταλλαγμένο αλληλόμορφο που ανήκαν στην ομάδα των καπνιστών δίχως ΧΑΠ παρουσίαζαν μια ΔFEV1 μεγαλύτερη κατά 11,24 ml (p<0.001) ενώ η αντίστοιχη διαφορά για τους ετεροζυγώτες του μεταλλαγμένου αλληλόμορφου της ομάδα των καπνιστών που νοσούσαν από ΧΑΠ ήταν 11,42 ml (p=0.002). Τα παραπάνω συνηγορούν υπέρ μιας προστατευτικής δράσης του πολυμορφισμού Lys198Asn στην αναπνευστική λειτουργία. Συμπεράσματα: Τα δεδομένα αυτής της μελέτης δείχνουν πως τόσο η ΕΤ-1 όσο και οι λειτουργικοί πολυμορφισμοί του γονιδίου της δύνανται να ενέχονται στο τελικό φαινότυπο της ΧΑΠ και στη σοβαρότητα αυτής. / Background: Endothelin-1 (ET-1) is a potent vasoconstrictor and bronchoconstrictor but it has been shown to have also proinflammatory properties. Its ability to attract inflammatory cells in its site of production, upregulates the synthesis of adhesion molecules and stimulates the release of cytokines. The fact that cytokines have the ability to induce its synthesis and release, creates a dynamic loop for self-preservation and augmentation of the airway inflammation in COPD, even after the ceasing of the noxious stimulus i.e. cigarette smoke. Therefore, functional polymorphisms that may lead to increased levels of ET-1 may also cause an increased susceptibility to COPD development. Materials and Methods: We analyzed the longitudinal effect on lung function of two ET-1 gene polymorphisms in a population of 190 smokers (95 non-COPD and 95 COPD smokers). The two polymorphisms involved an insertion polymorphism (+138 adenine insertion 3A/4A, 138bp downstream from the transcription start site, exon 1) and a single nucleotide transversion polymorphism on exon 5 (G/T, Lys198Asn). A total of 190 subjects were enrolled in the study for each polymorphism and were followed for 3 years by annual spirometry sessions. Results: The adjusted annual decline of forced expiratory volume in 1 second (dFEV1) was greater for those having at least one copy of the mutated gene ins/delA compared to those with the wild type allele both in the non-COPD smokers group (mean difference in dFEV1 of 19.4 ml/year, p=0.004) and COPD smokers (mean difference in dFEV1 of 11.15 ml/year, p=0.003). On the contrary, those heterozygous for the Lys198Asn polymorphism were found to have a slower decline in FEV1 compared to those homozygous for the wild type allele. The non-COPD smokers group had a gain-in-loss of 11,24 ml/year (p<0.001) while the COPD-smokers group had a slower decline of 11,42 ml/year (p=0.002). Those homozygous for the polymorphisms examined show an even greater deviation from those with the wild type allele but due to the small number comprising their group, the results don’t have enough statistical power. Though, they still show the trend of the effect the polymorphisms have on annual FEV1 decline. Conclusions: The present data shows that ET-1 and its functional polymorphisms may be implicated in COPD phenotype and severity.

