Bakgrund: Långvarig smärta är vanligt förekommande i Sveriges befolkning. Smärtupplevelsen är individuell och påverkas av många dimensioner i livet. Långvarig smärta är svår att bedöma och lindra, den kan skapa ett lidande. Att lindra lidande och främja hälsa hos dessa personer är en viktig men inte alla gånger lätt uppgift för sjuksköterskan. Därför är det nödvändigt med insikter i hur det är att leva med långvarig smärta. Syfte: Syftet med studien var att beskriva upplevelsen av att leva med långvarig smärta. Metod: En litteraturstudie har använts. Studien baseras på tio kvalitativa artiklar som granskats och analyserats med influens av Forsberg och Wengström (2013) samt Friberg (2012). Det vetenskapliga underlaget är hämtat ur databaserna CINAHL och PubMed och är publicerat år 2000-2013. Resultat: Tre huvudteman med subteman representerar resultatet. Första huvudtemat, Känsla av att livet är begränsat, beskriver de negativa förändringar som smärtan leder till, gällande fysiska, psykiska och sociala aspekter. Andra huvudtemat, Strävan efter att bemästra den långvariga smärtan, visar hur varierande strategier används för att bemästra den långvariga smärtan. I tredje huvudtemat, Kampen för att bli betrodd i sitt lidande, framträder smärtans osynlighet som problematisk, misstro i kontakt med närstående och vårdgivare förekommer. Diskussion: Resultatet knyts an till Erikssons omvårdnadsteori om lidande. Sjukdomslidande, livslidande och vårdlidande diskuteras. Försök att lindra, liksom anpassningen av livsmönster och förmågan till försoning belyses. Ensamhet och avskildhet diskuteras samt vikten av att få tid och rum att lida. Omgivningens roll i lidandet samt hur vårdlidande kan lindras berörs även. / Background: Chronic pain is common in the Swedish population. The pain experience is individual and influenced by the many dimensions of life. Chronic pain is difficult to cure and relieve, it causes suffering. To relieve suffering and promote health for these people is an important but not always easy task for the nurse. Therefore, it is necessary to have insight in the experiences related to living with chronic pain. Aim: The aim of this study was to describe the experience of living with chronic pain. Methods: A literature review was used. The study is based on ten qualitative articles that have been investigated and analyzed with influence by Forsberg and Wengström (2013) and Friberg (2012). The scientific evidence is from the databases CINAHL and PubMed and is published year 2000-2013. Results: Three main themes with subthemes represent the result. The first main theme, Feeling that life is limited, describes the negative changes that the pain creates concerning physical, psychological and social aspects. The second main theme, Efforts to overcome the chronic pain, shows that varying strategies are used to overcome the chronic pain. In the third main theme, The struggle to be trusted in their suffering, the invisible pain appears as problematic, suspicion in touch with both family and caregivers occur. Discussions: The result is related to Eriksson´s nursing theory of suffering. The suffering of illness, the suffering of life and the suffering of care is discussed. Attempts to relieve pain as well as adaptation of life patterns and the ability of reconciliation are illuminated. Loneliness and separation is discussed as well as the importance of having time and space to suffer. The role of the fellow people in the suffering, and how the suffering of care may be eased is mentioned as well.

The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between the presence of the Arts (the arts, and museums) and Entertainment (Sports) industries and the core of the hospitality industry, being hotels and restaurants, in Sweden. More specifically, it deals with how the development of sport, the arts and museum industries is related to the development of Hotel and Restaurant industries in the country. This has been tested by multiple regression models and results do not reject the first hypothesis of the study which is the positive relationship between the development of Entertainment and Art industries and the growth of ‘Hotels with restaurant, except conference centers’. Nevertheless, only in the model which the dummy variables are applied does the museum industry fail to show any significant relationship for both, the years 2002 and 2010. The results regarding the second hypothesis expressed the growth of sport and art industries and how they are positively significantly associated with the growth of ‘Restaurants’ but affirmed that the museum industry has no considerable association. The results do not also reject the third hypothesis. However the growth of hotel and restaurant industries is not strongly related to the growth of museum industry in one model pertaining to the year 2010.

John Dewey was a philosopher of experience; if there is a thread that ties his vast literary output together it would be just that--the tracing and understanding of the various forms of experience. Dewey developed and elucidated three distinct kinds of experience throughout his career. If taken "subjectively" one might term these experiences immediate, mediate, and consummate; the corresponding "objects" of each would thus be, in order, events, relations between events, and the work of art (which is itself a sublation of events and their relations). To speak loosely, we might call these unconscious experience, conscious experience, and aesthetic experience. My thesis is that consummate experience is best understood as a kind of dialectical sublation between immediate and mediate experience: I intend to use the work of John Dewey to describe each of these three types of experience and show how consummate experience might be understood as a sublation of the immediate and the mediate.

