This thesis shows that existing definitions of code-injection attacks (e.g., SQL-injection attacks) are flawed. The flaws make it possible for attackers to circumvent existing mechanisms, by supplying code-injecting inputs that are not recognized as such. The flaws also make it possible for benign inputs to be treated as attacks. After describing these flaws in conventional definitions of code-injection attacks, this thesis proposes a new definition, which is based on whether the symbols input to an application get used as (normal-form) values in the application's output. Because values are already fully evaluated, they cannot be considered ``code'' when injected. This simple new definition of code-injection attacks avoids the problems of existing definitions, improves our understanding of how and when such attacks occur, and enables us to evaluate the effectiveness of mechanisms for mitigating such attacks.

The Internet is one of the most advanced technologies of modern times and it is diffusing at an exponential rate amongst business-to-consumer and business-to-business organisations. This has resulted in it becoming an irrevocable and an unstoppable trend, thereby making it vital for companies to incorporate it into their businesses. The Internet, Internet technologies and Internet services, particularly the Web, are widely acknowledged to have had and to continue to have a considerable impact on the practice of marketing. The adoption of the Internet and the Web is an independent variable influencing two interrelated aspects of the marketing function, namely the company’s conceptualisation of its marketing activities and the definition of its markets, which together directly influence the creation of greater customer value. Although research studies regarding the Internet’s impact on marketing conducted in the past in different countries and at different times produced quite similar trends in responses, advances in information technology (IT) and the increased Internet usage since the late 1990s necessitated reinvestigating marketers’ perceptions as to the changes in market practices brought about by the Internet. This study sought to determine the changes arising from the Internet in the conceptualisation of marketing activities, the definition of markets and the creation of greater customer value, based on a literature review and on empirical evidence founded on the opinions of South African marketing practitioners. The purpose of this study was to determine the South African marketing practitioners’ perceptions of the Internet’s influence on the practice of marketing. Five focal questions were asked and answered by the study: 1. How has the Internet changed the way that companies conceptualise their marketing activities? 2. How has the Internet changed the way that companies define their markets? 3. How has the Internet changed the way that companies create value for their customers? 4. To what extent have South African marketers’ perceptions of the influence of the Internet on marketing changed from the late 1990s to 2011? 5. To what extent do South African marketers’ perceptions of the influence of the Internet on marketing differ to those in studies conducted in Australia in 2001(Leong, Ewing & Pitt, 2003) and in Iran in 2007 (Ghazisaeedi, Pitt & Chaharsooghi, 2007)? For this study, the target population comprised South African marketing practitioners. The sampling frame consisted of the top 200 South African companies of 2009, ranked according to turnover, listed on the Johannesburg Stock Exchange (JSE), as published by the Financial Mail (2009). A non-probability, judgment sample of the 100 of these top South African companies was taken in April 2011. The study was conducted without replacement sampling. The telephone directory was used to obtain the telephone numbers of these companies so that the secretaries could be contacted to obtain the particulars of the marketing managers or marketing directors of the companies and permission to forward the questionnaire to the respective individuals. A structure self-administered questionnaire was then be emailed to those respondents from whom telephonic permission had been obtained. The questionnaire requested respondents to indicate on a five-point Likert scale their perceptions as to the extent to which the Internet influences the marketing practices within their company on 31 items divided into the three constructs of re-conceptualising marketing activities, changing market definition and creating greater customer value. In addition, the respondents were asked to provide certain demographic data. The findings indicate that the Internet has changed the way companies conceptualise their marketing activities, define their markets and create value for their customers in a variety of ways. When comparing this study against the results of the other three studies it is evident, that between the 1997 and the 2011 South African study and the 2001 Australian study and the 2011 South African study, the respondents did not vary significantly in their perceptions towards the items in each of the three constructs and the overall scale. Hence, the differences between the mean scores of the two studies concerning the three constructs and the overall scale are both statistically and practically non-significant. When comparing the 2005 Iranian study against the 2011 South African, the results show that for both the first construct and the overall scale there is a significant statistical difference at p < 0.05. Concerning to Construct 1, the extent to which the Internet has changed the way that companies conceptualise their marketing activities, a significant statistical difference exists between the two studies, with p = 0.002 < 0.05. Furthermore, with regard to the overall scale, the Internet’s influence on the marketing activities of companies, a significant statistical difference exists between the two studies, with p = 0.046 < 0.05. With the exception of Construct 1 and the overall scale, there is no significant statistical difference between the 2005 Iranian and the 2011 South African studies on Construct 2 and Construct 3. These results indicate that the respondents from the two studies conducted in Iran in 2005 and more recently in South Africa in 2011 did not vary significantly in their perceptions towards items in the second construct and the third construct. In order to assess whether there was a significant practical difference in the item means between the two studies, Cohen’s D-statistic was used. There is a small effect, moving toward practical significance on Construct 1 (D = 0.422) and the overall scale (D = 0.268). From this, it is evident that all main areas of marketing are being significantly influenced by the Internet. Therefore, Internet marketing has become a business imperative owing to it being an irrevocable and an unstoppable trend and, as a result, companies must make a concerted effort to collaborate the technologies available to them to avoid failure in the new digital business environment. / MCom, Marketing Management, North-West University, Vaal Triangle Campus, 2012

