Entre os diferentes tipos de substratos diazocarbonílicos encontrados na literatura, as diazocetonas α,β-insaturadas têm mostrado promissoras aplicações como intermediários multifuncionais. Este trabalho de tese foi dividido em três capítulos e visou expandir as aplicações das diazocetonas α,β-insaturadas em química e bioquímica. No primeiro capítulo, as diazocetonas foram apresentadas como plataformas para a síntese direta de amidas e ésteres β,γ-insaturados via Rearranjo de Wolff. Quando diazocetonas derivadas de amino-aldeídos foram utilizadas, isósteros peptídicos foram obtidos como demonstrado na síntese rápida e eficiente do nitróxido JP4-039. No mesmo capítulo, um estudo aprofundado comprovando a eficiência de diferentes lâmpadas comerciais (CFL e LED) para promover o Rearranjo de Wolff é apresentado, representando uma alternativa sustentável. O segundo capítulo é voltado a expansão da química das diazocetonas insaturadas para o estudo de reações de cicloadição [2+2] e [4+2]. Foi demonstrado o preparo dos ésteres precursores para reações de cicloadições via rearranjo de Wolff na presença de álcoois alílicos e as tentativas que culimaram na síntese de um cicloaduto de Diels-Alder. O capítulo 3 foi dedicado ao emprego das diazocetonas α,β-insaturadas para a modificação química específica de proteínas. As diazocetonas foram aplicadas com sucesso para este fim, assim como inspiraram o desenvolvimento de um novo método promissor de bioconjugacão seletiva para cisteínas. / Among the various types of diazocarbonyl substrates found in the literature, α,β-unsaturated diazoketones have shown a number of promising applications as multifunctional intermediates. This thesis is divided into three chapters, aimed at expanding the reactivity of such α,β-unsaturated diazoketones for synthetic chemistry and chemical biology applications. In the first chapter, diazoketones are presented as platforms for the direct synthesis of β,γ-unsaturated amides and esters via a Wolff rearrangement reaction. When diazoketones derived from amino-aldehyde are substrates, peptidic isosters are obtained, as demonstrated in the efficient synthesis of the nitroxide drug, JP4-039. In the same chapter, a study demonstrating the efficiency of several commercial light sources (CFL and LED) to promote the Wolff rearrangement was described, representing a sustainable alternative to UV lamps for this interesting reaction. The second chapter sought to expand the chemistry of unsaturated diazoketones for the study of [2 + 2] and [4 + 2] cycloaddition reactions. The preparation of the precursor esters for cycloaddition reaction was demonstrated by the Wolff rearrangement of precursors in the presence of allylic alcohols, and the attempt then culminated in the synthesis of a Diels-Alder cycloadduct. Chapter 3 was devoted to the use of α,β-unsaturated diazoketones for the site-specific chemical modification of proteins. These have been successfully demonstrated for this purpose, as well as inspiring the development of a promising new method for selective bioconjugation of cysteines.

Protein-protein interactions (PPIs) are responsible for the regulation of a variety of important functions within living organisms. Compounds which can selectively modulate aberrant PPIs are novel therapeutic candidates for treating human diseases. Whilst PPIs have traditionally been considered as "undruggable", research in this area has led to the emergence of several effective methodologies for targeting PPIs. One such methodology is peptide stapling, which involves constraining a short peptide into its native alpha-helical form by forming a covalent link between two of its amino acid side-chains. The Sondheimer dialkyne reagent has previously been used in strain-promoted double-click cycloadditions with diazidopeptides to generate stapled peptides that are capable of inhibiting PPIs. However, the Sondheimer dialkyne suffers from poor water-solubility; it decomposes rapidly in aqueous solutions which limits its application in biological systems. This dissertation describes the design and synthesis of new substituted variants of the Sondheimer dialkyne with increased solubility and stability, that are suitable for application in strain promoted double click peptide stapling. In total, ten different derivatives were generated; of these, a meta-trimethylammonium substituted variant was found to have particularly high water-solubility and aqueous stability, as well as high azide reactivity. The substituted Sondheimer dialkynes were applied to the strain promoted double click stapling of p53-based diazido peptides in an effort to generate stapled peptide-based inhibitors of the oncogenic p53 MDM2 PPI, a validated target for anticancer therapeutics. Three stapled peptides were found to have inhibitory activity, thus demonstrating the utility of the novel dialkynes in the preparation of PPI inhibitors. The functionalised stapled peptide formed from a meta-fluoro substituted Sondheimer dialkyne was found to be the most potent inhibitor. All ortho-substituted Sondheimer dialkynes were found to be unreactive, whereas those with a meta-trimethylammonium substituent were highly reactive when compared to other meta-substituted dialkynes. These patterns in azide reactivity could be explained through X-ray crystallographic studies and density functional theory calculations.

