2,6-Disubstituted spiro[3.3]heptanes were synthesized to investigate and develop synthetic methods for preparation of these compounds. Possibilities for introducing different functionalities like nitriles and sulfonamides were also investigated.   Synthetic routes presented describe successive [2+2] cycloadditions between dichloroketene and olefins to give the sought after spiro compounds with low to moderate yields throughout the multi-step synthesis. [2+2] Cycloadditions offered low turnovers and chromatography was required for purification.   A synthetic route with cyclisations through double substitution reactions between di-electrophiles and di-nucleophiles resulting in a 2,6-disubstituted spiro[3.3]heptane is also described. This multi-step synthesis offered higher turnover and yields and often there was no need for purification through chromatography.

Orientador: Carlos Roque Duarte Correia / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Quimica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-07T02:57:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Valle_MarceloSiqueira_D.pdf: 3031828 bytes, checksum: fac4450812e2c67cfd9a7da3a353a97b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2004 / Doutorado / Quimica Organica / Doutor em Ciências

Diels-Alder cycloaddition of methylcyclopentadienes to 2,5-dibromo-p-benzoquinone was performed. A single, isomerically pure cycloadduct was isolated, whose structure was assigned via analysis of its 1-D and 2-D NMR spectra. Diels-Alder cycloaddition of methylcyclopentadienes to 2 -methoxy-p-benzoquinone was performed. A single, isomerically pure cycloadduct was isolated, whose structure was assigned via analysis of the 1-D and 2-D NMR spectra of this cycloadduct and its reduction product obtained via stereo-specific reduction with sodium borohydride in the presence of cerous chloride. The structure of Thiele's ester was assigned via analysis of its 1-D and 2-D NMR spectra.

Ces travaux de thèse portent sur le développement de la première synthèse du squelette des 10-silastéroïdes, et cela grâce à une cascade cycloaddition [2+2+2]/extension de cycle. Après quelques rappels sur la chimie du silicium et sur son utilisation comme bioisostère du carbone en chimie médicinale, une vue d’ensemble de la littérature concernant les extensions de cycles tendus sera réalisée. Celle-ci nous amènera à détailler notre stratégie et ses trois défis importants qui seront abordés dans les chapitres suivants. Le premier est la préparation de silanes polyinsaturés susceptibles de réaliser notre cascade réactionnelle. Pour cela, le silicium doit porter quatre groupements différents. Dans ce but, trois synthèses ont été mises au point afin d’améliorer sans cesse la préparation de ces silanes. Le second défi de ce projet est l’accès au benzosilacyclobutène par cycloaddition [2+2+2], ceci étant la première étape de notre cascade. Cela est réalisé à l’aide d’une catalyse au NbCl3.DME, permettant ainsi la synthèse de benzosilacyclobutènes hautement fonctionnalisés avec de très bons rendements. Cette nouvelle synthèse est plus performante que la seule voie de synthèse existante dans la littérature, que se soit au niveau des rendements, de la fonctionnalisation des substrats, mais aussi grâce à des conditions plus douces. Le troisième défi est le contrôle de la régiosélectivité de la réaction d’extension de cycle des benzosilacyclobutènes. Cette régiosélectivité est grandement influencé par le métal utilisé. Ainsi, l’utilisation du catalyseur de cobalt CpCo(CO)2 pour notre cascade conduit au silapolycycle linéaire. La catalyse avec RhCl(PPh3)3 permet quant à elle d’accéder au silapolycycle angulaire désiré, possédant un atome de silicium en jonction de cycle, et donc au premier squelette de 10-silastéroïde. / This PhD work deals with the development of the first synthesis of the 10-silasteroids scaffold, using a cascade [2+2+2] cycloaddition/ring expansion. An overview of silicon chemistry and its use as a carbon bioisoster in medicinal chemistry is covered, followed by a description of the literature on ring expansion. Then, we will explain our strategy and its three main challenges will be discussed in the following chapters. The first one is the preparation of polyunsaturated silanes wich is capable of performing our cascade reaction. For this purpose, the silicon atom must have four different substituents. To reach this goal, three synthesis were developed in order to gradually increase the preparation of the silanes. The second challenge is the access to benzosilacyclobutenes by a [2+2+2] cycloaddition reaction, this reaction being the first step of our cascade reaction. It was done using NbCl3.DME catalysis, allowing the formation of highly functionalized benzosilacyclobutenes in high yields. This new synthesis is more efficient than the previously described literature synthesis, in means of yields, substrat functionnalizations, and mild reaction condition. The third challenge is the control of the regioselectivity of the ring expansion of the benzosilacyclobutenes. This regioselectivity mainly depends on the metal used. For exemple, the use of CpCo(CO)2 catalyst gives to the linear silapolycycle. Whereas, RhCl(PPh3)3 catalysis yields to the desired angular silapolycycle, containing the silicon atom at the ring junction, leading to the first synthesis of the 10-silasteroids scaffolds.