A dissertação aborda a questão do território e das disputas discursivas para problematizar as delimitações do fenômeno favela por distintas definições de instituições estabelecidas como Organização das Nações Unidas, Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística e Instituto de Pesquisa Econômica Aplicada. Parte-se do problema de que cada definição de favela utiliza distintos critérios de classificação, o que acaba por produzir dados estatísticos diversos. Dados estes que instauram distintas realidades a respeito do mesmo fenômeno, constituem discursos numéricos sobre favela e se territorializam na forma de discursos imagéticos ou cartográficos. O trabalho propõe-se a analisar essa problemática a partir de um estudo geral de análise dos discursos de definições de favela e seus efeitos estatísticos, e, a partir de um estudo de caso a respeito das cartografias constituídas por esses discursos, tendo Porto Alegre como locus do caso. Assim, pretende-se verificar, a partir dos discursos analisados, as diferenças entre os fenômenos construídos por cada instituição com o fim de estabelecer o entendimento de favela, para este estudo, como um fenômeno espacial. / This dissertation addresses the issue of territory and discursive disputes to problematize the delimitation of the slum phenomenon by different definitions of established institutions like United Nations, Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics and Institute of Applied Economic Research. The study departure problematizes that each definition of slum uses distinctive classification criteria that produces various statistical data. This data establish different realities about the same phenomenon; constitute numerical discourses on slum and territorialise in the form of imagetic or cartographic discourse. The dissertation proposes to investigate this problem from a general study analyzing slum definitions speeches and their statistical effects, and from a case study about the cartographies made by these speeches, with Porto Alegre as the locus of the case. Within this scope, this study checks, by speech analysis, the differences between the phenomena constituted by each institution in order to establish a slum understanding as a spatial phenomenon.

A dissertação aborda a questão do território e das disputas discursivas para problematizar as delimitações do fenômeno favela por distintas definições de instituições estabelecidas como Organização das Nações Unidas, Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística e Instituto de Pesquisa Econômica Aplicada. Parte-se do problema de que cada definição de favela utiliza distintos critérios de classificação, o que acaba por produzir dados estatísticos diversos. Dados estes que instauram distintas realidades a respeito do mesmo fenômeno, constituem discursos numéricos sobre favela e se territorializam na forma de discursos imagéticos ou cartográficos. O trabalho propõe-se a analisar essa problemática a partir de um estudo geral de análise dos discursos de definições de favela e seus efeitos estatísticos, e, a partir de um estudo de caso a respeito das cartografias constituídas por esses discursos, tendo Porto Alegre como locus do caso. Assim, pretende-se verificar, a partir dos discursos analisados, as diferenças entre os fenômenos construídos por cada instituição com o fim de estabelecer o entendimento de favela, para este estudo, como um fenômeno espacial. / This dissertation addresses the issue of territory and discursive disputes to problematize the delimitation of the slum phenomenon by different definitions of established institutions like United Nations, Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics and Institute of Applied Economic Research. The study departure problematizes that each definition of slum uses distinctive classification criteria that produces various statistical data. This data establish different realities about the same phenomenon; constitute numerical discourses on slum and territorialise in the form of imagetic or cartographic discourse. The dissertation proposes to investigate this problem from a general study analyzing slum definitions speeches and their statistical effects, and from a case study about the cartographies made by these speeches, with Porto Alegre as the locus of the case. Within this scope, this study checks, by speech analysis, the differences between the phenomena constituted by each institution in order to establish a slum understanding as a spatial phenomenon.

Segundo o teorema da indefinibilidade de Tarski-Gödel, não existe fórmula da linguagem da aritmética que defina o conjunto dos números de Gödel das sentenças verdadeiras da aritmética. No entanto, para cada número natural n, podemos definir o conjunto dos números de Gödel das sentenças verdadeiras da aritmética de grau menor que n. Essas definições produzem uma hierarquia V0(x), V1(x),..., Vn(x),... tal que, para todo x, se Vn(x), então Vn+1(x). Nesse estudo, ensairemos algumas aplicações desses predicados, chamados definições parciais de verdade, e outros predicados relacionados a eles na construção de sistemas formais para as verdades da aritmética. A ideia subjacente aos nossos sistemas é muito simples, devemos acumular de alguma maneira as definições parciais de verdade. Grosso modo, mostrar como fazê-lo é o objetivo desse estudo. / According to Tarski-Gödels undefinability theorem, there is no formula in the language of arithmetic which defines the set of Gödel numbers of arithmetical true sentences. Nevertheless, for each n, we can define the set of Gödel numbers of all arithmetical true sentences of degree n or less. These definitions yield a hierarchy of predicates V0(x), V1(x),..., Vn(x),... such that, for all x, if Vn(x), then Vn+1(x). In this study, we will ensay some aplications of these predicates, called partial truth definitions, and others related ones in building of formal systems for arithmetical truth. The underlying idea of our systems is very simple, we should accumulate in some way the partial truth definitions. Roughly speaking, showing how we can do that is the aim of this study.

