<p>To this day, cancer remains the leading cause of mortality worldwide1. A major contributor to cancer progression and metastasis is tumor angiogenesis. The formation of blood vessels around a tumor is facilitated by the complex interplay between cells in the tumor stroma and the surrounding microenvironment. Understanding this interplay and its dynamic interactions is crucial to identify promising targets for cancer therapy. Current methods in cancer research involve the use of two-dimensional (2D) monolayer cell culture. However, cell-cell and cell-ECM interactions that are important in vascularization and the three-dimensional (3D) tumor microenvironment cannot accurately be recapitulated in 2D. To obtain more biologically relevant information, it is essential to mimic the tumor microenvironment in a 3D culture system. To this end, we demonstrate the utility of poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEGDA) hydrogels modified for cell-mediated degradability and cell-adhesion to explore, in 3D, the effect of various tumor microenvironmental features such as cell-cell and cell-ECM interactions, and dimensionality on tumor vascularization and cancer cell phenotype. </p><p>In aim 1, PEG hydrogels were utilized to evaluate the effect of cells in the tumor stroma, specifically cancer associated fibroblasts (CAFs), on endothelial cells (ECs) and tumor vascularization. CAFs comprise a majority of the cells in the tumor stroma and secrete factors that may influence other cells in the vicinity such as ECs to promote the organization and formation of blood vessels. To investigate this theory, CAFs were isolated from tumors and co-cultured with HUVECs in PEG hydrogels. CAFs co-cultured with ECs organized into vessel-like structures as early as 7 days and were different in vessel morphology and density from co-cultures with normal lung fibroblasts. In contrast to normal lung fibroblasts (LF), CAFs and ECs organized into vessel-like networks that were structurally similar to vessels found in tumors. This work provides insight on the complex crosstalk between cells in the tumor stroma and their effect on tumor angiogenesis. Controlling this complex crosstalk can provide means for developing new therapies to treat cancer.</p><p>In aim 2, degradable PEG hydrogels were utilized to explore how extracellular matrix derived peptides modulate vessel formation and angiogenesis. Specifically, integrin-binding motifs derived from laminin such as IKVAV, a peptide derived from the α-chain of laminin and YIGSR, a peptide found in a cysteine-rich site of the laminin β chain, were examined along with RGDS. These peptides were conjugated to heterobifunctional PEG chains and covalently incorporated in hydrogels. The EC tubule formation in vitro and angiogenesis in vivo in response to the laminin-derived motifs were evaluated. </p><p>Based on these previous aims, in aim 3, PEG hydrogels were optimized to function as a 3D lung adenocarcinoma in vitro model with metastasis-prone lung tumor derived CAFs, HUVECs, and human lung adenocarcinoma derived A549 tumor cells. Similar to the complex tumor microenvironment consisting of interacting malignant and non-malignant cells, the PEG-based 3D lung adenocarcinoma model consists of both tumor and stromal cells that interact together to support vessel formation and tumor cell proliferation thereby more closely mimicking the functional properties of the tumor microenvironment. The utility of the PEG-based 3D lung adenocarcinoma model as a cancer drug screening platform is demonstrated with investigating the effects of doxorubicin, semaxanib, and cilengitide on cell apoptosis and proliferation. The results from drug screening studies using the PEG-based 3D in vitro lung adenocarcinoma model correlate with results reported from drug screening studies conducted in vivo. Thus, the PEG-based 3D in vitro lung adenocarcinoma model may serve as a better tool for identifying promising drug candidates than the conventional 2D monolayer culture method.</p> / Dissertation

The aim of the thesis is to desribe and implement the elliptic curve factorization method using curves in Edwards form. The thesis can be notionally divided into two parts. The first part deals with the theory of Edwards curves especially with properties of elliptic function fields. The second part deals with the factorization algorithm using Edwards form both formally and practically in the way the algorithm is really implemented. The contribution of this thesis is the enclosed implementation of the elliptic curve factorisation algorithm which can be run on a graphic card and which is faster than the state-of-the-art implementation GMP-ECM. Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)

No description available.

CP1 is a well-conserved cathepsin L-like protease essential for proper growth and development in Drosophila melanogaster. Previous research has demonstrated that CP1 has the ability to break down the extracellular matrix. Using the UAS-GAL4 system, immunohistochemistry, and antibody-staining, this research attempts to characterize the role of CP1 and its effects on basement membrane degradation and signaling. These effects include actions at the cellular level and on a known signaling pathway. The genes involved in this pathway are known to be required for proper development of the wing disc into the adult wing. We have demonstrated the collagenase activity of CP1 as well as a possible mechanism via TIMP. We have shown that cp1 is part of the wingless signaling pathway and potentially acts as an upstream regulator on wingless and nubbin. Finally, we have successfully inserted the cDNA of a potential inhibitor of CP1, titled crammer, into the vector pUAST to create transgenic flies. Understanding how CP1 affects Drosophila development through cellular and gene activity is important because cathepsins are highly conserved between flies, humans, and have been implicated in several diseases, including cancer. Discovering the mechanisms by which CP1 functions allows for discoveries to be made in connection with disease processes.