De décisifs et puissants enjeux d'innovation ainsi que de renouvellement del'identité des objets bouleversent le monde industriel. De telles aptitudes créativessont usuellement associées aux designers industriels. Cependant, ces professionnelsne sont actuellement pas intégrés dans les processus numériques deconception.Afin de décrire ce paradoxe, nous formulons l'hypothèse que, l'omniprésencedans l'industrie de modèles de la conception de type séquentiel, qui juxtaposentcréativité et développement produit, entrave l'intégration des designers industrielsau sein des processus industriels. En effet, en compartimentant la conceptionen silos, ce type de modèles généralistes inhibe les méthodes spécifiquesdes concepteurs créatifs. Bien plus, les outils numériques adjoints au modèle séquentielétant calqués sur sa logique, ils reproduisent et les inconvénients d'unetelle structuration.En mobilisant quatre disciplines académiques qui traitent des outils numériques,à savoir les sciences informatiques, cognitives, de gestion et les théoriesde la conception, nous élaborons un nouveau modèle «dit stratifié». Ce dernierrévèle les modes de raisonnement empruntés par les concepteurs créatifs ainsique la nature des produits élaborés dans les environnements logiciels. A ce titre,l'entreprise Dassault Systèmes ainsi que la suite CATIA se sont révélés un substratde recherche idéal. Comme attendu, notre nouveau modèle propose desassertions inédites qui sont validées au cours de notre travail. Nous avons alorsdémontré que :1/ Certains ateliers de conception favorisent simultanément robustesse et générativité.Nous qualifions cette nouvelle propriété d'«originalité acquise».2/ Les avatars dans le logiciel ne résultent pas d'un raffinement progressif del'objet mais sont plutôt l'instanciation d'une base de règles paramétrée.3/ Les designers industriels requièrent des outils distincts de ceux employés parles artistes 3D ou les ingénieurs, de par la nature de leur conception. Plus exactement,ces professionnels génèrent des modèles conceptuels selon une logiquede singularité de masse.Ces résultats offrent ainsi la perspective engageante de l'émergence d'unenouvelle génération d'outils numériques de conception. Ces outils inédits serontaptes à intégrer les designers industriels et à proposer de l'innovation à la de / Many studies show that industrial design is key to triggering, fostering andsustaining innovation. However, the unique capacities of creation and innovationof industrial designers make it challenging for them to thrive within industrialenvironments.The challenge for companies is to create the optimal work environment forthose professionals, while ensuring their work can be integrated smoothly intothe existing industrial design processes. We assume this dilemma is partiallystemming from the intensive use of sequential design models in the industry.Design tools were developed on the assumption that creative front end andproduct development should be separated.We introduce here a new model, aiming at depicting accurately the reasoningmodes and the nature of the object being designed with the digital ComputerAided Design (CAD) suites. This model is the result of the joint mobilization offour academic fields : computer, cognitive and management science and designtheories. Dassault Systèmes and their CATIA software have proven to be an excellentresearch environment for such questions. As we have been thinking, thenew model (laminated) makes three new hypothesis. Those unheard assertionshave been suggested and validated with this thesis :1/ Some specific design workshops are able to provide simultaneously robust andgenerative design capacities. We call this characteristic «acquired originality».2/ The object representations within by the software are not the result of successiverefinements but derive directly from a parameterized set of rules.3/ Industrial designers have specific requirements for CAD tools, different fromtheir engineers and artists counterparts because what they design is fundamentallydifferent. IDs generate conceptual models using a mass singularity technique.Those results sketch the emergence of a new generation of CAD tools forindustrial designers and able to foster innovation.

Background: In the last 20 years, the retail industry has experienced a drastic transformation and the rise of e-commerce has resulted in a change in the retail business models. Thus, there has been a shift from the traditional single-channel format to a multi-channel format. A critical challenge that retailers face with the multichannel format is the concept of showrooming, where consumers visit the brick-and-mortar retailer to explore the assortment and thus utilise the services offered, but finally purchases the product online.     Problem: Brick-and-mortar retailers often consider showrooming as a threat regarding the act of free-riding which might lead to a loss of potential customers. However, opinions on how to conquer this undesirable behaviour vary. Previous research shares the underlying assumption that price is the critical driver for the consumers’ decision to perform showrooming. Although, there is no clear consensus on how to hinder this behaviour.   Purpose: The purpose of this study is to make sense of how customers’ in-store experiences affect showrooming in the clothing and footwear industry. The findings of this study are expected to contribute to beneficial theoretical retail knowledge as it investigates the underexplored research phenomenon of showrooming in a broad customer in-store experience context.   Method: To perform this research, a qualitative research design was applied and 15 semi-structured interviews with self-proclaimed showroomers were conducted.         Results: The findings declare that for a positive in-store experience to occur, it must be permeated by trust. When trust is achieved, the second critical factor of in-store experience in the context of showrooming concerns the availability. If these two factors of in-store experience are successfully managed, the desire to engage in showrooming decreases. These findings are visually demonstrated in a developed framework on page 49.

