Using a New Economic Geography (NEG) model, this study estimates the relationship between regional per capita income and the market accessibility of regions. This accessibility cannot be observed directly, so it has to be constructed. We follow a two-step-procedure as suggested by Redding and Venables (2004) and use results of a gravity-type model to infer \real market potential". To this end, we make use of a novel dataset of bi-regional trade ows between (and within) 254 European NUTS-2 regions (for 26 European countries excluding Bulgaria and Romania) for the year 2010. In a second step we test the hypothesis that access to domestic as well as to large foreign markets increases factor incomes. We find evidence that supports this hypothesis on a regional level. This also holds when we control for other potential income determinants. In order for the estimates to be unbiased, we additionally take the spatial structure of the data into account. Our findings indicate that, although the specification derived from theory should be able to capture some spatial spillovers, additionally controlling for spatial autocorrelation in the residuals is necessary to fit the European data. (authors' abstract) / Series: Department of Economics Working Paper Series

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-03T12:19:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Roberto Rodrigues.pdf: 1040760 bytes, checksum: 93bebf2fae2fe1a6f8d4df6e067e9861 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-04-18 / This bibliographic work brings Issachar‟s tribe as its main theme. This tribal group is part of Israel‟s social system since its beginning and has as a main feature the hard life of the man who works for a living, as well as many others in the mankind history, except that, inside the Israel‟s tribal society, this tribe had a difference to give up the possibility of live free from the Egyptian and the Cananeus domination, this is due to the fact that they found themselves in a hard living region for it seemed to be a satisfying and safe place. In compensation this paradise‟ demanded hard work and sweat and at the end gave them the curious name of the wage-earning man tribe. Spend one‟s life without any struggle against their oppressors wasn‟t an easy decision, but among them earn his life and bread. Israel‟s history, far away of being repetitious and determinant is an intriguing and fascinating history due to its possibilities of discover inside Israel‟s people the exciting new life‟ that God, the life bearer, wishes to offer to anyone who knows to live. Work is not penalty, work is blessing, work is sacred and cherishes of horizons the agreed time of living. Supported on texts from Jdg19, 17-23; Gen 49, 14-15; and Dt 33, 18-19; we shall try to find the audacity of a social group that decide to live in odd manner, in a poor and difficult region geographically speaking; a social group that decide to make from its own working power‟ the instrument that assures them to be wherever they want, and do whatever that pleasures them. This is Issachar. / Esse trabalho bibliográfico traz como tema a tribo de Issacar. Ela faz parte da formação do sistema tribal de Israel, pelo menos no seu início, e tem como principal característica a vida dura de homem trabalhador, como tantos na história da humanidade, mas que dentro da sociedade tribal de Israel se diferenciou por ter aberto mão da possibilidade de viver livre da dominação egípcia/cananéia por encontrar em uma região difícil, um local que lhe parecesse ser de segurança e satisfação. O paraíso que, em contrapartida, lhe exigiu muito trabalho e suor e por conta disso acabou por batizá-lo com o curioso nome de Issacar o homem assalariado. Não foi fácil sua decisão de não passar a vida lutando contra os seus opressores, mas inserido em seu meio, ganhar sua vida e seu pão. A História de Israel, longe de ser repetitiva e já determinada, é intrigante e fascinante justamente pelas possibilidades de descoberta, na vida de seu povo a novidade empolgante de vida que o Deus da vida quer oferecer a quem souber viver. Trabalho não é castigo, trabalho é bênção, trabalho é sagrado e alimenta de horizontes o tempo acordado de viver. Apoiado nos textos de Js19,17-23, Gn 49,14-15 e Dt 33,18-19 vamos descobrir a ousadia de um grupo de pessoas que resolve fazer diferente, vivendo em uma região pouco atrativa geograficamente, essas pessoas fazem da sua força de trabalho a ferramenta que lhes garante estar onde querem, fazendo o que querem. Esse é Issacar.

