No description available.

No description available.

In its new democracy, South Africa is busy making endeavours to transform and correct the wrongs and problems of the past. In the process it is vital that obstacles to development such as corruption in the public sector should be uprooted as they inhibit quality service delivery and further damage the name of the public service.<br /> <br /> This study compares anti-corruption strategies in South Africa&rsquo / s Western and Eastern Cape provinces, in particular by looking at both the achievements and limitations that have been experienced. The focus area is the provincial administrations in both provinces. In order to contextualise the evaluation of the anti-corruption strategies pursued by the two provincial administrations, the study also includes an examination of the role of provinces in general in combating corruption.<br /> <br /> The research methods employed include a detailed survey of documentation published by the provincial governments&rsquo / anti-corruption agencies, as well as reports by civil society organizations focusing on corruption in the public sector. The study also draws on semi-structured interviews conducted with key stakeholders in the two provinces.<br /> <br /> The study concludes by summarizing the successes and limitations of the two provincial administrations in dealing with corruption. A number of practical recommendations are provided to strengthen the future design and implementation of anti-corruption strategies.<br /> The empirical research for this research report was carried out in 2003 before the national and provincial elections of 2004.

Trafficking in persons in general and in children in particular is a phenomenon that affects each and every country in the world. No African country is immune from trafficking, the quasi-totality of them are simultaneously countries of origin, transit and destination of trafficked children. They are trafficked internally or trans-nationally for all types of exploitations, such as sexual exploitation, labour exploitation, and removal of body parts. In spite ofjoint efforts by the international community to eradicate trafficking in children, research reveals that this modem form of slavery is a phenomenon on the rise instead of decreasing. The situation is more alarming on the African continent where most countries have not yet found appropriate solutions to the problem. Child trafficking is fought through prevention and criminalization. The former entails measures such as awareness raising and the alleviation of factors that make children vulnerable to trafficking and the demand that fosters all forms of exploitation of children. Criminalization measures tress the enactment of comprehensive anti-trafficking legislation, investigation and prosecution of traffickers and protection of child victims of trafficking. This dissertation evaluates the best solutions to prevent and eradicate child trafficking. It seeks to recommend practices which are effective for African countries by taking into consideration the continent's realities, such as resource limitations and underdevelopment. / Thesis (LL.M.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 2009.

<p>Football is the most popular sport in the world, and it continues to have a progressive annual increase in the number of active players and the number of games played per season, which in turn, leads to an increase in the frequency of injuries. Football is extensively researched worldwide, however, some current studies confirm that the results on football injury factors are limited, as well as inconsistent and incomplete. The main aim of this study was to examine interrelating factors of football injuries through the various age groups at a designated football club. The study aimed to expose the injury risk factors and patterns present in the various age groups.</p>

<p>Since the anecdotal assumption is that GPs do not effectively diagnose and manage problem drinking amongst their patients, this study investigated the role of GPs in addressing problem drinking in Cape Town as well as the prevalence of problem drinking amongst their patients.</p>

Savižudybė – reiškinys, kurį tiria daug mokslų: sociologija, filosofija, medicina, psichologija, kriminologija, teologija ir kt. Savižudybė – sudėtinga, daugiareikšmė problema, kuri neturi kokios nors vienintelės priežasties ir paaiškinimo. Ją dažniausiai sukelia psichologinių, kultūrinių ir socialinių veiksnių visuma (Polukordienė, 2003). Savižudybės Lietuvoje yra didžiulė problema, kurios aktualumas akivaizdus. 2011 m. nusižudė 20 vaikų ir jaunuolių iki 19 metų amžiaus. Pasaulinės organizacijos duomenimis, bandymai nusižudyti iki 20 kartų dažnesni nei savižudybės. Raktiniai žodžiai: jaunimas, suicidas, prevencija, savižudybės. Tyrimo objektas - socialinių pedagogų požiūris savižudybių fenomeną prevencija. Rašant darbą buvo naudojama mokslinės literatūros analizė, atliktas kiekybinis tyrimas, pasirinkus anketų metodą. Šio tyrimo tikslas - nustatyti socialinių pedagogų požiūrio į jaunimo savižudybių priežastis ir prevencijos galimybes būsimajame darbe. Tyrimo uždaviniai- 1. Aptarti jaunimo suicidinio elgesio problemos aktualumą. 2. Nustatyti sunkumus, su kuriais susiduria studijų metu socialiniai pedagogai. 3. Nustatyti socialinių pedagogų informuotumą apie jaunimo savižudybių priežastis. 4. Nustatyti socialinių pedagogų pasirengimą teikti pagalbą suicidinio elgesio atveju. Išvados: 1. Lietuva pagal savižudybių skaičių vis dar užima pirmąją vietą pasaulyje. Kaip nurodo, T. Ramanauskienė, V. Matulionienė, V. Martinkienė (2002), žudosi vis... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Each age period of human life is different for its diversity and peculiarity. He/she faces new challenges while gaining diverse experience, establishing social relationships, communicating and cooperating. One of such age periods is adolescence. This is transition from childhood to adult life that starts with sexual maturation and ends with the formation of personality and readiness for independent life. The chronological range is typical for this period of age: early adolescence at the age 12-14, the middle one – at the age 15-18, and the late – at the age 19-21, until the individual ceases to grow physically (Vaičiulienė, 2004).No coincidencethat due tothe abundance of changes the adolescence is characterized as "storm and stress" period inthe literature. According to Erikson teenager experiences the confusion crisis of identity roles during which he/she tries to find out who he/she is, what his/her goals and aspiration are. Therefore, during this period it is a significant increase in suicidal thoughts as an incentive to solve the problems. 1. During the study it was found that the most important reasons for adolescent's suicidality is the age of the youngsters embracing loneliness, inability to establish relationships with other people and the attemptto solve all the problems simultaneously. 2. The data analysis showed that the respondents seek the help in the familyafter facing the problems, and only a small part of them refers to... [to full text]

