No / Model based control of automotive engines for fuel economy and pollution minimization depends on accuracy of models used. A number of mathematical models of automotive engine processes are available for this purpose but critical model parameters are difficult to obtain and generalize. This paper presents a novel method of online estimation of discharge coefficient of throttle body at the intake manifold of gasoline engines. The discharge coefficient is taken to be a varying parameter. Air mass flow across the throttle body is a critical variable in maintaining a closer to stoichiometric air fuel ratio; which is necessary to minimize the pollution contents in exhaust gases. The estimation method is based on sliding mode technique. A classical first Sliding mode observer is designed to estimate intake manifold pressure and the model uncertainty arising from the uncertain and time varying discharge coefficient is compensated by the discontinuity/switching signal of sliding mode observer. This discontinuity is used to compute coefficient of discharge as a time varying signal. The discharge coefficient is used to tune/correct the intake manifold model to engine measurements. The resulting model shows a very good agreement with engine measurements in steady as wells transient state. The stability of the observer is shown by Lyapunov direct method and the validity of the online estimation is successfully demonstrated by experimental results. OBD-II (On Board Diagnostic revision II) based sensor data acquisition from the ECU (Electronic Control Unit) of a production model vehicle is used. The devised algorithm is simple enough to be designed and implemented in a production environment. The online estimation of parameter can also be used for engine fault diagnosis work. (c) 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

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Robustness of the closed-loop system has repercussions on both stability and performance, making the study of robustness very important. Fundamentally, the performance and stability of closed-loop systems utilizing state-feedback are tied to that of the observers. The primary goal of this thesis is to develop a robust nonlinear observer and closely examine the usefulness of the observer in the presence of non-collocation and parametric uncertainty and as an integral component in closed-loop control. The usefulness of the observer being investigated depends on robustness, accuracy, computational burden, tunability, ease of design, and ease of implementation on an actual flexible motion system. The design and subsequent integration of the Kalman filter, an optimal observer, into a closed-loop system is well known and systematic. However, there are shortcomings of the Kalman filter in the presence of model uncertainty which are highlighted in this work. Simulation studies are conducted using the Simulation Module in National Instruments LabVIEW 8.5 and experiments are conducted on a physical system consisting of a single flexible link with non-collocation of actuators and sensors using LabVIEW Real Time 8.5. Simulations serve as a means to analyze the performance of the optimal observer and the robust observer by analyzing their dynamic behavior as well as that of the closed-loop system with each observer in place. The focus of experiments is on investigating implementation of the robust observer, including initialization and tuning of observer design parameters off-line and on-line. Simulations verify the robustness properties of the sliding mode observer while experiments show that the robust observer can be implemented at fast control rates and that replacing the Kalman filter with a robust observer has direct ramifications on closed-loop performance.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This master thesis proposes a control method of scalar direct torque control and a technique of current control to maximize the aerodynamic efficiency of wind energy conversion systems (WECS) using permanent magnets synchronous generators (PMSG) with non-salient poles. The maximum power point tracking (MPPT) is possible to apply optimum torque to the generator by just controlling the static converter. Two topologies are addressed: The first one is a boost converter, widely used in WECS, where the MPPT method is implemented by the controlling the boost inductor current; and the second is a three phase AC boost converter where the scalar direct torque control is proposed. Aims to reduce the mechanic speed sensor a work with sensorless algorithms, is proposed. First an observer in the continuous time domain in coordinates αβ is developed containing two observers: a current sliding mode whose function is to determine the electromotive force (EMF) and EMF observer which aims to determine the rotor speed based on the direct method of Lyapunov. After, in the discrete time domain, sliding mode observers of speed and rotor position are described. Simulation and experimental results are presented to validate the theoretical analysis and demonstrate the good performance of the techniques to drive PMSG. / Esta dissertação propõe um método de controle escalar direto de conjugado e uma técnica de controle de corrente para maximização da eficiência aerodinâmica de sistemas de conversão de energia eólica (WECS) que utilizam geradores síncronos de ímãs permanente (PMSG) com polos não salientes. O rastreamento do ponto de máxima potência (MPPT), impõe o conjugado ótimo ao gerador apenas por meio do controle do conversor estático. Duas topologias são abordadas: conversor boost, amplamente utilizado em WECS, em que o método de MPPT é implementado por meio do controle da corrente do indutor boost, e um conversor boost trifásico CA, com controle escalar direto de torque. Buscando reduzir os sensores mecânicos do sistema, estimadores para obtenção da velocidade e da posição rotórica são propostos. Primeiramente um observador no domínio de tempo contínuo em coordenadas αβ é desenvolvido, contendo dois observadores: um de corrente por modos deslizantes, cuja função é determinar a força eletromotriz (EMF) e um observador de EMF, baseado no método direto de Lyapunov, com objetivo de determinar a velocidade rotórica. Posteriormente são descritos observadores por modos deslizantes no domínio de tempo discreto de velocidade e posição rotórica. Resultados de simulação e experimentais são apresentados para validar a análise teórica e demonstrar o desempenho das técnicas de controle e estimação propostas.