Le développement de nouvelles réactions de ligation sélectives, capables de former des liens covalents dans des milieux complexes, est en plein essor depuis une dizaine d’années. Malgré de nombreux efforts, peu de réactions chimiques répondent aux critères de bioorthogonalité et la cycloaddition alcyne-azoture est devenue une réaction bioorthogonale essentielle à la fois pour les chimistes mais aussi pour les biochimistes.Le but de ce travail a été d’améliorer la cinétique de la réaction de cycloaddition alcyne-azoture catalysée par le cuivre, de façon à pouvoir réduire au maximum la quantité de cuivre nécessaire à la réaction et donc son éventuelle toxicité, notamment sur les cellules. Les efforts de recherche menés par de nombreux groupes dans le monde ont porté sur l’augmentation des capacités catalytiques du cuivre (I) par complexation avec des ligands appropriés. Dans un premier temps, à partir de ces résultats, une nouvelle série des ligands du cuivre a été développée au laboratoire et testée dans des milieux aqueux et biologiques. Dans un second temps, nous nous sommes intéressés à une nouvelle stratégie qui consiste à concevoir et synthétiser des azotures chélatants du cuivre. Ces azotures servent à la fois de ligands et de réactifs, et permettent d’accélérer considérablement les vitesses de réaction de la cycloaddition alcyne-azoture en milieu aqueux et en milieu complexe. Ces azotures ont été évalués pour des applications de « fishing » dans lysats cellulaires et sur cellules vivantes. / To improve the kinetic of the CuAAC (Copper Catalyzed Azide-Alkyne Cycloaddition) reaction and to overcome the problems of cytotoxicity of copper which preclude many applications in bioconjugation, recent research efforts have focused on the use of appropriate ligands in combination with copper. Indeed, certain ligands can be added to the reaction solution to bind copper, accelerate reaction, prevent the disproportion and slow down the oxygen reaction. During the first part of my PhD, we have synthesized a new library of ligands bearing amines as specific complexing sites for copper. These libraries of ligands were tested on the CuAAC reaction in diluted aqueous media and in complex media through the use of a fluorogenic assays. Ligands developed in the laboratory were compared with known ligands for the CuAAC, described in the literature. In a second part, we envisioned another strategy to accelerate the kinetics of the CuAAC. For that purpose, we synthesized new azides bearing copper complexation sites by introducing in their structure a copper chelating moiety. Those different azides have been tested in the CuAAC reaction with the help of fluorogenic assays, in diluted aqueous media and in cell lysate. Best chelating azides were tested also in “fishing” experiments of proteins in cell lysate and in cells.