La réhabilitation respiratoire tient une place importante dans la prise en charge des patients atteints de Broncho-pneumopathie chronique obstructive (BPCO) stables en induisant des bénéfices au niveau de la tolérance à l’effort, la fonction et la masse musculaire périphérique. La présence d’un stress oxydant élevé à l’état basal, considéré comme un des principaux facteurs impliqués dans l’atteinte musculaire périphérique, est bien admise malgré les discordances rapportées dans la littérature notamment au niveau du système antioxydant. L’absence d’amélioration des marqueurs du stress oxydant au cours d’un programme de réhabilitation respiratoire constitue une limite probable aux adaptations musculaires escomptées. Cependant, même si une supplémentation en antioxydants semble être une intervention adaptée permettant de réduire le stress oxydant et d’améliorer l’atteinte musculaire périphérique, son efficacité reste toujours à prouver chez les patients BPCO.Ainsi, nos objectifs étaient de déterminer et caractériser l’hétérogénéité des marqueurs du stress oxydant en vue d’étudier les effets d’une supplémentation en antioxydants adaptée sur des marqueurs spécifiques de l’atteinte musculaire périphérique des patients BPCO stables. A travers une analyse globale intégrant toute la complexité du stress oxydant, ce travail de thèse a montré que les principaux déficits en antioxydants chez les patients BPCO stables se situent au niveau de l’équilibre vitamine C/E, du zinc et du sélénium. De plus, nos résultats ont permis de déterminer des profils de patients caractérisés notamment par des sous-groupes de femmes ayant une majoration des taux de peroxydes lipidiques. Basé sur les principaux déficits identifiés et malgré l’importante hétérogénité des réponses, nous avons montré qu’une supplémentation en antioxydants permettait d’optimiser les bénéfices d’un programme de réhabilitation respiratoire en améliorant la FMIV, la Vo2sl et la surface de section transversale (SSt) des fibres musculaires de patients BPCO stables. Ainsi, dans l’optique d’une approche par phénotypes, l’utilisation de valeurs de références de la SSt, comme établies dans notre seconde étude, semble constituer un biomarqueur adapté mais celles-ci doivent être optimisées afin d’être applicable chez les patients BPCO. Pour conclure, outre l’intérêt pour l’utilisation d’une supplémentation en antioxydants au cours d’un programme de réhabilitation respiratoire, nos résultats contribuent à améliorer les connaissances sur le rôle du stress oxydant dans la physiopathologie de l’atteinte musculaire périphérique des patients BPCO. De plus, une meilleure compréhension et caractérisation de l’hétérogénéité, à la fois du stress oxydant et de l’atteinte musculaire périphérique, ouvrent des perspectives de recherche prometteuses dans l’optique d’une adaptation de la prise en charge des patients BPCO. / Pulmonary rehabilitation is considered as a major component in the management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients by inducing benefits on exercise capacity, peripheral function and muscle mass. Elevated oxidative stress at baseline, considered as one of the main factors involved in peripheral muscle impairment, is well accepted despite the discrepancies reported in the literature especially on antioxidant system. The absence of oxidative stress marker improvement following a pulmonary rehabilitation program is a likely limit to the expected muscle adaptations. However, although antioxidant supplementation seems to be an appropriate intervention for reducing oxidative stress and improving peripheral muscle impairment, its effectiveness remains to be proven in COPD patients.Thus, our objectives were to determine and characterize the oxidative stress marker heterogeneity in order to study the effets of a suitable antioxidant supplementation on specific peripheral muscle markers in stable COPD patients.Through a comprehensive analysis integrating the oxidative stress complexity, this work showed that the main antioxidant deficits in stable COPD patients are on the vitamin C/E balance, zinc and selenium. Moreover, our results allowed to determine patient profiles characterized in particular by a women subgroup with an increased rate of lipid peroxides. Based on the main identified deficits and despite the large response heterogeneity, we have shown that antioxidant supplementation may optimize the benefits of a pulmonary rehabilitation program by improving especially muscle fiber strength, cross-sectional area (CSA) and maximal oxygen consumption of stable COPD patients. Thus, from the perspective of a phenotype approach, the use of CSA reference values, as established in our second study, appears to be a suitable biomarker but these should be optimized in order to be relevant in COPD patients.Finally, besides the benefits of using an antioxidant supplementation during pulmonary rehabilitation program, our results contribute to improve our knowledge about the role of oxidative stress in the pathophysiology of peripheral muscle impairment in COPD patients. Furthermore, a better understanding and characterization of heterogeneity of both oxidative stress and peripheral muscle impairment opens up promising research prospects with a view of adjusting the management of COPD patients.