Sprouting endothelial cells (ECs) use soluble and insoluble cues to guide migration and expand the existing vascular network to meet changing trophic needs of the tissue during angiogenesis. A noninvasive and non-destructive nonlinear optical microscopy (NLOM) technique was used to optically image endothelial sprouting morphogenesis in three dimensional (3D) collagen matrices with simultaneously captured signals from collagen fibers and endothelial cells using second harmonic generation (SHG) and two-photon excited fluorescence (TPF), respectively. Sprout advancement and lumen expansion companying with ECM alteration were the synergistic results of membrane-associated matrix metalloproteinase and cell traction evidenced by proteinase inhibition and Rho-associated kinase (p160ROCK) inhibition experiments. These physical EC-ECM interactions suggest that ECM mechanical properties may influence angiogenic responses. In a 3D angiogenesis model, we measure angiogenic responses as a function of collagen matrix stiffness by inducing collagen cross-linking with microbial transglutaminase (mTG). Collagen matrices stiffen with both mTG treatment and incubation time as evidenced with biaxial mechanical test results and collagen TPF intensity increases with mTG treatment and that the ratio of TPF/SHG correlates with biaxial tested mechanical stiffness. SHG and optical coherence microscopy (OCM) are further used to show that other physical properties of the matrix do not change with mTG treatment, thus providing the same density but different stiffness with which to measure angiogenic responses. Stiffer matrices promote angiogenesis with more invading sprouts that invade deeper. No differences in lumen size were observed between control and mTG stiffened 3D cultures, but there was evidence of greater matrix remodeling in stiffer gels using NLOM. Results of this study show angiogenic responses are enhanced with increasing stiffness and suggest that these properties may be used in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine applications to engineer angiogenesis.

EN CATALÀ DE LA TESI DOCTORAL"Importància de l'adhesió al substrat en la mecànica cel·lular: Implicacions en neutròfils i cèl·lules endotelials microvasculars".En organismes multicel·lulars complexos com els humans, el comportament de cèl·lules individuals ve dictat en gran mesura per les interaccions amb la matriu extracel·lular (ECM). La ECM és una xarxa de proteïnes filamentoses (com ara col·lagen, fibronectina o laminina) que proporciona un substrat físic per l'adhesió cel·lular. L'adhesió a la ECM està mitjançada bàsicament per les integrines, que són un tipus de proteïnes responsable de la transmissió a l'interior de la cèl·lula tant de senyals bioquímiques com de forces. El grau d'adhesió entre cèl·lules i el seu substrat, i la forma cel·lular que en resulta, han estat reconeguts com un factor determinant en l'expressió gènica i proteica i en funcions cel·lulars com la diferenciació o la proliferació. Remarcablement, s'ha determinat que aquesta regulació de la funció cel·lular depèn de la forma cel·lular independentment del grau d'enllaç entre integrines i ECM, suggerint que algun factor apart de la senyalització bioquímica és el responsable de llegir la informació associada amb l'adhesió cèl·lulasubstrat i de provocar una certa resposta en la funció cel·lular.Un factor que podria ser responsable de detectar l'adhesió cèl·lula-substrat és la mecànica cel·lular. Certament, s'ha vist que un increment en l'extensió cel·lular (àrea que ocupa una cèl·lula sobre un substrat) està associat amb un increment de la polimerització d'actina, de la fosforil·lació de la cadena lleugera de la miosina (MLC), de la duresa cel·lular i de la contractilitat. Les cèl·lules podrien doncs respondre a canvis en la forma cel·lular incrementant la tensió mecànica del citoesquelet i activant vies de mecanotransducció, probablement involucrant la familia de GTPases Rho. Tanmateix, aquesta hipòtesi no ha estat directament verificada, i altres paràmetres (com ara la forma del nucli) podrien estar involucrats. Addicionalment, encara no existeix un estudi global que analitzi com l'adhesió al substrat (i la forma cel·lular resultant) afecta la mecànica de les cèl·lules, i quines implicacions té això en la funció cel·lular.L'objectiu d'aquesta tesi ha estat l'estudi del paper de l'adhesió al substrat en la mecànica cel·lular per dos tipus cel·lulars relacionats amb el sistema respiratori, que constitueix l'àrea d'interès del nostre grup de recerca. El primer d'aquests tipus cel·lulars ha estat els neutròfils, un tipus de cèl·lules generalment no adherents però que s'activen i s'endureixen en contacte amb cèl·lules endotelials o amb un substrat com el vidre. La mecànica de neutròfils en els seus estats passiu i activat juga un paper clau a l'hora de determinar la funció dels neutròfils en resposta a estímuls inflamatoris. Tanmateix, actualment no està clar si la mecànica de neutròfils es correspon a la d'una gota líquida o si exhibeix esmorteïment estructural. Els canvis induïts per l'activació en la mecànica de neutròfils tampoc estan clars. Per clarificar aquestes qüestions, es va mesurar la reologia de neutròfils en funció de l'adhesió al substrat, posant èmfasi en les seves implicacions en la funció d'aquestes cèl·lules en els capil·lars de la microvasculatura dels pulmons. El segon tipus cel·lular estudiat va ser el de les cèl·lules endotelials, també provinents de capil·lars de la microvasculatura dels pulmons. En aquest cas, el treball es va orientar a entendre com la forma cel·lular (controlada a través de la tecnologia coneguda com a microestructuració o "micropatterning") afecta la mecànica i la proliferació cel·lular. La comprensió de com la forma cel·lular controla la proliferació es crucial per entendre el procés de l'aniogènesi o formació de nous vasos sanguinis, el qual es dóna essencialment durant la formació embrionària i en processos patològics com la formació de tumors. Aquest estudi ens va permetre avaluar el paper de la mecànica cel·lular en la proliferació de cèl·lules endotelials i determinar la seva importància relativa. En ambdós estudis, la mecànica cel·lular va ser avaluada mitjançant la mesura del mòdul complex elàstic G* amb microscopia de forces atòmiques (AFM) seguint un procediment ja descrit. G* proporciona informació tant sobre l'elasticitat cel·lular (duresa) com sobre la viscositat, i pot ser mesurat amb AFM per un ampli rang de freqüències. Això permet una caracterització precisa de la reologia cel·lular i una avaluació de la tensió interna del citoesquelet a través de la mesura de duresa.