This report evaluates the option of using an equal slip controller, an effective rolling radius and rolling resistance force observer in a 4WD wheel loader. The vehicle studied is an under development- vehicle designed by Volvo CE. A wheel loader is an over actuated, articulated vehicle that is mainly used with low velocities in construction operations. The efficiency subject has been studied earlier by many manufacturers in order to analyze the environmental and economical losses and profits. This has provided research opportunities of optimizing efficiency of different kinds. Since the tire is the only part of a vehicle that is in contact with the ground, the characteristic of the tire effects the dynamics. The analysis shows that the efficiency of a tire is directly connected to the slip ratio which in turn is a component of the overall efficiency ratio. Studies show that the slip ratio should be controlled in such a way that the highest value of efficiency rate is obtained. This optimal value is dependent on all four wheel’s slip conditions. Therefore a strategy should be formulated in order to apply changes to all wheels and not only one. Further analysis shows that the maximum efficiency in a 4WD wheel loader is obtained when the vehicle runs in such a way that the slip ratio is equal for all wheels. I order to maintain same amount of slip for all wheels a control strategy is required. In the control strategy the current amount of slip of each wheel is determined. Further, the average value of slip ratio is calculated. Finally the equal amount of slip is achieved using corresponding optimal torque inputs for each individual wheel. Thus a stable, robust controller is required. The controller used to achieve this goal is a sliding mode controller that is popular among control engineers for its stability, robustness against uncertainties, speed and easy implementation. For an accurate control, states of the rolling resistance and the effective rolling radius need to be determined. The pressure acting on the tire will cause deformation on the tire itself. This leads to a dynamic radius of the tire. This deformation is highly dependent on vertical stress and the structure of tire. Further more velocity, inflation pressure, vertical load etc. also have effect on rolling resistance. Rolling resistance has a great impact on the fuel consumption of the vehicle and the driving characteristics. These estimated variations of effective radius and rolling resistance build a feedback system to the controller which in turn derives the system to the desired slip ratio. As it turns out, the slip efficiency is increased using an equal slip controller. However, it is highly dependent on the ratio of thrust between front and rear wheels. / Denna rapport utvärderar möjligheten att använda en olinjär regulator i syfte att sätta lika stor ’slip’ på fordonets alla fyra hjul. Vidare ska en olinjär observerare modelleras för att uppskatta den så kallad hjulets effektiva radie samt rollmoståndskraften som verkar på däcket. Det studerade fordonet är en hjullastare konstruerad av Volvo CE och som i nuläget är under utveckling. En hjullastare är ett overmanövrerat fordon som huvudsakligen används i låga hastigheter i bygg- och transportverksamheter. Effektivitet är ett ämne som har studerats tidigare av många tillverkare för att analysera miljörelaterade och ekonomiska förluster och vinster. Detta har gett forskarna möjligheten att studera effektivitet av olika slag. Eftersom däcket är den enda delen av ett fordon som kommer i kontakt med marken, påverkar dess karaktär fordonets dynamika beteende i helhet. Analysen visar att däckets effektivitet är direkt kopplad till slipförhållande som i sin tur är en del av det totala effektivitetsförhållandet. Studier visar att slipförhållandet bör kontrolleras på ett sådant sätt att det högsta värdet av effektivitet uppnås. Detta optimala värde är beroende av slipförhållanden hos alla fyra hjul och därför bör en strategi formuleras för att nå optimalt slipeffektivitet på alla hjul. Ytterligare analys visar att maximal slipeffektivitet i en 4WD hjullastare erhålls när fordonet går så att slipförhållandet är lika för alla hjul. I kontrollstrategin bestäms det nuvarande slipförhållandet för varje hjul. Av dessa beräknas medelvärdet som skall presentera referensvärdet av slipförhållandet. Slutligen upp-nås detta värde med motsvarande optimala momentinmatningar för varje enskilt hjul. Styralgoritmen som används för att uppnå detta mål är en Sliding mode regulator som är populär bland kontrollingenjörer för dess stabilitet, robusthet mot osäkerhet, snabbhet