This qualitative study investigated the extent to which a diverse sub-set of e-learning designers were aware of UX principles and practices, where their e-learning design practices overlapped with established UX practices, and where UX principles might benefit e-learning designers. E-learning has grown dramatically as an area of focus in instructional design within the last decade and a half. This growth suggests a need for a better understanding of design tools, concepts and principles that can guide an e-learning designer to design better and more effective instruction. One field of design that has potentially had an impact on e-learning design recently is user experience (UX) design. Both fields of UX and e-learning are concerned with designing interactions with technology, but while there are some shared ideas and terms between the two, there has been no research into the perceptions and understanding of UX tools by practicing instructional designers. Nine professional e-learning designers were interviewed to understand their perspective and experience.The findings of this study resulted in four themes and several subthemes. In general the participants of the study were not familiar with the formal practices of UX design. Many were also not familiar with several of the seminal works of the UX design field. The emergent themes suggest there are similar concerns between UX design and e-learning design. There were varying perceptions of the role of an e-learning designer as well as a broad spectrum of perception of what qualifies as good e-learning design. Participants reported the e-learning design field has numerous practitioners who lack formal training in instructional design principles in addition to limited training in other design disciplines. Participants also discussed constraints that could impact their ability to embrace UX practices. Findings suggest e-learning design practitioners and students of the field would likely benefit from a greater awareness of, or even formal training in UX practices. Additional research into the shared practices of UX and e-learning design could also likely open new opportunities to advance the practice of e-learning design.

This study is a multi-case study which examines the experiences of participants involved in a 12-session integrated couples treatment program for domestic violence. Participants included 7 therapists and 5 heterosexual couples. 3 couples participated in individual couples treatment, and 2 participated in a multi-couple group treatment. 2 of the couples were Black, while all other couples were White. 4 out of 5 couples were married; one couple was in a committed dating relationship. All therapists were trained in marriage and family therapy. All participants filled out open-ended questions about their expectations for therapy and participated in two interviews to elicit their experiences of ongoing therapy. Interviews were tape-recorded and transcribed, and data were analyzed using the constant comparative method. The findings include clients' and therapists' expectations of therapy prior to treatment, and their experiences of therapy during the first half of treatment. Participants discussed which aspects of therapy were helpful, and which aspects of therapy were not helpful. In general, clients emphasized helpful therapist behaviors and qualities that seemed to facilitate their engagement in the therapy process. Therapists tended to focus on specific techniques they employed to facilitate changes in their clients. Participants most often criticized the treatment length as insufficient. Participants also shared their views about the racial difference between therapists and clients, or among group members in the multi-couple treatment group. Most participants believed that racial difference had no effect on the treatment. Finally, participants shared their opinions about traditional domestic violence treatment versus couples treatment of violence. / Master of Science

Yes / With the arrival of the service economy, businesses across different sectors have to rely increasingly on service design, with its focus on the viewpoints of customers and their experiences. Existing frameworks for evaluating customer experience tend to neglect the connection between customer experience and value co-creation, which is critical for enhancing the performance of service design. The aim of this conceptual paper is, therefore, to develop a customer experience evaluation framework that is coherently integrated with the value co-creation construct. It is achieved by intersecting the most relevant insights from prior approaches to evaluating customer experiences with a theoretical interpretation of service value as value in the experience that is always co-created and uniquely determined by the customer's personal lived and imagined experiences. The proposed framework is original in its theorizing of the evaluation process as a transformation from a customer experience evaluation to a synchronized evaluation of value in the experience and value co-creation throughout and beyond the service process. The framework proposes to utilize it in both major service redesign and on-the-spot service improvements, which are extremely relevant to businesses operating in highly competitive environments. The proposed framework is designed to guide future empirical evaluations, accommodate new theoretical extensions, and inform practical applications to design service offerings as unique and preferred experiences for customers.

This study brings together the scattered body of criteria contemporary scholars have used to identify divine communications (a sub-category of religious and spiritual experiences), presented as a new Model of Academic Criteria for Divine Communication. It compares the scholarly criteria in the Model of Academic Criteria for Divine Communication to the criteria that participants themselves (thirty-two Catholic sisters) used to distinguish divine communications from other types of experience. On the basis of this comparison, it suggests a new, altered set of criteria for future use in studying divine communications, formulated as a Model of Participants\' Criteria for Divine Communication. It expands upon current research focused on the experiences of evangelical Protestants by providing the first scholarly report of modern American Catholic experiences of divine communications. / Master of Arts

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