In this study a microbial polyester, poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3- hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV), and its blends were wet or electrospun into fibrous scaffolds for tissue engineering. Wet spun fiber diameters were in the low micrometer range (10-50 &amp / #956 / m). The polymer concentration and the stirring rate affected the properties the most. The optimum concentration was determined as 15% (w/v). Electrospun fiber diameters, however, were thinner. Solution viscosity, potential, distance between the syringe tip and the collector, and polymer type affected the morphology and the thickness of beads formed on the fibers. Concentration was highly influential / as it increased from 5% to 15% (w/v) fiber diameter increased from 284 &plusmn / 133 nm to 2200 &plusmn / 716 nm. Increase in potential (from 20 to 50 kV) did not lead to the expected decrease in fiber diameter. The blends of PHBV8 with lactide-based v polymers (PLLA, P(L,DL-LA) and PLGA (50:50)) led to fibers with less beads and more uniform thickness. In vitro studies using human osteosarcoma cells (SaOs-2) revealed that wet spun fibers were unsuitable because the cells did not spread on them while all the electrospun scaffolds promoted cell growth and penetration. The surface porosities for PHBV10, PHBV15, PHBV-PLLA, PHBV-PLGA (50:50) and PHBV-P(L,DL)LA were 38.0&plusmn / 3.8, 40.1&plusmn / 8.5, 53.8&plusmn / 4.2, 50.0&plusmn / 4.2 and 30.8&plusmn / 2.7%, respectively. Surface modification with oxygen plasma treatment slightly improved the cell proliferation rates. Consequently, all scaffolds prepared by electrospinning revealed a significant potential for use in bone tissue engineering applications / PHBV-PLLA blend appeared to yield the best results.

No description available.

In this paper, the forecast performance of an unrestricted Vector Autoregressive (VAR) model was compared against the forecast accuracy of a Vector error correction (VECM) model when computing out-of-sample forecasts for Swedish exports. The co-integrating relation used to estimate the error correction specification was based upon an economic theory for international trade suggesting that a long run equilibrium relation among the variables included in an export demand equation should exist. The results obtained provide evidence of a long run equilibrium relationship between the Swedish export volume and its main determinants. The models were estimated for manufactured goods using quarterly data for the period 1975-1999 and once estimated, the models were used to compute out-of-sample forecasts up to four-, eight- and twelve-quarters ahead for the Swedish export volume using both multi-step and one-step ahead forecast techniques. The main results suggest that the differences in forecasting ability between the two models are small, however according to the relevant evaluation criteria the unrestricted VAR model in general yields somewhat better forecast than the VECM model when forecasting Swedish exports over the chosen forecast horizons.

This study was motivated by the desire to contribute to the understanding of the movement of house prices and the role of the so-called economic ‘fundamentals’ in the housing market, especially within an Australian context. The core objective of this thesis is to aid understanding of the economic and other mechanisms by which the Australian housing market operates. We do this by constructing an analytical framework, or model, that encompasses the most important characteristics of the housing market. This thesis examines two important aspects of the Australian housing market: movements of house prices and changes in the net capital stock of dwellings in Australia. Movements of house prices are modelled from two perspectives: firstly, using the ‘fundamental’ approach, which explains the phenomena by changes in such ‘fundamental’ explanatory variables as income, interest rates, population and prices of building materials, and secondly, by analysing spatial interdependence of house prices in Australian capital cities. Changes in stock of dwellings were also modelled on the basis of a ‘fundamental’ approach by states and for Australia as a whole...