Une approche hors ‘pool chiral' du système tricyclique 8b-azaacenaphthylène de l'alcaloïde (-)-205B a été développé. Cet alcaloïde, caractérisé par son squelette tricyclique rarement rencontré dans les produits naturels, a suscité un intérêt scientifique important ces dernières années du à son activité biologique potentiel vis à vis de maladies neurodégénératives. Cependant, due à sa très faible bio-disponsibilitié son mode d'action détaillée est actuellement inconnue. Notre stratégie se caractérise par plusieurs transformations remarquables. Une cycloaddition thermique [2 + 2] hautement stéréosélective et une expansion de cycle via un réarrangement de Beckmann donnent accès à un lactame fonctionnalisé. Une réaction de Mannich vinylogue fournit efficacement un buténolide qui est ensuite rapidement transformé en un motif indolizidinone. Après méthylation de cet intermediaire bicyclique, une réaction de cyclisation de type aza-Prins, rarement utilisée en synthèse, conduit à un intermédiaire avancé possédant le système tricyclique qui caractérise le produit naturel. Ainsi, cette approche défini une base solide pour une nouvelle voie d'accès à cet important et particulièrement rare alcaloïde isolé à partir de peau de grenouille néotropicales Dendrobates pumilio considerée comme espèce protégée. / A non-chiral pool approach to the 8b-azaacenaphthylene ring system of the frog poison alkaloid (-)-205B has been developed. This rare tricyclic alkaloid has been of considerable synthetic interest in recent years owing to its potential biological activity against neuronal disorders. However, due to lack of material, a detailed study of the mode of action of this natural product has not yet been reported. Our strategy features several noteworthy transformations. A highly diastereoselective thermal [2+2] cycloaddition and a ring expansion through Beckmann rearrangement generates the functionalised lactam intermediate. An efficient vinylogous Mannich reaction then provides access to a butenolide, which subsequently leads to an indolizidinone ring system. After installation of a methyl group on this bicyclic intermediate, a relatively unexplored aza-Prins cyclization has been successfully employed to obtain an advanced intermediate, possessing the desired tricyclic system found in the natural product. This approach has laid a solid foundation for a novel access to this potentially important but scarce alkaloid extracted from a neotropical frog Dendrobatus pumilio that is threatened to be endangered.

Submitted by (lucia.rodrigues@ufrpe.br) on 2017-02-15T15:40:19Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Wilson Silva do Nascimento.pdf: 1102619 bytes, checksum: f3fd4580e9425c165601806a91092eda (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-02-15T15:40:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Wilson Silva do Nascimento.pdf: 1102619 bytes, checksum: f3fd4580e9425c165601806a91092eda (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-02-15 / In the present study was performed the synthesis of a new series of 1,2,3- triazole derivative 1,4-disubstituted naphthoquinone group containing the position of a heterocyclic ring from the reaction of 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition between the two precursor azido-1,4-naphthoquinone and 10 terminal alkynes, using a method that employs the use of CuI as the catalytic species for the regioselective formation of the triazole and acetonitrile as solvent. Other methods were also tested, including the one described by using Sharpless reducing environment, however, these methods were less effective or not promoted the formation of the triazole ring. Two of these triazoles had obtained the hydroxyl groups present in its structure acetylated methodology developed in our laboratory using acetic anhydride and montmorillonite K-10 by ultrasound, a total number of 12 new structures of [1,2,3]-triazole 1,4- disubstituted. A second route to obtain 1,4-disubstituted triazoles connected to 1,4- naphthoquinone was proposed from the reaction between 2-ethynyl-1,4- naphthoquinone and azido compound, for it was synthesized the 2-(3-hydroxy-3- metilbutinil)-1,4-naphthoquinone. However, the subsequent reaction of deprotection of this compound, as well as the synthesis of the precursor 2-trimethylsilyl-1,4- naphthoquinone did not work. All the products of unknown structures were characterized by 1H NMR and 13C NMR, elemental analysis, LC-MS and infrared. / No presente trabalho foi realizada a síntese de uma nova série de derivados 1,2,3-triazólicos 1,4-dissubstituídos contendo o grupo naftoquinona na posição 1 deste anel heterocíclico a partir da reação de cicloadição 1,3-dipolar entre o precursor 2-azido-1,4-naftoquinona e 10 alcinos terminais, utilizando um método que emprega o uso de CuI como espécie catalítica para a formação regiosseletiva do anel triazólico e acetonitrila como solvente. Outros métodos também foram testados, entre eles o descrito por Sharpless que utiliza meio redutor, no entanto, estes métodos mostraram-se menos eficiente ou não promoveram a formação do anel triazólico. Dois destes triazóis obtidos tiveram os grupos hidroxilas presente em sua estrutura acetilados por metodologia desenvolvida em nosso laboratório utilizando anidrido acético e montmorillonite K-10 em ultra som, totalizando uma série de 12 novas estruturas de [1,2,3]-triazóis 1,4-dissubstituídos. Uma segunda rota para a obtenção dos derivados triazólicos 1,4-dissubstituídos ligados à 1,4- naftoquinona foi proposta a partir da reação entre o 2-etinil-1,4-naftoquinona e azido composto, para isso, foi sintetizado o 2-(3-hidroxi-3metilbutinil)-1,4-naftoquinona. No entanto, a subseqüente reação de desproteção deste composto, assim como, a síntese do precursor 2-trimetilsilil-1,4-naftoquinona não funcionou. Todos os produtos obtidos de estruturas inéditas foram caracterizados por espectroscopia de RMN 1H e RMN 13C, análise elementar, LC-MS e infravermelho.

