<p>Research about what differences and similarities exists between UNHCR and UNRWA in the opinion of a refugee?</p><p>This examination focuses on a study between The United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) and THE United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East (UNRWA). Both organizations are UN-related and are in charge of refugees, however they differ by the fact the UNHCR controls all of the world’s refugees with the exception of the Palestinian refugees, for which UNRWA. The aim of this work will be to examine the definition of refugees as well as their entitlements and in what way they differ depending on which organization they belong to.</p><p>As theory I have, among others, used Rainer Bauböck’s book ” Transnational Citizenship”. In his writing he focuses on entitlements and this book became very useful in my work and helped with the structure of the paper.</p><p>In conclusion, even though there is some resemblance in the aspect of a refugee’s entitlements, there are a lot of differences between UNHCR and UNRWA, mainly regarding the definition of a refugee but also in terms of assignments. What’s most noticeable when it comes to differences between these two organs is that UNHCR has mandate to assist with international protection and to seek permanent solutions for refugees. The mandate of UNRWA is limited to only assist Palestinian refugees with humanitarian assistance. UNRWA has been criticized to contribute directly to Palestinian dreams of return instead of accepting incorporation of refugees in neigbouring Arab countries.</p>

The Internet is one of the most advanced technologies of modern times and it is diffusing at an exponential rate amongst business-to-consumer and business-to-business organisations. This has resulted in it becoming an irrevocable and an unstoppable trend, thereby making it vital for companies to incorporate it into their businesses. The Internet, Internet technologies and Internet services, particularly the Web, are widely acknowledged to have had and to continue to have a considerable impact on the practice of marketing. The adoption of the Internet and the Web is an independent variable influencing two interrelated aspects of the marketing function, namely the company’s conceptualisation of its marketing activities and the definition of its markets, which together directly influence the creation of greater customer value. Although research studies regarding the Internet’s impact on marketing conducted in the past in different countries and at different times produced quite similar trends in responses, advances in information technology (IT) and the increased Internet usage since the late 1990s necessitated reinvestigating marketers’ perceptions as to the changes in market practices brought about by the Internet. This study sought to determine the changes arising from the Internet in the conceptualisation of marketing activities, the definition of markets and the creation of greater customer value, based on a literature review and on empirical evidence founded on the opinions of South African marketing practitioners. The purpose of this study was to determine the South African marketing practitioners’ perceptions of the Internet’s influence on the practice of marketing. Five focal questions were asked and answered by the study: 1. How has the Internet changed the way that companies conceptualise their marketing activities? 2. How has the Internet changed the way that companies define their markets? 3. How has the Internet changed the way that companies create value for their customers? 4. To what extent have South African marketers’ perceptions of the influence of the Internet on marketing changed from the late 1990s to 2011? 5. To what extent do South African marketers’ perceptions of the influence of the Internet on marketing differ to those in studies conducted in Australia in 2001(Leong, Ewing & Pitt, 2003) and in Iran in 2007 (Ghazisaeedi, Pitt & Chaharsooghi, 2007)? For this study, the target population comprised South African marketing practitioners. The sampling frame consisted of the top 200 South African companies of 2009, ranked according to turnover, listed on the Johannesburg Stock Exchange (JSE), as published by the Financial Mail (2009). A non-probability, judgment sample of the 100 of these top South African companies was taken in April 2011. The study was conducted without replacement sampling. The telephone directory was used to obtain the telephone numbers of these companies so that the secretaries could be contacted to obtain the particulars of the marketing managers or marketing directors of the companies and permission to forward the questionnaire to the respective individuals. A structure self-administered questionnaire was then be emailed to those respondents from whom telephonic permission had been obtained. The questionnaire requested respondents to indicate on a five-point Likert scale their perceptions as to the extent to which the Internet influences the marketing practices within their company on 31 items divided into the three constructs of re-conceptualising marketing activities, changing market definition and creating greater customer value. In addition, the respondents were asked to provide certain demographic data. The findings indicate that the Internet has changed the way companies conceptualise their marketing activities, define their markets and create value for their customers in a variety of ways. When comparing this study against the results of the other three studies it is evident, that between the 1997 and the 2011 South African study and the 2001 Australian study and the 2011 South African study, the respondents did not vary significantly in their perceptions towards the items in each of the three constructs and the overall scale. Hence, the differences between the mean scores of the two studies concerning the three constructs and the overall scale are both statistically and practically non-significant. When comparing the 2005 Iranian study against the 2011 South African, the results show that for both the first construct and the overall scale there is a significant statistical difference at p < 0.05. Concerning to Construct 1, the extent to which the Internet has changed the way that companies conceptualise their marketing activities, a significant statistical difference exists between the two studies, with p = 0.002 < 0.05. Furthermore, with regard to the overall scale, the Internet’s influence on the marketing activities of companies, a significant statistical difference exists between the two studies, with p = 0.046 < 0.05. With the exception of Construct 1 and the overall scale, there is no significant statistical difference between the 2005 Iranian and the 2011 South African studies on Construct 2 and Construct 3. These results indicate that the respondents from the two studies conducted in Iran in 2005 and more recently in South Africa in 2011 did not vary significantly in their perceptions towards items in the second construct and the third construct. In order to assess whether there was a significant practical difference in the item means between the two studies, Cohen’s D-statistic was used. There is a small effect, moving toward practical significance on Construct 1 (D = 0.422) and the overall scale (D = 0.268). From this, it is evident that all main areas of marketing are being significantly influenced by the Internet. Therefore, Internet marketing has become a business imperative owing to it being an irrevocable and an unstoppable trend and, as a result, companies must make a concerted effort to collaborate the technologies available to them to avoid failure in the new digital business environment. / MCom, Marketing Management, North-West University, Vaal Triangle Campus, 2012