L’objectif de ce travail a porté sur l’élaboration d’une sonde bimodale ADP–TEP (absorption à deux photons–tomographie par emission de positons) pour des applications en imagerie médicale.Dans un premier temps, le projet a consisté en le design, la synthèse et l’évaluation des propriétés photophysiques d’une nouvelle série de chromophores diaziniques A–p–D (A : groupement électro-attracteur, p : lien conjugué, D : groupement électro-donneur). Des études de relation structure-propriétés photophysiques impliquant des modulations sur chacune des sous-structures (groupements A et D, lien p-conjugué) ont été réalisées puis étudiées en UV et en fluorescence. Suite à l’obtention de ces premiers résultats, des mesures d’absorption à deux photons ont été effectuées sur ces fluorophores.Dans un second temps, les fluorophores ont été modifiés afin de greffer des parties hydrophiles. Des propriétés photophysiques encourageantes ont été obtenues et des premiers tests en imagerie bi-photonique ont été réalisés.L’insertion du fluor radiomarqué est envisagée via l’insertion d’un groupement –BF2. Pour cela des structures chélatantes, « mimes de BODIPY », incorporant une pyrimidine ou un triazole ont été élaborées. Des premiers essais ont été conduits mais n’ont pas permis l’obtention des composés borés correspondants. / The purpose of this subject has been the synthesis of a bimodal probe using TPA–PET techniques for a potential application in biological imaging.In this context, we have synthesized a new range of A–π –D fluorophores incorporating diazine (p-deficient heterocycle) as electron-withdrawing moiety, N,N-dimethylaniline as electron-donating part and fluorene as p-conjugated linker. In order to increase the conjugation along the scaffold, ethynyl and/or triazole bridges have been introduced on both sides of the fluorene. The UV/Vis and photoluminescence properties have been measured. Further to those results two-photon absorption cross-section of our fluorophores (dTPA) has been obtained. Following these promising results, hydrophilic compounds using PEG groups have been prepared and photoluminescence properties have been carried out. In order to use the boron center as a site for radiofluorination, the synthesis of "BODIPY-like" probes has been considered. A new series of pyrimidine and triazole ligand have been synthesized but the corresponding boron complexes haven’t been obtained.

Ce travail traite du développement d’une nouvelle approche vers les squelettes tricycliques de plusieurs familles d’alcaloïdes non racémiques, impliquant une réaction de cyclisation de type Vilsmeier-Haack puis de cycloaddition (3 + 2) d’ylure d’azométhine. Le premier chapitre traite du design de cette cascade réactionnelle stéréocontrôlée ainsi que de l’identification d’un nucléophile cyclique chiral. Le développement des conditions réactionnelles pour la formation du nucléophile choisi est ainsi discuté, et ce nucléophile est testé sur un substrat modèle pour la cyclisation désirée. Le deuxième chapitre traite de la mise en œuvre de ce nucléophile dans la synthèse d’un précurseur des réactions en cascade étudiées pour la synthèse du tricycle C,D,E des alcaloïdes de type Aspidosperma. La synthèse de plusieurs précurseurs y est détaillée, ainsi que les moyens employés pour résoudre les problèmes synthétiques rencontrés. Les choix de modifications apportés aux différents précurseurs en fonction des résultats des tests de la séquence de cyclisations clefs sur ces précurseurs sont aussi détaillés. Le chapitre final traite de la réorientation du projet vers une autre cible, des alcaloïdes de type calyciphylline B. Une revue de la littérature concernant cette relativement jeune famille de produits naturels y est présentée. Nos efforts synthétiques vers de nouveaux précurseurs de séquence de cyclisations pour obtenir le tricycle A,B,E de ce type d’alcaloïdes, l’optimisation et l’étude des produits de cette étape sont abordées. Le chapitre termine sur des suggestions pour l’adaptation des résultats obtenus vers la première synthèse de produits naturels de cette famille.