och enkel implementering. För en noggrann kontroll måste tillstånden av rullmotståndskraften och effektiv rull-radien observeras. De verkande krafterna på hjulet orsakar deformation på däcket som ger upphov till däckets dynamiska radie. Denna deformation är starkt beroende av vertikal spänning och däckets struktur. Vidare har hastighet, däckets lufttryck, vertikal belastning etc. också effekt på rullmotståndskraften. Rullmotstånd har stor inverkan på fordonets bränsleförbrukning och drivegenskaper. Dessa variationer av effektivradie och rullmotstånd bygger ett återkopplat system till regulatorn som i sin tur leder systemet till önskat slipförhållande. Som det visar sig, ökar slipeffektiviteten med hjälp av "equal slip" styralgoritm. Detta är emellertid mycket beroende av förhållandet av momentinmatningar mellan fram och bakhjulet.

L’objectif de cette thèse est de proposer des stratégies de diagnostic dans le cas d'une commande en vitesse sans capteur mécanique (vitesse/position) d’une machine asynchrone triphasée en présence de défaut d'ouverture des transistors IGBT (Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor) de l’onduleur. Une étude de l’impact de ces défauts sur les performances de ces structures sans capteur mécanique en termes de stabilité et de robustesse des observateurs en mode dégradé est présentée. Un observateur par mode glissant (Sliding Mode Observer) à base de modèle est développé et validé expérimentalement en vue de la commande sans capteur mécanique de la machine asynchrone triphasée. Les signaux issus de l’observateur (approche modèle) sont utilisés conjointement avec ceux mesurés (approche signale) pour former une approche hybride de diagnostic de défauts des transistors IGBT de l’onduleur. Un observateur par mode glissant d’ordre 2 à base d’un algorithme Super-Twisting est ensuite développé en vue d’améliorer la stabilité et d’assurer la continuité de fonctionnement du système en présence d'un défaut afin de pouvoir appliquer une stratégie de commande tolérante aux défauts dans les meilleures délais et conditions de fonctionnement. / The main goal of this thesis is to propose diagnostic strategies in the case of a sensorless speed control of a three-phase induction motor under an opened-switch or opened-phase fault. A qualitative analysis of the performances, in terms of stability and robustness, of sensorless control applied to the electrical drive in pre-fault and post-fault operation modes is presented. A model-based sliding mode observer is developed and experimentally validated for sensorless speed control of three-phase induction motor. The signals issued from the observer (model approach) as well as the measured ones (signal approach) are simultaneously used to form a hybrid approach for inverter open-switch fault detection and identification. A second-order sliding mode observer based on Super-Twisting algorithm (STA) is also developed to improve the stability and to ensure the continuity of operation of the electrical drive especially during transient states induced by the fault, permitting thus to apply the reconfiguration step without losing the control

Les systèmes piles à combustible de type PEM pour des applications de transport reposent sur un ensemble d’auxiliaires (stockage d’hydrogène, compresseur d’air, convertisseur de puissance, humidificateur, etc) qui assurent le bon fonctionnement du système pile. La mise en place d’observateurs permet de disposer d’un outil pour reconstruire les états non mesurés de ce système; cela permet de mettre en place un contrôle par retour de sortie en vue d’optimiser les performances du système pile et ainsi d'améliorer la détection et l’isolation de défauts (FDI). Cette thèse est basée sur l’étude et la synthèse d'observateurs adaptatifs par mode glissant d’ordre supérieur, pour deux principaux auxiliaires de la pile que sont, le système d'alimentation en air et les convertisseurs de puissance associés à la pile. La première partie de la thèse est consacrée à la synthèse d’observateurs pour la reconstruction des états et à la détection et l’isolation des défauts sur le système d’alimentation en air de la PEMFC. Dans un premier temps, un observateur algébrique par mode glissant d’ordre supérieur est synthétisé pour la reconstruction de la pression partielle de l'oxygène et de l'azote. Dans un deuxième temps, un nouvel observateur adaptatif par mode glissant d’ordre deux est synthétisé pour assurer l'observation simultanée des états, l'identification des paramètres, la surveillance et la reconstruction de défaut dans le circuit d’air. Les performances des observateurs