A dissertação aborda a questão do território e das disputas discursivas para problematizar as delimitações do fenômeno favela por distintas definições de instituições estabelecidas como Organização das Nações Unidas, Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística e Instituto de Pesquisa Econômica Aplicada. Parte-se do problema de que cada definição de favela utiliza distintos critérios de classificação, o que acaba por produzir dados estatísticos diversos. Dados estes que instauram distintas realidades a respeito do mesmo fenômeno, constituem discursos numéricos sobre favela e se territorializam na forma de discursos imagéticos ou cartográficos. O trabalho propõe-se a analisar essa problemática a partir de um estudo geral de análise dos discursos de definições de favela e seus efeitos estatísticos, e, a partir de um estudo de caso a respeito das cartografias constituídas por esses discursos, tendo Porto Alegre como locus do caso. Assim, pretende-se verificar, a partir dos discursos analisados, as diferenças entre os fenômenos construídos por cada instituição com o fim de estabelecer o entendimento de favela, para este estudo, como um fenômeno espacial. / This dissertation addresses the issue of territory and discursive disputes to problematize the delimitation of the slum phenomenon by different definitions of established institutions like United Nations, Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics and Institute of Applied Economic Research. The study departure problematizes that each definition of slum uses distinctive classification criteria that produces various statistical data. This data establish different realities about the same phenomenon; constitute numerical discourses on slum and territorialise in the form of imagetic or cartographic discourse. The dissertation proposes to investigate this problem from a general study analyzing slum definitions speeches and their statistical effects, and from a case study about the cartographies made by these speeches, with Porto Alegre as the locus of the case. Within this scope, this study checks, by speech analysis, the differences between the phenomena constituted by each institution in order to establish a slum understanding as a spatial phenomenon.

Segundo o teorema da indefinibilidade de Tarski-Gödel, não existe fórmula da linguagem da aritmética que defina o conjunto dos números de Gödel das sentenças verdadeiras da aritmética. No entanto, para cada número natural n, podemos definir o conjunto dos números de Gödel das sentenças verdadeiras da aritmética de grau menor que n. Essas definições produzem uma hierarquia V0(x), V1(x),..., Vn(x),... tal que, para todo x, se Vn(x), então Vn+1(x). Nesse estudo, ensairemos algumas aplicações desses predicados, chamados definições parciais de verdade, e outros predicados relacionados a eles na construção de sistemas formais para as verdades da aritmética. A ideia subjacente aos nossos sistemas é muito simples, devemos acumular de alguma maneira as definições parciais de verdade. Grosso modo, mostrar como fazê-lo é o objetivo desse estudo. / According to Tarski-Gödels undefinability theorem, there is no formula in the language of arithmetic which defines the set of Gödel numbers of arithmetical true sentences. Nevertheless, for each n, we can define the set of Gödel numbers of all arithmetical true sentences of degree n or less. These definitions yield a hierarchy of predicates V0(x), V1(x),..., Vn(x),... such that, for all x, if Vn(x), then Vn+1(x). In this study, we will ensay some aplications of these predicates, called partial truth definitions, and others related ones in building of formal systems for arithmetical truth. The underlying idea of our systems is very simple, we should accumulate in some way the partial truth definitions. Roughly speaking, showing how we can do that is the aim of this study.

