Clusters of metal ions that possess large numbers of magnetically coupled unpaired electrons have attracted much interest in recent years due to their fascinating magnetic behavior. With an appreciable component of magnetic anisotropy, these large-spin paramagnetic molecules can exhibit an energy barrier to inversion of their magnetic dipole, leading to spontaneous magnetization and magnetic hysteresis below a critical temperature. Since this behavior is a property of an individual clusters rather than a collection of molecules, this phenomenon has been dubbed ??Single Molecule Magnetism??. Our approach to the study of new high-spin systems has been to exert a measure of synthetic control in the preparation of clusters. Specifically we are employing highly anisotropic metal ions with the anticipation that these ions would engender large overall magnetic anisotropy in the resulting clusters. The first step in this process was the development of the chemistry of two new d5 ReII (S = ??) complexes, namely [ReII(triphos)(CH3CN)3][PF6]2 and [Et4N][ReII(triphos)(CN)3]. The magnetic, optical and electrochemical properties were studied and theoretical models were developed to describe the origin of the large temperature independent paramagnetism that was observed. Next, we successfully employed transition metal cyanide chemistry using the ReII building blocks to prepare a family of isostructural, cubic clusters of the general formula {[MCl]4[Re(triphos)(CN)3]4} M = Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn whose 3d ions adopt local tetrahedral geometries. Within the clusters, magnetic exchange is observed between the paramagnetic ions, which has been modeled using an Ising exchange model to account for the dominating anisotropy of the ReII ion. Despite the high pseudo-symmetry of the clusters (Td), this work has yielded a rare example of a metal-cyanide single molecule magnet, {[MCl]4[Re(triphos)(CN)3]4} with an S = 8 ground state, D = -0.39 cm-1 and an effective energy barrier for magnetization reversal of Ueff = 8.8 cm-1. The elucidation of this family of isostructural clusters has also allowed us to pursue fundamental work on the structure/property relationships of the exotic, paramagnetic ReII ion. As the clusters are soluble, stable compounds, the future of this chemistry lies in the development of a true building-block approach to ??super-clusters?? that exhibit very high ground state spin values.

Secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) is a surface analysis technique capable of providing isotopic and molecular information. SIMS uses keV projectiles to impinge upon a sample resulting in secondary ion emission from nanometric dimensions. It is well documented that secondary ion emission is enhanced using cluster projectiles compared to atomic projectiles. Previous studies of enhanced secondary ion yields with cluster projectiles have led to the present study dealing with the scope of C60 as a projectile for SIMS. The secondary ion yields (i.e., the number of secondary ions detected per projectile impact) from impacts of 10-26 keV C24H12+, C60+, gramicidin S+ and C60F40+ projectiles were examined to compare the effectiveness of the projectiles. The [M-H]- secondary ion yields from several organic samples varied inversely with the molecular weight. Multiple ion emission decreases monotonically as a function of the number of secondary ions emitted per impact and varies with impact energy such that higher energies produce more multiple ion emission. The emission of CN- from biological samples as a function of carbon-based projectile characteristics was examined to explore the possibility of using CN- as a molecular identifier. CN- emission was found to be the product of both direct and recombination/rearrangement emission. Re-emitted projectile atoms in the form F- were found under C60F40+ bombardment. Two forms of re-emitted F- were found: One form in which F atoms retained a portion of the initial kinetic energy, and a second in which the F atoms deposited most of the initial kinetic energy into the surface before being ejected. The [M-H]- secondary ion yield of gramicidin S was increased ~ 15 times by embedding the analyte in a matrix of sinapic acid. These results show the optimum carbon based projectile for a given sample is dependent upon the signal to be monitored from the surface. The results also show CN- has potential as a molecular identifier. Additionally, the detection of re-emitted F- confirms prior predictions of re-emitted projectile atoms.