Introdução: O gasto energético (GE) dos indivíduos pode ser determinado por diversos métodos, dentre os quais estão a calorimetria indireta (CI) e as equações de predição. Objetivo: Comparar o gasto energético de pacientes com doença pulmonar obstrutiva crônica (DPOC) medido através da CI com o estimado pela equação de Harris-Benedict (HB). Métodos: Estudo transversal incluindo 30 indivíduos com diagnóstico médico de DPOC, segundo critérios GOLD, atendidos no Centro de Reabilitação Pulmonar do Pavilhão Pereira Filho e do ambulatório de Pneumologia, ambos do Complexo Hospitalar Santa Casa de Porto Alegre, no período de fevereiro à setembro de 2010. O gasto energético foi mensurado pela CI usando monitor específico, assim como predito pela equação de HB. Os participantes também foram submetidos à avaliação antropométrica, através dos parâmetros de peso, altura, índice de massa corporal (IMC), dobra cutânea tricipital (DCT), circunferência do braço (CB) e circunferência muscular do braço (CMB), além de aplicação da avaliação nutricional subjetiva global (ANSG), bem como verificação do consumo alimentar. Os valores encontrados foram analisados através do teste t de Student, do teste qui-quadrado de McNemar e pelo método de Bland-Altman, e expressos pela média ± desvio-padrão, com nível de significância estatística p 0,05. Resultados: Do total de 30 portadores de DPOC, 70% eram do sexo masculino com idades de 62,5 ± 11,5 anos e IMC médio de 24,2 ± 4,2kg/m². O gasto energético em repouso (GER) medido pela CI foi de 1.568 ± 234,8kcal e o estimado pela equação de HB foi de 1.312 ± 120,5kcal, com diferença estatisticamente significativa entre os dois métodos (p<0,001). Quanto ao gasto energético total (GET), o valor medido pela CI foi de 2.038 ± 305,23kcal e o predito pela equação de HB foi de 2.047 ± 188kcal, sem apresentar diferença estatística significativa (p=0,853) e demonstrando uma concordância de 96,7% entre os dois métodos. Relativo ao diagnóstico nutricional, ao considerarmos apenas o IMC, 3,3% dos participantes apresentavam desnutrição, 63,3% eutrofia, 23,3% sobrepeso e 10% obesidade enquanto que pelo agrupamento de parâmetros (IMC, DCT, CB, CMB e ANSG), 53,3% dos pacientes apresentaram desnutrição, 33,3% eutrofia, 10% sobrepeso e 3,3% obesidade. Conclusão: O GER foi subestimado pela equação de HB, não apresentando boa concordância com o medido pela CI. Quanto ao GET, os resultados foram significativamente semelhantes demonstrando boa concordância entre os dois métodos. Em relação ao estado nutricional, talvez o IMC não seja suficiente para avaliar a real condição de pacientes com DPOC. / Introduction: The energy expenditure (EE) of individuals can be determined by various methods, among which are the indirect calorimetry (IC) and the prediction equations. Objective: To compare the energy expenditure of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) measured by the IC estimate by the Harris-Benedict equation (HB). Methods: Cross sectional study including 30 individuals diagnosed with COPD according to GOLD criteria, seen in the Pulmonary Rehabilitation Center of the Pereira Filho and outpatient pulmonology, both of Santa Casa Hospital Complex of Porto Alegre in the period from February to September 2010. Energy expenditure was measured by IC using a specific monitor, as predicted by the HB equation. Participants also underwent anthropometric assessment, through the parameters of weight, height, body mass index (BMI), triceps skinfold thickness (TSF), mid-arm circumference (MAC) and mid-arm muscle circumference (MAMC), and application subjective global nutritional assessment (SGA) and to determine food consumption. The values were analyzed using the Student t test, chi-square, McNemar and the Bland-Altman and expressed as mean + standart deviation, with statistical significance level p 0.05. Results: Of 30 patients with COPD, 70% were male, aged 62.5 ± 11.5 years and average BMI of 24.2 ± 4.2kg/m². The resting energy expenditure (REE) measured by IC was 1568 ± 234.8kcal and estimated by the HB equation was 1312 ± 120.5kcal, with a statistically significant difference between the two methods (p<0.001). As for the total energy expenditure (TEE), the value measured by ICwo methods (p <0.001). As for the total energy expenditure (TEE), the value measured by IC was 2038 ± 305.23kcal and foretold the HB equation was 2047 ± 188kcal, no statistical significant difference (p=0.853) and showed a concordance of 96,7% between the two methods. Concerning the nutritional diagnosis, we consider only the BMI, 3.3% of participants had malnutrition, 63.3% were eutrophic, 23.3% overweight and 10% were obese while the grouping of parameters (BMI, TSF, CB, CMB and SGA), 53.3% of patients suffered from malnutrion, 33.3% were eutrophic, 10% overweight and 3.3% obese. Conclusion: REE was underestimated by the HB equation, not a good agreement with that measured by IC. As for the GET, the results were significantly similar showing good agreement between the two methods. In relation to nutritional status, BMI may not be sufficient to evaluate the actual condition of patients with COPD.