proposées ont été validées grâce à un simulateur Hardware-In-Loop (HIL) du système pile à combustible.Dans la deuxième partie, nous nous sommes intéressés à l’élaboration d’observateurs et de commande par retour de sortie pour les convertisseurs associé au système pile dans une application transport. Ainsi, une commande novatrice par mode glissant d’ordre deux, de type retour de sortie, a été élaborée pour le convertisseur AC/DC. Dans un second temps, un observateur de type modes glissants d’ordre 2 adaptatif est synthétisé pour un convertisseur de type multicellulaire. / Automotive PEM Fuel Cell systems rely upon a set of auxiliary systems for proper operation, such as humidifier, air-feed compressor, power converter etc. The internal physical states of the latter are often unmeasurable, yet required for their precise control. Observers provide a means of obtaining the unmeasured states of these auxiliary systems for feedback control, optimal energy consumption and Fault Diagnosis and Isolation (FDI). This thesis is based on higher order sliding mode observer design studies for two major PEMFC auxiliary systems found in modern automobiles, the air-feed system and the power electronics system.The first part is focused on robust observation and FDI of the PEMFC air-feed systems. Sliding mode observer design and their applications to FDI have been studied in detail for this purpose and the key observation problems in this system have been identified. Based on this study, two solutions are proposed, a sliding mode algebraic observer for oxygen and nitrogen partial pressures and a novel robust adaptive-gain Second Order Sliding Mode (SOSM) observer based FDI for simultaneous state observation, parameter identification, health monitoring and fault reconstruction of the PEMFC air-feed system. The performance of the proposed observers has been validated on an instrumented Hardware-In-Loop (HIL) test bench.The observation and output feedback control problems of different power electronic converters, commonly found in fuel cell vehicles, are addressed in the next part. Robust output feedback SOSM control for three phase AC/DC converters have been presented. A robust SOSM observer for multi-cell converters has also been designed. The performance of all these designs has been demonstrated through a multi-rate simulation approach. The results highlight the robustness of the observers and controllers against parametric uncertainty, measurement noise and external disturbance.

This master thesis addresses the control of electric propulsion motors in a marine context. The focus lies mainly on the implementation of field oriented control (FOC) in a field programmable gate array (FPGA). The hypothesis is that FPGAs provide performance advantages over microcontroller-based control solutions by enabling parallel processing. Zparq AB, a startup specializing in electric marine propulsion, serves as the industry partner for this project. They develop sustainable alternatives to traditional fossil fuel powered propulsion, and the aim is to develop every included part of their electric propulsion systems inhouse. That makes the development of an FPGA-based motor control solution relevant to their goal. The research question focuses on how multiple marine propulsion motors can be controlled from a single FPGA. To answer this, the study investigates relevant engineering aspects such as reference frame transformations, motor control strategies, pulse width modulation (PWM) methods and technological aspects of modern FPGA architectures. For developing the motor controller, a Digilent Arty Z7-20 FPGA board is used. In the design process, all included functions are written as code in a hardware description language (HDL). This approach aims at maintaining complete insight in all details of the solution. Two variants of conventional FOC are developed; one with position feedback from an encoder and one sensorless. The developed motor controller is tested by controlling a brushless direct current (BLDC) motor, and the results prove the functionality of the encoder-based variant. They also show a latency of less than 15 microseconds and indicate the feasibility of the chosen approach. The modularity of the FPGA is demonstrated by successfully controlling two motors, using two copies of the developed solution in a single FPGA. A discussion on combining FPGA-based controllers with wide bandgap (WBG) semiconductors is also included, where the main discussed advantage is high switching frequency. In conclusion, the results and insights from the project contribute to future development of FPGA-based