Since the EPZ was set up in 1966, it has attracted foreign investment, introduced technology, opened up foreign trade and provided employment opportunities. When EPZ was first set up, it had every kind of investment-rewarding regulations, ¡§One-stop Window¡¨ administrational measures, so it could attract a lot of foreign and overseas Chinese capitals. But, after 2 years, the 68-hectare area was not enough for using. The EPZA has continuously expanded the zones up to 9 so far: the total area is about 576.81 hectares. The EPZs are export-oriented, their products are all exported, and the professions have increased step by sep, including trade, logistics and warehouses, software consulting and related industries. Its capital resources were mainly from Europe, U.S., Japan and Hong Kong, but converts into domestic mostly now, with 47.79%, the highest ratio. The Zones¡¦ industrial structure also changed from the original garments, plastics and leather with more than 55% to electronics & electric machinery with 80% the most now. The Export Processing Zone Administration (EPZA) has also coped with the era trend changes by innovating the policies and functions, such as efforts in zone transformation, deregulations, trade liberalization and industrial clustering. As the accumulations of Taiwan¡¦s capital and technology and the enormous changes both in global politics and economy, the in-zone enterprises have also changed the industrial structures and production processes, walk out the OEM shadows and walk in the ODM, so as to produce and do marketing by themselves and to expand the markets. They have transformed from labor-intensive industries of garments, plastics, leather to capital-intensive high-tech industries of IC, LCD, optics, precise tools, information software and digital content and so on. When Taiwan¡¦s producing costs are rising little by little, the enterprises form all over the world are moving to the mainland China and the booming southeastern Asian countries to reduce costs and grip the markets. It is the question how to mold the more suitable investment environment to lure the Taiwanese enterprises come back home and the foreign investment turn around to Taiwan. This study made the in-depth interviews and did the questionnaires to scholars, government agencies and the industrial circle for over 30 copies. This study also analyzes the key factors of attracting investment by AHP hierarchical analysis method. The results revealed that, firstly, the enterprises¡¦ interactions and the neighboring of customers, the benefits of industrial cluster and the completion of supply chain of down and up stream, are vital to attract investment. Secondly, the completion of the in-zone infrastructure is the most important key factor for attracting investment. Thirdly, The EPZA ¡¥s favorable measures and administrative efficiency are also the prior considering factors. This study suggested that the administration units should upgrade the functions of their in-zone administrative steps, build the modern facilities of the infrastructure and attach importance to the living functions, strengthen the cooperation between industries, governments and schools, and propagate the investment-rewarding measures offered by governments to the enterprises, so that the governments¡¦ good policies can truly do favors to the in-zone enterprises, and thus construct the zones¡¦ better investment environment and attract investment.

The past decade has seen a steady increase in wine consumption in Taiwan. With the increase comes the need to understand how consumers choose wine. Market segmentation is the principal concept in this study, and the aim is to find consumer behaviors of wine in different segments. A range of behavioral and demographic information was collected by the survey of questionnaire. In particular, participants were asked to indicate on average how many bottles of wine they purchased and how many hours they spent to acquire wine information per month. The above information forms the basis of segmenting, together with other behavioral information, combines to form profiles of consumers with high and low involvement of wine. In the process, cluster analysis was performed to divide the respondents into two groups, cross analysis and chi-square test were used to evaluate the significant differences on behavioral variables, and factor analysis and one-way ANOVA were applied to find which wine characteristics were important toward each segment. The result showed that significant differences were found between two groups on the choices of wine types and wine outlets, the way of acquiring wine information, the factors effecting to choose wines, and the characteristics of wine they emphasized.