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No description available.

Ce manuscrit présente le développement de nouvelles réactions de cycloaddition [3+2] palladocatalysées entre des vinylcyclopropanes électro-appauvris et diverses espèces dipolarophiles. La première partie de ces travaux a porté sur la désaromatisation de composés nitroaromatiques tels que les 3-nitroindoles ou les 2-nitrobenzofuranes par le biais d'un procédé de cycloaddition impliquant les vinylcyclopropanes. Une seconde méthodologie de cycloaddition [3+2] énantiosélective entre des aldéhydes ?,?-insaturés et des vinylcyclopropanes a été développée. En tirant parti du concept de catalyse synergique métallo-organique, divers cyclopentanes hautement fonctionnalisés ont été obtenus, avec notamment des énantiosélectivités très élevées. Dans une troisième partie de ces travaux, l'extension de cette méthodologie à la synthèse de composés hétérocycliques a été étudiée ; une première approche impliquant la formation in situ de dipôles-1,3 et -1,4 azotés n'ayant pas abouti à la réactivité désirée, nous avons alors développé une méthodologie de cycloaddition de vinylcyclopropanes et d'imines électro-déficientes par catalyse au palladium(0) menant à des dérivés de pyrrolidine. / This manuscript presents the development of novel palladium-catalysed [3+2] cycloaddition reactions between vinylcyclopropanes and various dipolarophiles. The first part of this work focused on the dearomatization of nitroaromatic compounds such as 3-nitroindoles and 2-nitrobenzofurans through a cycloaddition process with vinylcyclopropanes. In a second time, an enantioselective [3+2] cycloaddition of vinylcyclopropanes with α,β-unsaturated aldehydes under a synergistic metal-organocatalytic activation manifold was developed, leading to highly substituted cyclopentane scaffolds with very high enantioselectivity. In a third part of this work, the extension of this methodology towards the synthesis of heterocyclic compounds was investigated. A first approach dealing with the in situ generation of nitrogen-containing 1,3- and 1,4-dipoles did not lead to the desired reactivity, which prompted us to develop a palladium(0)-catalysed cycloaddition of vinylcyclopropanes and electron-deficient imines to synthesize pyrrolidine derivatives.

Ausgangspunkt war die aus der Fulleren-Chemie bekannte Prato-Reaktion, bei welcher das Ylid in situ aus einer Aminosäure und einem Aldehyd generiert wird und anschließend mit den C=C-Bindungen des Fullerens reagiert. Diese Funktionalisierungsmethode wurde nun auf Detonationsnanodiamant übertragen. Um zusätzliche π-Bindungen auf der Oberfläche der Diamantteilchen zu schaffen, wurden diese i.Vak. bei 750 °C ausgeheizt (ND750). Für die Immobilisierung wurde die Aminosäure Sarcosin gewählt. Dodecanal und 2,4,6-Tris(hexadecyloxy)-benzaldehyd dienten jeweils als Reaktionspartner. Da bereits in früheren Studien gezeigt wurde, dass bei dieser Reaktion der Aldehyd selbst unspezifisch an den Diamanten binden kann und so möglicherweise Teile der Oberfläche für die spezifische Funktionalisierung blockiert, wurden für die weitere Betrachtung Azomethinylidvorstufen synthetisiert, die selbst nicht in der Lage sind, mit der Diamantoberfläche zu reagieren. Diesen Zweck erfüllten N-heterocyclische Iminiumbromide, die durch Umsetzung des jeweiligen Heteroaromaten mit Bromessigsäureethylester bzw. Bromacetonitril erhalten wurden. Alle Ylidvorstufen wurden in Gegenwart von NEt3 in situ zu den gewünschten Dipolen umgesetzt und auf Nanodiamant immobilisiert. Neben ND750 wurden auch oxidierter und unbehandelter Diamant (NDox bzw. NDunb) sowie Diamant, der bei 900 °C i.Vak. ausgeheizt wurde (ND900), als Substrat eingesetzt, um den Einfluss der Oberflächenterminierung und des Graphitisierungsgrades auf das Reaktionsverhalten zu studieren. Durch Raman- und IR-Spektroskopie wurde gezeigt, dass NDox sehr viele Carbonylgruppen