Injection attacks, including SQL injection, cross-site scripting, and operating system command injection, rank the top two entries in the MITRE Common Vulnerability Enumeration (CVE) [1]. Under this attack model, an application (e.g., a web application) uses some untrusted input to produce an output program (e.g., a SQL query). Applications may be vulnerable to injection attacks because the untrusted input may alter the output program in malicious ways. Recent work has established a rigorous definition of injection attacks. Injections are benign iff they obey the NIE property, which states that injected symbols strictly insert or expand noncode tokens in the output program. Noncode symbols are strictly those that are either removed by the tokenizer (e.g., insignificant whitespace) or span closed values in the output program language, and code symbols are all other symbols. This thesis demonstrates that such attacks are possible on applications for Android—a mobile device operating system—and Bash—a common Linux shell—and shows by construction that these attacks can be detected precisely. Specifically, this thesis examines the recent Shellshock attacks on Bash and shows how it widely differs from ordinary attacks, but can still be precisely detected by instrumenting the output program’s runtime. The paper closes with a discussion of the lessons learned from this study and how best to overcome the practical challenges to precisely preventing these attacks in practice.

Abstract In an attempt to construct a new agenda for waste management, this thesis explores the importance of the definition of waste and its impact on waste management, and the role of ownership in waste management. It is recognised that present legal waste definitions are ambiguous and do not really give an insight into the concept of waste. Moreover, despite its explicit wish of waste prevention, when according to present legislation a thing is assigned the label of a waste, it is going to be treated like waste, implicitly legislation thus amasses waste. The philosophical ramifications inherent in such definitions mean that they are not capable of constructing a system that, by its very nature, results in a sustainable waste management system. It is also a fact that, while there are numerous practices as to how to deal with a particular type of waste, there is no theory of waste management. In this thesis, waste as a concept is analysed from the point of view of why and when waste is created. Using the PSSP language, waste is classified based on the Purpose and Performance attributes. New, dynamic definitions for waste and waste management are offered, which explain why waste is created and intrinsically offer a solution to how the problem could be solved. Additional waste-related concepts are introduced, which are thought to have great potential for improvement on waste regulation. The concept of ownership is explained as rights and responsibilities of waste creators/owners: it is thus crucial to raising awareness about waste. Ownership in itself often dictates which waste management options are preferentially adopted by a given community. The role of legislation in producing monitoring systems for the transfer of ownership as well as abandonment of ownership is analysed. To avoid obstacles to resource conservation due to materials being considered waste, a definition for non-waste is introduced. The new agenda for waste management thus focuses upon the development of more appropriate, sustainable definitions so that what is now commonly perceived as being waste will in fact be increasingly seen as resource-rich, 'non-waste'. The role of waste management is explained as control of all waste-related activities, with the aim of preventing, minimising or utilising waste. The need for a theory of waste management is explained, and the first building blocks of the theory are proposed. This thesis is offered as the first step toward scientification of waste management.

This study of the Euclidean N-space looks at some definitions and their characteristics, some comparisons, boundedness and compactness, and transformations and mappings.

No description available.

The principal research question of this study is framed as: Do prevailing, industrially and politically sourced definitions of Digital Exhibition faithfully represent the phenomenon¿s position within the contemporary media theory framework? Within this work Digital Exhibition is defined as: The practice of presenting moving images, either live or pre-recorded, to paying audiences, in public spaces, by means of digital distribution and projection. The majority of established literatures concerning Digital Exhibition are aimed at producing categorical definitions of the phenomenon. These ¿meaning making¿ discourses commonly stem from potentially ideologically affected sources. To address this issue, the author has investigated the political economy of key commentators, and Digital Exhibition has been impartially researched following a ¿case studies¿ methodology; with an analytical framework based upon a series of ¿plausible rival hypotheses¿. These hypotheses include that Digital Exhibition isM ¿ a form of the cinema ¿ a form of television ¿ a new (new media) medium ¿ multiple media ¿ not a medium It is presented that each investigated hypothesis can be argued to be legitimate when employing established media theories as the means of rationalisation. Nevertheless, the author concludes that individual industrially / politically charged definitions still do not provide an adequately comprehensive account as to the wealth of interpretations that can be drawn for Digital Exhibition. The author also presents his own perspective as to the subjective nature of contemporary media taxonomies, and ultimately proposes that Digital Exhibition is not a medium, but is a designation offered to a subjectively defined collection of events made possible through the transmission of computational binary pulse signals.