Micheal Porter ¡§the country competitive advantage which¡¨ publishes in 1990 (The Competitive Advantage of Nations) in a book, proposed the industrial cluster the strong character which acts in the national competitive power, ¡§scientific and technical park¡¨ the idea is also the industrial cluster concept derivation to a certain extent. In the past concentrated in the industrial cluster's research in the metropolis plan study and the regional economies domain, few had the management science stratification plane discussion, after 1990 Micheal Porter publication diamond model (Diamond Structure model), grew the industrial cluster's research to further management stratification plane in and so on enterprise's strategy, competition, market demand and industrial structure subjects. However, Porter in the diamond model, had not mentioned how to compare and appraise between the different cluster the cluster effect height, is also lacks a set to be possible the quantification model. In order to solve in the Porter diamond model to lack the quantification model the question, this research application analogism, quotes Newton (1687) the law of universal gravitation which proposed in "Natural philosophy's Mathematics Principle" to take the analogy, develops the cluster relative effect the comparison model, explained why during different essential factor in an industrial settlement's will have the cohesion phenomenon, will form the cluster effect finally. In this study, Central and Southern Taiwan Science Park's TFT-LCD industry as the research object, evaluation of these two science parks in the TFT-LCD industry cluster effect on the merits, to verify the model's feasibility in real life. In the final results, will be the evaluation of the scores of small movements do multiply, the two parks, the Southern Taiwan Science Park to obtain higher scores, it can be said that the Southern Taiwan Science Park, TFT-LCD industry cluster effect higher. By Porter in the diamond model's five big essential factor classification, in ¡§factor of conditions¡¨ and ¡§related and supporting industry¡¨ in these two essential factors, the Southern Taiwan Science Park was in the upper hand; In ¡§demand condition¡¨ and ¡§firm strategy, structure and rivalry¡¨ on, is the Central Taiwan Science Park holds the superiority; As for in last item ¡§government and opportunity¡¨ in the comparison, two campuses are equally matched. Finally, also at the Central Taiwan Science Park and Southern Taiwan Science Park development on the current problems faced by comment, I hope the next government as a policy planning in the industrial park on the proposal, which is newly developed in this study "cluster can be quantified effect model "where the ultimate goal.

Abstract The situation of the world varies from minute to minute, and the market of the traditional industry changes fast also. Many parameters occur which challenge and strike against the highly polluted, low profit textile and dyeing-finishing industry. For instance, the issue of the global warming keeps spreading influence the whole world such as American and Europe to place more attention on the ecological environment. Second, the lack of the energy and natural resources raise the prime cost. Next, the opportunity the World Trade Organization (WTO) gives to the trade market forms a more competitive international relationship around the world. The difficulties and the threat the textile and dyeing-finishing industry meets urge the industry to find their way out. They should analyze the industrial structure and the international benefits, and find an alternative proposal and key success factor to create the competitive edge of their own. Furthermore, the best choice among all the solutions is that the industry should catch the world wave, producing environmentally friendly green product and devoting to lower the emission of the carbon dioxide (CO2¡^ during the producing process. This decision can not only lower the prime cost and earn more profits for the enterprise but also promote the corporate image. Moreover, when talking to establish the goal of reforming strategy, the enterprise should strengthen the integration of the inner and outer resource. Through the cluster model of the industrial structure they can support each other, forming the best green supply chain. Only through the above procedures can the enterprise maintain their long-lasting competitive advantage. Therefore, the paper is going to focus on the textile and dyeing-finishing industry in terms of : (1) the difficulties of the industry. (2) the turning point for the industry- the green supply chain. (3) the key success factor of the reforming strategy. (4) the perspective and opinion from experts and scholars. (5) the implication and conclusion.

The feature of Yiwu economy lies in the commodity wholesale market, which was founded in 1982. After over-20 years¡¦ development, Yiwu has formed a market system characterized by China Small Commodity City as the centre, as well as a range of supplementary factor markets such as transportation,property right, labor force, etc.. This thesis primarily concentrates on studying the economic development of Yiwu. How does the process of transforming form a traditional market fair to an international wholesale market city? Why does the wholesale industrial clusters in this city? What is the advantage of wholesale industry in Yiwu? The local government of Yiwu plays a considerable role in the process of developing economic by means of appropriate policy and privatized The Zhejiang China Small Commodities City Group, cultivating an environment for wholesale commodities trading center.