There has been a disparity between the conventional method of describing topographic surfaces (i.e. contour line definition) and a format of surface description often used in continuous-line computer graphics (i.e. panel definition). The two differ enough that conversion from contours to panels is not a trivial problem. A computer program that performs such a conversion would greatly facilitate continuous tone display of topographical surfaces, or any other surface which is defined by contour lines. This problem has been addressed by Keppel and alluded to by Fuchs. Keppel's is a highly systematic approach in which he uses graph theory to find the panel arrangement which maximizes the volume enclosed by concave surfaces. Fuchs mentions an approach to the problem as part of an algorithm to reconstruct a surface from data retrieved from a laser scan sensor. This thesis elaborates on a general conversion system. Following a brief overview of computer graphics, a simple algorithm is described which extracts a panel definition from a pair of adjacent contour loops subject to the restriction that the two loops are similarly sized and shaped, and are mutually centered. Next, a mapping procedure is described which greatly relaxes the above restrictions. It is also shown that the conversion from contours to panels is inherently ambiguous (to various degrees) and that occasionally the ambiguity is great enough to require user interaction to guide the conversion algorithm. An important complication addressed in this thesis is the problem of handling cases where one contour loop branches into two or more (or vice versa). Attention turns next to a contour line definition of the human brain, and special problems encountered in preparing those data for continuous tone display, The final chapters explain the fortran implementation, present an example-problem, and show sample pictures of the brain parts.

There is a need for generalised definitions of electrical powers to provide a simultaneous common base for measurement, compensation, power quality and identification of source of distortion. The major problem area today is definitions of powers in the presence of harmonics and nonlinear loads in the electrical power system. In such a scenario, there is a problem to accurately measure especially reactive (nonactive) power. This is important for accurate energy billing. Another important area is the mitigation equipment used to remove unwanted polluting quantities from the power system. Definitions of powers have an important role to play in providing the correct information for the optimal design and performance of such equipment. Evaluation of the quality of the power system to enable appropriate allocation costs to those causing deterioration in the power quality also cannot be discounted. To enable this cost allocation, there is a need to identify the polluters and the definitions should indicate degradation in power quality as well as identify the source of this degradation. Finally, it would be very useful if the definitions could also be used to perform a general analysis of the power system. This thesis commenced with investigation of the problem with an in-depth study of the existing definitions, and what other researchers have indicated about this problem, from the definitions perspective. The issues identified with current definitions are that some definitions do not possess the attributes that are related to source-load properties, and others are based on mathematical consideration and lack physical meaning. One issue in measurement of nonactive power is its nature of having zero average value. Another contributing factor is that the presence of source impedance is neglected in definitions. The use of RMS quantities to determine powers, especially instantaneous powers, in the presence of multi-frequency voltages and currents also contributes to the problem. Additionally, RMS based definitions are based on heating effect while not all sourceload relationships are totally of a heating nature. The RMS based definitions also do not satisfy the energy conservation principle. Another issue is that though harmonic currents are used, current definitions still utilise the RMS value of the voltage wave thus losing harmonic information. The solution is to decompose, as accurately as possible, the total instantaneous power into active and nonactive components utilising DC, fundamental and harmonics of voltage and current as well as being based on the power system properties. To enable this, the load model must closely represent the reality. This thesis presents the new instantaneous power definitions to achieve this. In addition to the fundamental, five sub-components for each of the active and nonactive parts are defined. The definitions are based on both the voltage and current DC, fundamental and harmonic components thus retaining harmonic information. Thus these definitions are not only mathematically based but also have a direct relationship with the load. The definitions do not make the assumption of zero source impedance. With good knowledge of the time profile of active and nonactive power components, an accurate time-domain measurement of the active and nonactive power is achieved. The components of powers introduced in the proposed definitions can be utilised to gauge power quality, to identify the source of distortion and to achieve optimal compensation. Based on the new instantaneous power definitions, the definitions for average values of the powers are also proposed. The recognition of positive going and negative going parts of the nonactive power waveform in defining the average nonactive power alleviates the problem of the “zero average nature” of nonactive power. It also retains energy information and satisfies the principle of energy conservation. The new definitions are evaluated for linear and non-linear loads in the presence of harmonics using benchmark case studies. Evaluation results demonstrate good performance of the proposed definitions. The practical applications of the definitions are explored with a number of examples from the areas of measurement of power and energy, compensation, detection of source of distortion and power quality. An application example showing the capability of the definitions in general analysis of a system is also presented. Good and useful results are obtained for all these examples. The proposed definitions are implemented on prototype systems with digital signal processors to demonstrate their practical usability. The proposed definitions are shown to be consistent with the traditional definitions under the conventional sinusoidal conditions, and their relationships to the commonly used existing definitions are also revealed.