und wenig C=C-Doppelbindungen auf seiner Oberfläche trägt. Durch das Ausheizen i.Vak wurden hingegen zusätzliche π-Bindungen erzeugt, die bei ND900 bereits ausgedehntere Bereiche mit sp2-Kohlenstoff bilden. Der Erfolg der Immobilisierung wurde IR-spektroskopisch nachgewiesen. Die Oberflächenbeladung aller hergestellten Diamantaddukte wurde thermogravimetrisch bestimmt. NDox immobilisierte unabhängig vom Reaktionspartner stets die wenigsten Moleküle auf seiner Oberfläche. Deren Terminierung wird von Carbonylgruppen dominiert, die grundsätzlich schlechtere Dipolarophile darstellen als C=C-Doppelbindungen. Die übrigen Diamantmaterialien NDunb, ND750 und ND900 ließen keine eindeutige Tendenz bezüglich ihrer Reaktionsfreudigkeit erkennen. Die Oberfläche des unbehandelten Diamanten NDunb besitzt sowohl Carbonylfunktionen als auch einzelne Bereiche graphitischen Kohlenstoffs. Diese konkurrieren vermutlich um die angebotenen Dipole, sodass die resultierenden Oberlächenbeladungen ihrer Konjugate in einem mittleren Wertebereich liegen. Durch das Ausheizen i.Vak. werden viele Carbonylgruppen unter Ausbildung weiterer C=C-Doppelbindungen von der Oberfläche entfernt. Bei 750 °C sind diese räumlich sehr beschränkt, stark gekrümmt und daher sehr reaktiv. Trotzdem erreichte ND750 selten eine Oberflächenbelegung, welche jene von NDunb übertrifft. Die π-Bindungen auf seiner Oberfläche sind in Fünf- und Sechsringe eingebaut, um die gekrümmte Struktur zu realisieren. Wahrscheinlich besteht für die Cycloaddition an Nanodiamant eine dem Fulleren C60 ähnliche Regioselektivität bezüglich der angegriffen Doppelbindung. Somit stehen nicht alle frisch erzeugten C=C-Bindungen für die Reaktion zur Verfügung. Bei 900 °C ist die Graphitisierung der Diamantoberfläche weiter fortgeschritten. Es entstehen nicht nur neue C=C-Bindungen, sondern bereits gebildete Kohlenstoffkappen beginnen zu koaleszieren, wobei ausgedehntere sp2-Bereiche mit geringerer Krümmung und somit verminderter Reaktivität entstehen. So nimmt die Oberflächenbeladung der meisten ND900-Konjugate nicht weiter zu. Wie aus den Ergebnissen dieser Arbeit hervorgeht, ist die Funktionalisierung von Nanodiamantpartikeln nicht trivial. Sowohl die Oberflächenbeschaffenheit des Diamantmaterials als auch die Struktur des eingesetzten Azomethinylids beeinflussen das Immobilisierungsverhalten. Die vorliegende Arbeit zeigt aber, dass die 1,3-dipolare Cycloaddition von Azomethinyliden eine nützliche Methode zur Funktionalisierung von Nanodiamantpartikeln ist. Sie ermöglicht des Weiteren die simultane Einführung mehrerer unterschiedlicher funktioneller Gruppen. Dies macht die untersuchte Reaktion zu einem wertvollen Werkzeug für die Herstellung funktionalisierter Nanodiamantmaterialien, z. B. für biomedizinische Anwendungen. / It is commonly known from the chemistry of fullerene C60 that these ylides, generated in situ by a decarboxylative condensation of an amino acid and an aldehyde, add to the C=C double bonds of the fullerene. In this work this kind of functionalization was transferred to nanodiamond particles. Prior to the reaction, the diamond particles were annealed in vacuo at 750 °C in order to establish additional π-bonds on their surface. The amino acid sarcosine was chosen for immobilization. Dodecanal and 2,4,6-tris(hexadecyloxy) benzaldehyde each served as the reactant. Earlier studies demonstrated that the aldehyde itself is able to bind nonspecifically to the diamond surface. Thus, ylide precursors unable to react directly with diamond had to be synthesized. N-heterocyclic iminium bromides served this purpose. They were obtained by the conversion of N-heteroaromatic compounds with bromo ethylacetate and bromo acetonitrile respectively. All ylide precursors were converted in situ to the desired 1,3-dipoles with NEt3 and grafted onto nanodiamond. This reaction was applied not only to ND750, but also to oxidized and pristine