Modern neuron models are large, complex entities. The ability to better simulate these complex models has been iven by the development of ever more powerful and cheap computers. The capacity to manage and understand the models has lagged behind improvements in simulation ability almost from the inception of neuron modeling. Despite the computing power currently available, more powerful simulation platforms and strategies are needed to cope with current and next generation neuron models. This thesis develops methodologies aimed at better characterizing motoneuron models. The hypothesis presented is that relationships between model outputs in addition to the relationships between model inputs (parameters) and outputs (behaviors) provide a characteristic description of the model that describes the model in a more useful way than just model behaviors. This description can be used to compare a model to different implementations of the same motoneuron and to experiment data. Data mining and data reduction techniques were used to process the data. Principal component analysis was used to indicate a significant, consistent reduction in dimensionality in an intermediate, mechanistic layer between model inputs and outputs. This layer represents the non-linear relationships between input and output, implying that if the non-linear relationships of a model were better understood and accessible, a model could be manipulated by varying the mechanism layer members, or rather the model parameters that primarily affect a mechanism layer member. Hierarchical cluster analysis showed similarity between sensitivity analyses data from models with random parameter sets. A main cluster represented the main region of model behavior with outlying clusters representing non-physiological behavior. This indicates that sensitivity analysis data is a good candidate for a model signature. The results demonstrate the usefulness of cluster analysis in identifying the similarities between data used as a model characterization metric or model signature. Its application is also valuable in identifying the main region of useful activity of a model, thus helping to identify a potential 'average' parameter set. Furthermore, factor analysis also proves functional in identifying members of the mechanism layer as well as the degree to which model outputs are affected by these members.

<p>The overall purpose of this thesis work has been to further our understanding of the growth and removal of inclusions in gas- and induction-stirred ladles. The primary focus has been on alumina inclusions. </p><p>Growth mechanisms were studied using data from fundamental mathematical models of gas- and induction-stirred ladles. The results showed the turbulence mechanism to be the most dominant in alumina inclusion growth. The dynamic growth and removal of inclusions in a gas-stirred ladle was studied using mathematical modelling. The model results showed concentration gradients of inclusions. The effect was most obvious in the steel flow past the removal sites: top slag, ladle refractory, and gas plume (bubble flotation). A new removal model was developed for large spherical caps bubbles. </p><p>In order to verify the predicted concentration gradients for the size population of inclusions, three experiments were carried out in production. The sampling equipment enabled sampling at five different positions and different locations at the same time. The results showed that concentration gradients of inclusions do exist both in induction-stirred and gas-stirred ladles. A theoretical analysis showed that the drag force on the inclusions to be the dominating force and that therefore inclusions follow the fluid flow. </p><p>The cluster behaviour of alumina inclusions were examined on steel samples taken in an industrial-scale deoxidation experiment in a ladle. The samples were examined by microscope and the results used to study cluster growth. It was found that there was rapid cluster growth due to collision during stirring and that at the end of the deoxidation experiment a majority of the small inclusions were bound in clusters. The cluster growth data determined using the microscopic results were compared with predicted cluster-growth data. A method was developed for converting the experimental data observed per unit area into data given per unit volume and vice versa. An expression for the collision diameter of the cluster was also developed. The results showed that the predicted cluster growth agreed well with the microscopic observations for the assumptions made in the growth model.</p>

<p>The report is aimed to stress the support of start-up businesses that exists in the environment of cluster regions. The author will introduce the reader to the conceptions of cluster regions and different shapes of social capital. The empirical study is based on two specific networks operating in two cluster areas – contributing with a broader aspect of the conception of integration. The districts are the region of Gnosjö in southern Sweden and Silicon Valley in southern San Francisco, USA. The author explore relationships between actors within the two networks and highlight two different approaches the networks use dealing with different perspectives as supporting start-up businesses. She emphasizes the importance of nurturing relations in the regional environment, with stand in natural routines and informal meetings. This will be illustrated through examples of intimate interaction in Gnosjöandan and Silicon Valley, through a perspective of regional advantage, facing global markets. The analysis is based on theoretical support with foundation in several themes of conditions for a start-up business to establish on the market. With basis in theoretical frameworks and empirical facts the report has generated an interesting argumentation of critical conditions for establishment of start-up businesses. The discussion is based on different perspectives due to the dissimilar cases used in the study. Consequently, start-up conditions, generated in cluster atmospheres, are highlighted through three interesting aspects.</p>