Na Folha de Rosto da obra, consta o t?tulo: "Efeitos do treinamento de vibra??o de corpo inteiro na funcionalidade, for?a muscular, qualidade de vida e concentra??es plasm?ticas de marcadores inflamat?rios-oxidativos de pacientes com doen?a pulmonar obstrutiva cr?nica". / Submitted by Jos? Henrique Henrique (jose.neves@ufvjm.edu.br) on 2018-09-26T17:48:49Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) camila_danielle_cunha_neves.pdf: 2344806 bytes, checksum: 77c976c7c337e030f1b4c85cc1aa033e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Rodrigo Martins Cruz (rodrigo.cruz@ufvjm.edu.br) on 2018-10-01T18:27:36Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) camila_danielle_cunha_neves.pdf: 2344806 bytes, checksum: 77c976c7c337e030f1b4c85cc1aa033e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-10-01T18:27:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) camila_danielle_cunha_neves.pdf: 2344806 bytes, checksum: 77c976c7c337e030f1b4c85cc1aa033e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018 / O treinamento de vibra??o de corpo inteiro (VCI) tem sido identificado com uma interven??o alternativa para a melhora da capacidade de exerc?cio e qualidade de vida de pacientes com Doen?a Pulmonar Obstrutiva Cr?nica (DPOC). Entretanto, o efeito do treinamento de VCI nas concentra??es de biomarcadores inflamat?rios-oxidativos permanece desconhecido. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os efeitos do treinamento de VCI em par?metros inflamat?rios-oxidativos, na funcionalidade e na qualidade de vida de pacientes com DPOC. Vinte pacientes com DPOC foram igualmente divididos em: 1) grupo interven??o (GI), que realizou o treinamento de VCI; e, 2) grupo controle (GC) que n?o recebeu a interven??o. A interven??o consistiu da realiza??o de agachamento est?tico sobre uma plataforma vibrat?ria, em seis s?ries de 30 segundos, tr?s vezes semanais, durante 12 semanas. Os pacientes foram avaliados quanto ? (as): concentra??es plasm?ticas de IL-6, IL-8, IFN-? e receptores sol?veis de TNF-?; contagem de leuc?citos; concentra??es plasm?ticas de marcadores oxidantes e antioxidantes; dist?ncia caminhada no teste de caminhada de seis minutos (TC6?); consumo pico de oxig?nio (VO2 pico) durante o TC6?; for?a de preens?o manual; qualidade de vida (question?rio Saint George?s); teste de sentar e levantar da cadeira 5 vezes e teste timed get-up and go (TUG). Os dados foram analisados pelo teste-t independente (linha de base) e Anova two-way para medidas repetidas (efeitos do treinamento). Considerou-se significativo p< 0,05. Ap?s o treinamento de VCI, pacientes do GI aumentaram significativamente a dist?ncia caminhada (65 m) no TC6?, o VO2 pico e a for?a de preens?o manual (p< 0,05). Al?m disso, pacientes do GI alcan?aram a diferen?a m?nima clinicamente importante em rela??o ? qualidade de vida. N?o foram observadas diferen?as significativas no teste de sentar e levantar da cadeira, TUG, nas concentra??es dos biomarcadores inflamat?rios-oxidativos e na contagem de leuc?citos no GI (p> 0,05). Pacientes do GC n?o apresentaram melhora estatisticamente significante para todas as avalia??es (p> 0,05). Em conjunto, os resultados deste estudo demonstraram que o treinamento de VCI induziu benef?cios clinicamente significantes com rela??o ? capacidade de exerc?cio, a for?a muscular e a qualidade de vida de pacientes com DPOC, que n?o foram relacionados com mudan?as nas concentra??es sist?micas dos biomarcadores inflamat?rios-oxidativos analisados. / Tese (Doutorado) ? Programa Multic?ntrico de P?s-Gradua??o em Ci?ncias Fisiol?gicas, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, 2018. / The whole-body vibration training (WBVT) has been identified as an alternative intervention to improve exercise capacity and quality of life of patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD). However, the effect of WBVT on inflammatory-oxidative biomarkers remains unknown. The aim of this trial was to investigate the effects of WBVT on inflammatory-oxidative, functionality and quality of life parameters in patients with COPD. Twenty patients were equally divided into: 1) intervention group (IG) that performed the WBVT, and 2) control group (CG) that did not receive any intervention. Intervention consisted in performing static squatting on vibrating platform, in six series of 30 seconds, 3 day per week, for 12 weeks. Patients were evaluated for: plasma levels of IL-6, IL-8, IFN-?, soluble receptors of TNF-?; white cells count; plasma levels of oxidant and antioxidant markers; walking distance in six-minute walk test (6MWT); peak oxygen uptake (VO2 peak) during the 6MWT; handgrip strength; quality of life (Saint George?s); timed 5-chair sit-to-stand (5STS) and timed get-up and go test (TUG). The data were analyzed by unpaired t-test (baseline) and Anova two-way (effects of training). The level of significance was p< 0.05. After WBVT, patients from IG showed significant increase in the 6MWD, VO2 peak and handgrip strength (p< 0.05). Furthermore, patients from IG reached minimal clinically important difference regarding quality of life. No significant differences were found in 5STS, TUG, inflammatory-oxidative biomarkers and white cells count in the IG. CG did not show significant improvement in all assessments (p> 0.05). Taking together, our results demonstrated that the WBVT induced clinically significant benefits regarding exercise capacity, muscle strength and quality of life in patients with COPD, that were not related to systemic changes in the inflammatory-oxidative biomarkers analyzed.