diamond (NDox and NDunb) as well as diamond, which was annealed in vacuo at 900 °C (ND900), in order to investigate how the termination and the degree of graphitization of the diamond surface affect the reaction behaviour. As shown by Raman and IR spectroscopy, NDox carries a lot of carbonyl functions and very few C=C bonds. On thermal annealing, additional π-bonds were created, which began to form extended sp2-areas on ND900. The various pre-treated starting materials were subjected to reactions with N-heterocyclic iminium salts. The successful immobilization was verified by IR spectroscopy. The surface loading values of all obtained diamond adducts were determined by thermogravimetric analyses. No matter which reagent was applied, NDox invariably displayed the fewest surface loadings in each course of reactions. This is due to the prevailing carbonyl surface groups. They are essentially poorer dipolarophiles than C=C double bonds. In terms of reactivity the other diamond starting materials NDunb, ND750 and ND900 did not exhibit a definite trend. The surface of the pristine diamond NDunb offers carbonyl groups as well as particular areas of graphitic carbons. They both compete for the applied dipoles and the corresponding diamond conjugates have moderate surface loading values . Annealing the diamond samples in vacuo removes the carbonyl groups and generates further C=C bonds instead. At 750 °C, these are spatially confined, strongly curved and thus highly reactive. Nevertheless, the surface loadings for ND750 rarely exceeded those of NDunb. The π-bonds on its surface are incorporated in five- and six-membered rings to accomplish the curved structure. Regarding the regioselectivity of the attacked double bond, it is possible to compare the cycloaddition on nanodiamond to the reaction on fullerene C60. That is the reason why not all freshly generated C=C bonds on the diamond are available for the reaction. At 900 °C, the graphitization of the diamond surface has further progressed. Not only are new C=C bonds formed, but the already established sp2-caps also begin to coalesce, whereby extended graphitic areas start to emerge. They are less curved and thus less reactive. So the surface loading of most ND900 conjugates does not increase. The experimental findings demonstrate that the functionalization of diamond nanoparticles is not trivial. Both the nature of the diamond surface and the structure of the applied azomethine ylides affect the behaviour of the immobilization. Nonetheless, the herein studied 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of azomethine ylides is a useful method to functionalize nanodiamonds. It even allows for the simultaneous introduction of several different functional groups. Thus, this dipolar reaction is a valuable tool for the preparation of functionalized diamond nanomaterials, which could be employed for biomedical applications.

Le travail décrit dans ce manuscrit présente l'utilisation de deux techniques immunoenzymatiques pour le criblage à haut débit de catalyseurs chimiques et biologiques. Ces méthodes, jusqu'à présent réservées au monde du diagnostic sont employées ici pour la découverte de nouveaux catalyseurs pour des réactions énantiosélectives ainsi que pour des réactions de couplage. Les dosages immunologiques « par compétition » faisant appel aux anticorps monoclonaux se sont avérés des excellents outils pour le criblage à haut débit de catalyseurs asymétriques pour les réactions d'insertion de carbénoïdes dans la liaison OH de l'eau tandis que celles utilisant des anticorps polyclonaux ont été utilisées avec succès pour le criblage de biocaytalyseurs pour la réaction d'ouverture énantiosélective des oxazolones par l'eau. Un autre type de méthode utilisant des anticorps monoclonaux, appelée « sandwich » nous a permis de réaliser le criblage à haut débit de catalyseurs pour la réaction de cycloaddition alcyne-azoture.