A new synthetic route to natural and novel pyrethroid acids was developed utilizing ketene cycloaddition which is a significant improvement over existing syntheses. The newly synthesized pyrethroid acids were converted to pyrethroid esters and used to study structure-activity relationships. The cycloaddition of dichloroketene with 2,5-dimethyl-2,4-hexadiene yields (2+2) cycloaddition products, 2,2-dichlorocyclobutanones. The reductive removal of one chlorine atom from these cycloaddition products gave monochlorocyclobutanones which underwent a Favorskii-type ring contraction to yield cis- and trans-chrysanthemic acids. 4-Methyl-1,3-pentadiene was also used as a precursor in this synthetic scheme to yield an analogue of the chrysanthemic acid. These results are consistent with a concerted cycloaddition process involving a dipolar transition state. The zinc reduction is not a regiospecific reaction which accounts for the two regioisomers of the monochlorocyclobutanones. The Favorskii-type ring contraction is a regiospecific reaction. A variety of different bicyclo(3.1.0)alkenecarboxylates and bicyclo(4.1.0)heptenecarboxylates were synthesized from alkylcyclopentadiene and fulvene derivatives. These new bicyclo pyrethroid acids are structurally similar to the natural chrysanthemic acid but are rigid and locked in a single conformation which is likely the least stable conformer of the natural acid. The acids were converted to pyrethroid esters and tested against the housefly and cockroach. The test results indicate that the bicyclo pyrethroids synthesized are not as active as the natural pyrethroid. Apparently, these bicyclo pyrethroids with structures similar to the less stable conformer of the natural pyrethroids are of little consequence as it binds to the target site in the insect. In an effort to learn more about the conformational requirements of the pyrethroid acid, a new bicyclo-spiro pyrethroid system with a structure similar to the most stable conformation of the natural pyrethroid was designed and synthesized. These bicyclo-spiro pyrethroids were derived from a new isopropylidenecyclobutane derivatives as a starting compound instead of a conjugated diene. The test results of these bicyclo-spiro pyrethroid esters revealed a much greater activity against the housefly and cockroach. This study establishes that the more stable conformer of the natural pyrethroid acid provides a much higher toxicity against the insects tested.

In modern synthetic organic chemistry, chemists are driven to develop efficient methods for important C-C and C-N bond formation reactions. The challenge lies with establishing new uses for readily available substrates. In this regard, the synthesis of β-aminocarbonyl compounds from alkenes remains a long-standing challenge. Innovation in reaction discovery often requires finding new reagents, or rare reagents with underappreciated value in synthesis. In Chapter 1, N-isocyanates and other heterocumulenes are introduced as versatile amphoteric reagents. Their amphoteric properties are valuable in the discovery of new synthetic approaches, especially in cycloaddition reactions. While C-isocyanates are bulk industrial chemicals, the formation and reactivity of N-isocyanates remains underexplored. Chapter 2 describes the development of reactivity with rare imino-isocyanates. This includes methods to access the reagent in situ with a blocking group approach, and the establishment of intermolecular cycloaddition reactivity with a variety of alkenes. This stereospecific reaction provides complex N,N’-cyclic azomethine imines, and enables access to β-aminocarbonyl compounds from alkenes. β-Amino amides and esters, pyrazolidinones, and pyrazolones were accessed by reductive derivatization of the aminocarbonylation products. Exploration into the limits of this reactivity gave insight into fundamental properties of imino-isocyanates. This includes the first detection of imino-isocyanates by IR spectroscopy. A kinetic resolution of the azomethine imines obtained from this alkene aminocarbonylation reaction was then developed, which gave access to enantioenriched β-amino carbonyl compounds (Chapter 3). This was accomplished by Brønsted acid catalysed reduction, with a selectivity factor of 13-43. This was the first example of the enantioselective reduction of azomethine imines, and represents a new activation mode for reactions of N,N’-cyclic azomethine imines. Using this reductive method, both enantiomers of the β-amino amide could be obtained from a racemic azomethine imine in ≥ 97% ee. The discovery of new reactivity of imino-isocyanates with imines in described in Chapter 4, which allowed the synthesis of eight new azomethine imines with the triazolone core. Our initial scope studies revealed different trends with imines than with alkenes, including increased reactivity, which led to investigation of the mechanism of this reaction. In addition, this was shown to be a valuable new approach for the synthesis of triazolones from imines.