<p>Bullying can have serious consequences on everyone involved. Consequently it is important that school counselors are able to intervene. Thereby they need an unambiguous definition and knowledge about bullying that has been produced from research so they do not make mistakes that could lead to further damaging of the students. Thus the aim of this study was to examine how school counselors define bullying compared to the views held by scientists and students in secondary school. Through a review of previously done research the definitions of scientists and schoolchildren was summarized. To establish the school counselors’ definitions a qualitative interview based method was used. Data was collected by semi-structured interviews using an interview guide with open-ended questions. The interviews were transcribed and analyzed by the method of phenomenological concentration of its meaning. By the theory of logic-in-use and reconstructed logic the definitions of school counselors’, pupils and researchers was compared. Results showed that school counselors hold similar definitions to scientists and children but differ in some aspects. The results also indicate that the school counselors mainly have created their definitions through former experiences and knowledge and not through science and they also seem to experience difficulties in identifying bullying situations.</p>

<p>This dissertation examines how disability researchers define disability. It is based on four studies. The first describes different definitions of disability in disability research. The second study is a conceptual analysis of the use of disability in a sample of disability research classics. In this study, it is evident that use of the concept is all but clear. It is concluded that especially environmentally based disability definitions would benefit from further empirical investigations. The notion that environmental factors (such as barriers) are a causal aspect of disability is rather widely accepted among disability researchers. However, it has not been empirically studied to such an extent that it is possible to construct workable theories of this relationship.</p><p>The third study focuses on administrative definitions of disability and investigates the possibility of using data on disabled people that have been gathered by Swedish welfare authorities. It is concluded that rich data are available, but also that researchers must scrutinize how disability has been defined in these contexts. These authorities often start from medical understandings of disability, which may clash with contemporary understandings of disability as being environmentally based.</p><p>The fourth study is a statistical analysis of the effects of different disability definitions on dependent variables. The analyses emphasize variables often included in studies of living conditions. There are major effects of choice of disability definition on the outcome in relation to such variables.</p><p>The dissertation strongly rejects efforts to standardize disability definitions; different analytical purposes require different kinds of conceptualizations. Instead, the dissertation suggests that case-constructing reflexivity be conducted. Case-constructing reflexivity means that the researcher starts with a careful analysis of how disability is best defined in relation to the aims of the study, and continues by being constantly aware of how the choice of definition may affect sampling, analyses and results.</p>

This dissertation examines how disability researchers define disability. It is based on four studies. The first describes different definitions of disability in disability research. The second study is a conceptual analysis of the use of disability in a sample of disability research classics. In this study, it is evident that use of the concept is all but clear. It is concluded that especially environmentally based disability definitions would benefit from further empirical investigations. The notion that environmental factors (such as barriers) are a causal aspect of disability is rather widely accepted among disability researchers. However, it has not been empirically studied to such an extent that it is possible to construct workable theories of this relationship. The third study focuses on administrative definitions of disability and investigates the possibility of using data on disabled people that have been gathered by Swedish welfare authorities. It is concluded that rich data are available, but also that researchers must scrutinize how disability has been defined in these contexts. These authorities often start from medical understandings of disability, which may clash with contemporary understandings of disability as being environmentally based. The fourth study is a statistical analysis of the effects of different disability definitions on dependent variables. The analyses emphasize variables often included in studies of living conditions. There are major effects of choice of disability definition on the outcome in relation to such variables. The dissertation strongly rejects efforts to standardize disability definitions; different analytical purposes require different kinds of conceptualizations. Instead, the dissertation suggests that case-constructing reflexivity be conducted. Case-constructing reflexivity means that the researcher starts with a careful analysis of how disability is best defined in relation to the aims of the study, and continues by being constantly aware of how the choice of definition may affect sampling, analyses and results.

Bullying can have serious consequences on everyone involved. Consequently it is important that school counselors are able to intervene. Thereby they need an unambiguous definition and knowledge about bullying that has been produced from research so they do not make mistakes that could lead to further damaging of the students. Thus the aim of this study was to examine how school counselors define bullying compared to the views held by scientists and students in secondary school. Through a review of previously done research the definitions of scientists and schoolchildren was summarized. To establish the school counselors’ definitions a qualitative interview based method was used. Data was collected by semi-structured interviews using an interview guide with open-ended questions. The interviews were transcribed and analyzed by the method of phenomenological concentration of its meaning. By the theory of logic-in-use and reconstructed logic the definitions of school counselors’, pupils and researchers was compared. Results showed that school counselors hold similar definitions to scientists and children but differ in some aspects. The results also indicate that the school counselors mainly have created their definitions through former experiences and knowledge and not through science and they also seem to experience difficulties in identifying bullying situations.