Previous literature showed weak and sometimes contradictory evidence regarding the best interventions to prevent pressure ulcers and the best factors that can serve as predictors for ulceration. The aim of this study was to explore effective interventions and associated risk factors in the area of pressure ulcer. A retrospective approach was used to explore such interventions and risk factors in a more natural clinical environment than found in a prospective study. While retrospective studies have their limitations, one problem of prospective studies, the Hawthorn effect, is not present. In order to meet the aims of the study, a matched case-controlled design was employed. A convenience sampling technique was used to select all patients who matched the study criteria. Two groups of patients were selected. The first group developed pressure ulcer during hospitalization, the other did not. In order to have a sound and robust comparison, each patient from the pressure ulcer groups was matched or at least nearly matched with another patient from the non-pressure ulcer group for a number Waterlow sub-scores. Further criteria for selection included a minimum of three days total length of stay in hospital and being initially free of any pressure ulcer on admission for both of the study groups. Electronic medical records for all patients were revised, and multidimensional data were extracted using a data extraction sheet. Data analyses were carried out using univariate analysis (t-test, Mann-Whitney, Chi-square and Fisher’s exact test) and multivariate analysis (binary logistic regression). In univariate analysis for preventive interventions, the following interventions were significantly associated with pressure ulcer prevention (P≤ 0.05): standard hospital bed, seating cushion, static pressure redistributing mattress, re-positioning every four hours and helping the patient to sit regularly in a chair. When the effect of all interventions was adjusted through the multivariate model, the following interventions were independently associated with prevention: draw sheet, re-positioning every four hours and helping patient to sit regularly in chair (odds ratio = 0.24, 0.06 and 0.13 respectively; P≤ 0.05). In univariate analysis for risk factors related to physical activity and mobility, the following factors were significantly associated with developing pressure ulcer (P≤ 0.05): moving in bed with help, the ability to take a bath only in bed, needing two helpers in performing activities of daily living and moving outside bed only by a hoist. When adjusting the effect of all variables related to physical activity and mobility through the multivariate model, only two factors were independently associated with developing pressure ulcer: moving in bed with help and the ability to take a bath only in bed (odds ratio = 7.69 and 3.67 respectively; P≤ 0.05). In univariate analysis for risk factors related to pressure ulcer intrinsic risk factors, the following factors were significantly associated with developing pressure ulcer (P≤ 0.05): presence of three underlying medical conditions, dehydration, depression, having a blood transfusion, serum albumin <32mg/dl, haemoglobin <130 g/l in males or <115 for females and systolic blood pressure <113 mmHg. When adjusting the effect of all variables related to intrinsic risk factors through the multivariate model, the following risk factors were independently associated with pressure ulcer: presence of two underlying medical conditions, presence of three underlying medical conditions, cognitive impairment, serum albumin <32mg/dl and haemoglobin <130 g/l in males or <115 for females (odds ratio = 13.3, 143, 4.3, 0.10 and 0.14 respectively; P≤ 0.05). Findings from this study suggest a number of interventions to be effective in PUs prevention, and a number of risk factors that can predict risk of PUs. Findings were based on statistical association between acquiring PUs and the independent variables (preventive interventions and risk factors). This cannot constitute a cause and effect relationship due to the retrospective nature of data analyzed; it only supports the association between a number of interventions and risk factors in preventing or predicting PUs. This can guide further research to investigate these interventions and risk factors by employing the same approach used, but in a prospective manner.

No description available.

No description available.