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) has been recognized as a leading cause of mortality in older adults involving acute exacerbations as life-threatening events that lead to frequent hospitalization for care. Informal caregivers have been essential to helping older adults with COPD during an acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (AECOPD). A lack of empirical knowledge exists regarding the experience of informal caregivers of older adults with AECOPD in situation awareness for recognizing, understanding, and responding to an AECOPD in an emergent situation. This qualitative descriptive study explored situation awareness and its components of perception, comprehension and projection of next steps, including the caregiver’s confidence level during the AECOPD event. Fifteen informal caregivers, ages 31-77 years (mean age 48), who provided care for older adults with COPD were interviewed from an underserved community health center. The overarching theme derived from this study was something was wrong and something needed to be done. Subthemes emerged as a heightened sense of awareness, caregiver tipping point, planning next steps, caregiver confidence, and caregiver commitment. This study utilized situation awareness theory as a relevant guiding framework in exploring the experience of lay informal caregivers caring for older adults with AECOPD events. Study findings provided a description of the complex processes involved, including confidence level, for informal caregiver’s in situation awareness to recognize and respond to an AECOPD event in the older adult. Future targeted interventions need to address strategies to enhance individualized care for older adults with AECOPD events for managing care at home.

La bronchopneumopathie chronique obstructive ou BPCO est une atteinte des voies respiratoires causée par le tabagisme. Cette maladie pulmonaire chronique et non réversible pour laquelle il n’y pas de traitement curatif se caractérise par une inflammation permanente du tractus respiratoire. Celle-ci est due à l’afflux massif de cellules de l’inflammation, principalement des neutrophiles et macrophages, qui libèrent après activation, de nombreuses protéases actives. Ces protéases vont alors dégrader les protéines de structure comme l’élastine, ce qui va entraîner la dégradation progressive des alvéoles pulmonaires et au final une altération de plus en plus marquée de la fonction respiratoire. Parmi les différentes protéases présentes dans le poumon, la MMP-12 de macrophage, joue un rôle clé dans la physiopathologie de la maladie. / Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or COPD is a lung disease caused by tobacco smoking. This is a chronic and non reversible disease for which no curative treatment is available yet. Permanent inflammation of the airways is a hallmark of COPD because immune cells such as neutrophils and macrophages are continuously recruited. Once activated, these cells release numerous active proteases which participate to the degradation of structural proteins of the lungs such as elastin, leading to lung emphysema as a consequence of lung alveoli degradation. Among the different proteases found in the lungs, macrophage MMP-12 has been reported to play a key pathogenic role in COPD development.