motor control solutions, both within Zparq and the research field. The insights regarding the specific chosen approach for the FPGA development can also be useful for similar projects. / Detta masterarbete behandlar styrning av elektriska motorer i ett marint kontext. Fokus ligger huvudsakligen på implementeringen av fältorienterad styrning (FOC) i en ifält-programmerbar grindmatris (FPGA). Hypotesen är att FPGAer erbjuder prestandafördelar jämfört med mikrokontroller-baserade styrlösningar, genom att möjliggöra parallella beräkningsprocesser. Zparq AB, ett startup som specialiserar sig på elektriska marina drivsystem, är industripartner för detta projekt. De utvecklar hållbara alternativ till traditionell fossildriven framdrift och målet är att på egen hand utveckla alla ingående delar i deras elektriska drivsystem. Det gör att utvecklingen av en FPGA-baserad lösning för motorstyrning är relevant inom ramen för deras mål. Forskningsfrågan fokuserar på hur ett flertal motorer för marin framdrift kan styras från en enda FPGA. För att svara på detta undersöks relevanta tekniska aspekter såsom koordinattransformationer, motorstyrningsstrategier, metoder för pulsbreddsmodulering (PWM) samt teknologiska aspekter av moderna FPGA-arkitekturer. För utvecklingen av motorstyrningen används ett Digilent Arty Z7-20 FPGA-kort. I designprocessen formuleras alla inkluderade funktioner som kod i ett hårdvarubeskrivande språk (HDL). Detta tillvägagångssätt syftar till att ha god insyn i hela lösningen, ner på detaljnivå. Två varianter av konventionell FOC utvecklas; en med positionsfeedback från vinkelgivare och en sensorlös. Den utvecklade motorstyrningen testas genom att driva en borstlös likströmsmotor (BLDC) och resultaten visar på den vinkelgivarbaserade variantens funktionalitet. De visar även att fördröjningen är under 15 mikrosekunder, samt på genomförbarheten av det valda tillvägagångssättet. Modulariteten i FPGAn demonstreras genom att framgångsrikt styra två motorer med hjälp av två kopior av den utvecklade lösningen i en och samma FPGA. En diskussion kring att kombinera FPGA-baserad styrning och halvledare med brett bandgap (WBG) är också inkluderad, där den huvudsakliga fördelen som diskuteras är hög switchfrekvens.svis bidrar resultaten och insikterna från projektet till framtida utveckling av FPGA-baserade lösningar för motorstyrning, både inom Zparq och övriga forskningsfältet. Insikterna från det specifika valda tillvägagångssättet för FPGA-utvecklingen kan även de vara användbara i liknande projekt.

The present thesis employs ideas of set invariance and sliding modes in order to deal with different relevant problems control of nonlinear systems. Initially, it reviews the techniques of set invariance as well as the more relevant results about sliding modes control. Then the main methodologies used are presented: sliding mode reference conditioning, second order sliding modes and continuous approximation of sliding modes. Finally, the methodologies are applied to different problems in control theory and to a variety of biologically inspired applications. The contributions of the thesis are: The development of a method to coordinate dynamical systems with different dynamic properties by means of a sliding mode auxiliary loop shaping the references given to the systems as function of the local and global goals, the achievable performance of each system and the available information of each system. Design methods for second order sliding mode algorithms. The methods decouple the problem of stability analysis from that of finite-time convergence of the super-twisting sliding mode algorithm. A nonlinear change of coordinates and a time-scaling are used to provide simple, yet flexible design methods and stability proofs. Application of the method to the design of finite-time convergence estimators of bioprocess kinetic rates and specific biomass growth rate, from biomass measurements. Also the estimators are validated with experimental data. The proposal of a strategy to reduce the variability of a cell-to-cell communication signal in synthetic genetic circuits. The method uses set invariance and sliding mode ideas applied to gene expression networks to obtain a reduction in the variance of the communication signal. Experimental approaches available to modify the characteristics of the gene regulation function are described. / Vignoni, A. (2014). Invariance and Sliding Modes. Application to coordination of multi-agent systems, bioprocesses estimation, and control in living cells [Tesis doctoral]. Editorial Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/37743