Nitrones are alternatives to azides in rapid strain-promoted 1,3-dipolar cycloadditions with cyclooctynes. To evaluate the differences between nitrones and azides we have performed kinetic studies of strain-promoted alkyne-nitrone cycloaddition (SPANC) reactions of biarylazacyclooctynone (BARAC) with various acyclic and cyclic nitrones. The reactions were conducted under pseudo first-order reaction conditions using UV-visible spectroscopy. The reactivity of the acyclic nitrones was evaluated by varying the stereoelectronic and steric character of substituents at both the α-aryl and nitrogen positions. Cyclic nitrone reactivity was assessed according to the size of the ring and additional steric and strain effects. The obtained second-order rate constants for reactions of BARAC with cyclic nitrones were found to be greater than those for acyclic nitrones. However, all nitrones employed in the kinetic studies herein displayed significantly greater reactivity than azides in the analogous cycloadditions with BARAC. It is of particular note that the five-membered cyclic nitrones showed exceptional reactivity and, if used as rapid alternatives to azides in reactions with BARAC, can increase the reaction rates by up to 50 fold. An attempt to synthesize an allylated BARAC analogue is also described; the rearrangement reaction leading to the unexpected products is reported. The reaction rate for the novel rearrangement under both neutral and acidic conditions was obtained and plausible mechanisms for formation of products are proposed. Based on the results reported herein we anticipate that development of a labelling probe based on BARAC and a five-membered cyclic nitrone would allow for significant decrease of the concentrations of labelling reagents, thereby minimizing reaction time and reagent usage in life sciences applications. Nevertheless, a possible labelling decrease due to side reactions should be given consideration for prolonged labelling.

Orientador: Carlos Roque Duarte Correia / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Química / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-18T16:35:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Ambrosio_JoaoCarlosLaboissiere_M.pdf: 857346 bytes, checksum: 8b2329959d1eba887b05b7407d4958dc (MD5) Previous issue date: 2001 / Resumo: Essa dissertação descreve a síntese enantiosseletiva da (+)-lactona de Geissman-Waiss, importante intermediário sintético na obtenção de bases necínicas e alcalóides pirrolizidínicos tais como a (-)-platinecina e a (+)-retronecina. O enecarbamato quiral de 5 membros foi preparado a partir da L-prolina. Este foi submetido às condições de cicloadição [2+2] frente ao dicloroceteno levando à formação da diclorociclobutanona como um único diastereoisômero. Remoção dos cloros seguido de uma reação de Baeyer-Villiger levou à lactona, que foi submetida às condições de descarboxilação descritas por Boger completando a síntese enantiosseletiva da N-Boc lactona de Geissman-Waiss (rendimento global de 11%). Uma segunda síntese da (+)-lactona de Geissman-Waiss foi completada, desta vez partindo do ácido L-piroglutâmico evitando, assim, a etapa de oxidação com RuCl3 (rendimento global de 14%). Nessa segunda fase do projeto, a reação de descarboxilação foi utilizada para a formação do sistema azabiciclo[3.2.0] 5-heptanona quiral que pode vir a ser um intermediário avançado na síntese da (-)-detoxinina / Abstract: This dissertation describes the enantiosselective synthesis of the (+)-Geissman-Waiss Lactone, an important synthetic intermediate in the obtainment of necinic bases and pyrrolizidinic alkaloids such as the (-)-platinecin and (+)-retronecin. L-proline was the starting material for the synthesis of the chiral five membered enecarbamate. The enecarbamate underwent a [2 + 2] cycloaddition with dichloroketene leading to the formation of the dichlorociclobutanone as an exclusive diastereoisomer. Chlorine removal followed by Baeyer-Villiger cycloexpansion lead to a lactone, which, under Boger's decarboxilation procedure, completed the enantiosselective synthesis of N-Boc Geissman-Waiss lactone (11% overall yield). A second attempt to synthesize (+)-Geissman-Waiss lactone, utilized L-pyroglutamic acid as starting meterial avoiding, thus, the oxidation step utilizing RuCl3. The synthesis was completed with 14% overall yield. In this second phase of the project the decarboxilation reaction was employed to generate the chiral azabycicle[3.2.0] 5-heptanone moiety which is a synthetic intermediate for the synthesis of the (-)-detoxinine / Mestrado / Quimica Organica / Mestre em Química