INTRODUÇÃO: A doença pulmonar obstrutiva crônica (DPOC) apresenta obstrução crônica ao fluxo aéreo e evolui com perda da capacidade funcional. A intolerância ao exercício é um marcador prognóstico da doença. OBJETIVO: Investigar as respostas fisiológicas no teste incremental com cicloergômetro (TECP), teste do degrau de 6 minutos (TD6), teste da caminhada de 6 minutos (TC6) e teste senta e levanta de um minuto (TSL) em pacientes com DPOC. MÉTODOS: Foram incluídos 24 pacientes com DPOC (VEF1/CVF<70 e VEF1 pós bd <80%), clinicamente estáveis. Todos os pacientes realizaram provas de função pulmonar e os quatro protocolos de exercício. Durante os testes foram medidos: consumo de oxigênio (VO2), produção de CO2 (VCO2), ventilação (VE), frequência cardíaca (FC), frequência respiratória (FR), oximetria de pulso (SpO2), e sensação de dispneia e de desconforto nas pernas (escala de BORG modificada). RESULTADOS: Quinze pacientes eram homens, a média de idade foi de 63,7 ± 6,6 anos e do VEF1 foi de 1,20 ± 0,60 L, 42,5 ± 17,8 % do predito. O VO2pico observado no TD6 (1,01±0,40 L.min-1) não diferiu do VO2 medido no TECP (0,86±0,32 L.min-1) e no TC6 (0,99±0,46; L.min-1;p>0,05). Entretanto, o VO2 pico do TSL foi significativamente inferior (0,66±0,32 L.min-1, p<0,05). A VE foi comparável no TECP, TD6 e TC6. O estresse cardiovascular foi mais intenso no TECP, porém o pulso de oxigênio (VO2/FC) foi inferior no TECP e no TSL. Dessaturação (queda da SpO2 ³4% e SpO2 £88%) foi mais frequente no TC6 e no TD6. Dispneia e desconforto em pernas foram mais intensos no TECP. No TD6 14 pacientes interromperam o teste e no TC6 um paciente interrompeu. CONCLUSÕES: A dessaturação durante o exercício foi mais evidente no TD6 e no TC6 e estes testes reproduziram respostas fisiológicas equivalentes às do TECP. / BACKGROUND: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) has chronic obstruction of airflow and loss of functional capacity. Exercise intolerance is a prognostic marker of the disease. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the physiological responses to incremental cycle ergometry (CPET), six-minute step test (SMST), sixminute walk test (SMWT), and one-minute sit-to-stand test (STST) in patients with COPD. METHODS: We included 24 patients with COPD (FEV1/FVC ratio <70 and FEV1 post bd <80%), stable. All patients underwent pulmonary function tests and the four exercise protocols. Peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak), CO2 production (VCO2), ventilation (VE), heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (RR), pulse oximetry (SpO2), dyspnea and leg disconfort (modified Borg scale) were measured during the tests. RESULTS: Fifteen patients were men, mean age was 63.7 ± 6.6 years and FEV1 was 1.20 ± 0.60 L, 42.5 ± 17.8 % predicted. VO2 peak in SMST (1.01±0.40 L.min-1), measured during CPET (0.86±0.32 L.min-1) or SMWT (0.99±0.46; L.min-1) was not different (p>0.05). However, peak VO2 of STST was lower (0.66±0.32 L.min-1, p<0.05). VE was comparable among CPET, SMST and SMWT. The cardiovascular stress was more intense during CPET and oxygen pulse (VO2/HR) was lower during CPET and STST. Desaturation (decrease of SpO2 ³4% and SpO2 £88%) was more frequent during SMWT and STST. Dyspnea and leg disconfort were higher on CPET. The SMST was interrupted by 14 patients and the SMWT by one. CONCLUSIONS: Desaturation during exercise was more evident on SMWT and SMST and these tests elicited similar physiological responses as the CPET.

Introdução: O gasto energético (GE) dos indivíduos pode ser determinado por diversos métodos, dentre os quais estão a calorimetria indireta (CI) e as equações de predição. Objetivo: Comparar o gasto energético de pacientes com doença pulmonar obstrutiva crônica (DPOC) medido através da CI com o estimado pela equação de Harris-Benedict (HB). Métodos: Estudo transversal incluindo 30 indivíduos com diagnóstico médico de DPOC, segundo critérios GOLD, atendidos no Centro de Reabilitação Pulmonar do Pavilhão Pereira Filho e do ambulatório de Pneumologia, ambos do Complexo Hospitalar Santa Casa de Porto Alegre, no período de fevereiro à setembro de 2010. O gasto energético foi mensurado pela CI usando monitor específico, assim como predito pela equação de HB. Os participantes também foram submetidos à avaliação antropométrica, através dos parâmetros de peso, altura, índice de massa corporal (IMC), dobra cutânea tricipital (DCT), circunferência do braço (CB) e circunferência muscular do braço (CMB), além de aplicação da avaliação nutricional subjetiva global (ANSG), bem como verificação do consumo alimentar. Os valores encontrados foram analisados através do teste t de Student, do teste qui-quadrado de McNemar e pelo método de Bland-Altman, e expressos pela média ± desvio-padrão, com nível de significância estatística p 0,05. Resultados: Do total de 30 portadores de DPOC, 70% eram do sexo masculino com idades de 62,5 ± 11,5 anos e IMC médio de 24,2 ± 4,2kg/m². O gasto energético em repouso (GER) medido pela CI foi de 1.568 ± 234,8kcal e o estimado pela equação de HB foi de 1.312 ± 120,5kcal, com diferença estatisticamente significativa entre os dois métodos (p<0,001). Quanto ao gasto energético total (GET), o valor medido pela CI foi de 2.038 ± 305,23kcal e o predito pela equação de HB foi de 2.047 ± 188kcal, sem apresentar diferença estatística significativa (p=0,853) e demonstrando uma concordância de 96,7% entre os dois métodos. Relativo ao diagnóstico nutricional, ao considerarmos apenas o IMC, 3,3% dos participantes apresentavam desnutrição, 63,3% eutrofia, 23,3% sobrepeso e 10% obesidade enquanto que pelo agrupamento de parâmetros (IMC, DCT, CB, CMB e ANSG), 53,3% dos pacientes apresentaram desnutrição, 33,3% eutrofia, 10% sobrepeso e 3,3% obesidade. Conclusão: O GER foi subestimado pela equação de HB, não apresentando boa concordância com o medido pela CI. Quanto ao GET, os resultados foram significativamente semelhantes demonstrando boa concordância entre os dois métodos. Em relação ao estado nutricional, talvez o IMC não seja suficiente para avaliar a real condição de pacientes com DPOC. / Introduction: The energy expenditure (EE) of individuals can be determined by various methods, among which are the indirect calorimetry (IC) and the prediction equations. Objective: To compare the energy expenditure of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) measured by the IC estimate by the Harris-Benedict equation (HB). Methods: Cross sectional study including 30 individuals diagnosed with COPD according to GOLD criteria, seen in the Pulmonary Rehabilitation Center of the Pereira Filho and outpatient pulmonology, both of Santa Casa Hospital Complex of Porto Alegre in the period from February to September 2010. Energy expenditure was measured by IC using a specific monitor, as predicted by the HB equation. Participants also underwent anthropometric assessment, through the parameters of weight, height, body mass index (BMI), triceps skinfold thickness (TSF), mid-arm circumference (MAC) and mid-arm muscle circumference (MAMC), and application subjective global nutritional assessment (SGA) and to determine food consumption. The values were analyzed using the Student t test, chi-square, McNemar and the Bland-Altman and expressed as mean + standart deviation, with statistical significance level p 0.05. Results: Of 30 patients with COPD, 70% were male, aged 62.5 ± 11.5 years and average BMI of 24.2 ± 4.2kg/m². The resting energy expenditure (REE) measured by IC was 1568 ± 234.8kcal and estimated by the HB equation was 1312 ± 120.5kcal, with a statistically significant difference between the two methods (p<0.001). As for the total energy expenditure (TEE), the value measured by ICwo methods (p <0.001). As for the total energy expenditure (TEE), the value measured by IC was 2038 ± 305.23kcal and foretold the HB equation was 2047 ± 188kcal, no statistical significant difference (p=0.853) and showed a concordance of 96,7% between the two methods. Concerning the nutritional diagnosis, we consider only the BMI, 3.3% of participants had malnutrition, 63.3% were eutrophic, 23.3% overweight and 10% were obese while the grouping of parameters (BMI, TSF, CB, CMB and SGA), 53.3% of patients suffered from malnutrion, 33.3% were eutrophic, 10% overweight and 3.3% obese. Conclusion: REE was underestimated by the HB equation, not a good agreement with that measured by IC. As for the GET, the results were significantly similar showing good agreement between the two methods. In relation to nutritional status, BMI may not be sufficient to evaluate the actual condition of patients with COPD.

Introdução: A força muscular periférica e respiratória pode estar reduzida em pacientes com doença pulmonar obstrutiva crônica (DPOC). O impacto desta redução sobre a capacidade de realizar atividades e exercícios não é bem conhecida. Objetivos: Comparar a força muscular periférica e respiratória e o desempenho no teste da caminhada de 6 minutos (TC6) e no teste de senta e levanta de 1 minuto (TSL) em indivíduos com e sem DPOC e estudar o impacto da força muscular nos dois testes. Métodos: Foram estudados 21 pacientes com DPOC (13 homens, idade de 63±7 anos, volume expiratório forçado no primeiro segundo - VEF1 – 1,14±0,54, 42±18% do previsto) e 21 indivíduos sem DPOC (13 homens, idade 64±7 anos, VEF1 2,64±0,65, 106±21% do previsto). Todos os indivíduos realizaram espirometria, avaliação da pressão inspiratória máxima (PImáx) e expiratória máxima (PEmáx), teste de uma repetição máxima (1RM) para avaliar força do quadríceps, TC6 e TSL. Resultados: Quando comparados com controles pacientes com DPOC apresentaram valores inferiores de PImáx (77±23 cm H2O vs 102±18 cm H2O, p=0,0001), PEmáx (100±26 cm H2O vs 127±23 cm H2O, p=0,001), força do quadríceps (17±5 Kg vs 23±4 Kg, p=0,0001), distância no TC6 (405±76 m vs 539±48 m, p=0,0001) e repetições no TSL (25±6 vs 35±6, p=0,0001). No grupo de 42 indivíduos a distância percorrida no TC6 se associou com o VEF1 (r=0,80, p=0,0001), com a PImáx (r=0,59, p=0,0001), com a PEmáx (r=0,63, p=0,0001), com a SpO2 basal (r=0,61, p=0,0001) e com a força do quadríceps (r=0,63, p=0,0001). Num modelo multivariado o VEF1, a PImáx e a dispneia basal explicaram 81% da variabilidade da distância percorrida no TC6. Em relação ao TSL as melhores correlações foram observadas com o VEF1 (r=0,55, p=0,0001) e com a força do quadríceps (r=0,50, p=0,0001) e associação mais fraca foi observada com as pressões respiratórias máximas (r=0,34, p=0,02). A distância percorrida no TC6 se associou com o número de repetições no TSL (r=0,61, p=0,0001). Conclusões: Pacientes com DPOC tem redução da força muscular do quadríceps e das pressões respiratórias e um pior desempenho no TC6 e no TSL em relação aos controles. Tanto a força muscular do quadríceps como as pressões respiratórias influenciam o desempenho nos dois testes. Entretanto, o impacto da força do quadríceps sobre a distância percorrida parece depender do VEF1. Observamos uma relação forte entre a distância percorrida e o número de elevações no TST, sugerindo que o TST possa ter um papel na avaliação funcional de pacientes com DPOC. / Introduction: Peripheral and respiratory muscle strength may be reduced in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The impact of this reduction on the ability to perform activities and exercises is not well known. Aims: To compare the peripheral and respiratory muscle strength and the performance in a 6-minute walk test (6MWT) and a sit-to-stand test (STST) in subjects with and without COPD and to study the impact of the muscle strength on both tests. Methods: We studied 21 patients with COPD (13 men, age 63±7 years, forced expiratory volume in one second, FEV1 1.14±0.54, 42 ± 18% predicted ) and 21 subjects without COPD (13 men, age 64±7 years, FEV1 2.64±0.65, 106±21% predicted). All subjects underwent spirometry, maximal inspiratory (MIP) and expiratory pressure (MEP), one-repetition maximum (1RM) to evaluate quadriceps strength, 6MWT and STST. Results: When compared to controls patients with COPD showed lower values of MIP (77±23 cm H2O vs. 102±18 cm H2O, p=0.0001), MEP (100±26 cm H2O vs 127±23 cm H2O, p=0.001), quadriceps strength (17 ± 5 kg vs. 23 ± 4 kg, p=0.0001), distance in 6MWT (405±76 m vs 539±48 m, p = 0.0001) and repetitions in STST (25±6 vs 35±6, p=0.0001). The walked distance was associated with FEV1 (r=0.80, p=0.0001), MIP (r=0.59, p=0.0001), MEP (r=0.63, p=0.0001), baseline SpO2 (r=0.61, p=0.0001) and quadriceps strength (r=0.63, p=0.0001). In a multivariate model FEV1, MIP and baseline dyspnea explained 81% of the walked distance variance in 6MWT. Regarding the TSL, the best correlations were observed with FEV1 (r=0.55, p=0.0001) and quadriceps strength (r=0.495, p = 0.0001) while a weaker association was observed with the maximal respiratory pressures (r=0.34, p=0.02). The distance walked in 6MWT was associated with the number of repetitions in TSL (r=0.61, p=0.0001). Conclusions: Patients with COPD have reduced quadriceps muscle strength and respiratory pressures and a worse performance in the 6MWT and STST in relation to controls. Both the quadriceps muscle strength and respiratory pressure influenced the performance in both tests. However, the impact of quadriceps strength on the walked distance seems to depend on FEV1. We observed a strong relationship between distance and number of elevations in STST, suggesting that STST may have a role in the functional evaluation of patients with COPD.