A presente tese de doutorado estuda duas questões referentes ao programa brasileiro de Seguro Desemprego: o impacto do benefício sobre o salário de reinserção dos trabalhadores beneficiados, bem como sobre o tempo de procura por emprego. No primeiro ensaio são apresentados alguns fatos estilizados referente ao problema de pesquisa, entre os quais destacam-se: i) Descrição Jurídica e os principais objetivos do Programa brasileiro de Seguro Desemprego; ii) O Status Quo do Programa Seguro Desemprego; iii) O Perfil do Trabalhador Beneficiado pelo Programa; iv) Salário de reinserção de trabalhadores contemplados e não contemplados pelo programa (2006-2009) com tempo de permanência no trabalho anterior entre um mês e onze meses; e v) Procura por emprego de trabalhadores contemplados e não contemplados pelo programa (2006-2010) com tempo de permanência no trabalho anterior entre um mês e onze meses. No segundo ensaio, avalia-se o impacto do benefício Seguro Desemprego sobre o salário de reinserção de seu público alvo, utilizando-se as Teorias de Job Search e do Capital Humano. Na estratégia empírica, utilizaram-se informações da Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicílio - PNAD no período de 2006 a 2009, bem como o método de regressão com descontinuidade. Os resultados indicaram que para o período avaliado, o programa de Seguro Desemprego vai de encontro com as teorias, visto que não se mostrou estatisticamente significativo para influenciar o salário de reinserção dos beneficiados. No terceiro ensaio, destaca-se o impacto do benefício sobre o tempo de procura por trabalho, utilizando-se como referenciais teóricos os modelos de assimetria de informação, mais especificamente o modelo de Moral Hazard. Para análise empírica da presença do risco moral no programa, foram utilizadas informações da Pesquisa de Emprego e Desemprego - PED, no período de 2006 a 2010, e as estimativas baseadas no método de regressão com descontinuidade. Os resultados indicaram que o programa Seguro Desemprego influenciou a procura por emprego dos trabalhadores chefes de família e também dos considerados filhos. Portanto, no período avaliado, constata-se que a procura por trabalho foi realizada de modo menos intensivo pelos chefes de família e jovens que receberam o benefício, e pela inexistência de instrumentos de controle da procura por emprego por parte do Governo, a presença do risco moral acabou configurando-se no grupo de trabalhadores avaliados. / This doctoral thesis studies two issues of the Brazilian Unemployment Insurance program: the impact of the benefit on the reemployment wage of beneficiaries, as well as, job search time for reemployment. In the first test, some stylized facts regarding the research problem are presented, among which we highlight: i) Legal description and key objectives of the Brazilian Unemployment Insurance program; ii) The Status Quo of the Unemployment Insurance program; iii) Profile of the workers who benefit through the program; iv) Reemployment wage of workers, covered and not covered by the (2006-2009) program, who worked between one and eleven months in their previous job; and v) job search of workers, covered and not covered by the (2006-2010) program. The second test assesses the impact of the Unemployment Insurance benefit on the reemployment wage, using the Job Search and Human Capital theories. In the empirical strategies, the National Survey by Household Sampling – (PNAD) information, during the 2006 to 2009 period was used plus the regression discontinuity method. The results indicated that, for the evaluated period, the Unemployment Insurance program meets the theories, since it was not statistically significant in influencing the beneficiaries’ reemployment wage benefit. The third test highlights the impact of the benefit on job hunting time, using as theoretical reference the information asymmetry model, more specifically the Moral Hazard model. For the empirical analysis of the presence of moral hazard in the program, we used information from the Job and Unemployment Research (PED), during the 2006-2010 period and estimates were based on the regression discontinuity method. The results indicated that the Unemployment Insurance program influenced the search for work or job hunting of household heads and, also those considered children. Therefore, it is noted that the demand for work during the evaluated period, was performed in a less intensive manner by family heads and young people who receive the benefit and, given the absence of Government job search control methods, the presence of moral hazard eventually settled on the Group of workers assessed.

Doctor of Philosophy / Department of Economics / William F. Blankenau / This dissertation investigates two essential features of the US economy. First, it explores how news about future productivity changes business cycle fluctuations. Using the a representative agent model, it shows that implementation labor in workplace organization could be an important channel through which news about the fundamentals can realistically generate US business cycle fluctuations. Further this idea is extended using the perspective of sunspot fluctuations. In particular, the model can lead to multiple equilibria under specific parameterizations. Second, a general equilibrium model has been developed with heterogeneous agents to explain the wage polarization feature of the US labor market, particularly how the price of an important technology is connected to lifetime earnings of agents and affects their college decisions. The following summarizes the three chapters of my dissertation. The first chapter which I co-authored with Dr. Blankenau, argues that purchasing investment goods does not directly increase the productive capacity of a business. Changes in the business through the installation of capital, worker training, and workplace reorganization are often required. These changes themselves are not easily automated. Change requires workers. We build a model where investment requires a complementary labor input. This mechanism is embedded in a representative agent model with capacity utilization, adjustment costs, and separable preferences. We show that this environment can yield positive co-movement between consumption, investment, and labor hours when the economy experiences a news shock about future productivity, thus providing an additional channel through which news shocks can generate key business cycle features. The second chapter is an extension of the first chapter. I investigate the indeterminacy in a representative agent model with implementation labor and increasing returns in production. First, my analysis shows that a representative agent with implementation labor can exhibit increasing returns to scale. Then I show that self-fulfilling beliefs of agents lead to business cycle fluctuations in which multiple equilibria can arise under specific parameterizations. Specifically, implementation labor in the production of capital is the highly important, necessary condition for the self-fulling equilibrium outcome. The third chapter, which is also a joint work with Dr. Blankenau, discusses the wage polarization feature of the US labor market. We build a general equilibrium model with heterogeneous agents, showing how wage polarization can emerge when the price of computer capital falls. Consequently, we find the share of the population with a college degree decreases. Our findings are consistent with recent empirical data that show a U-shaped wage growth pattern in the US as well as a slower growth rate of college-educated workers despite the high returns of investing in education. In the model, we assume that each agent is born with a portfolio of skills. Specifically, each agent can provide manual labor, routine labor, and abstract labor and must decide how much of each to provide. An agent can increase efficiency in all types of labor by attending college. All three types of labor are valued in the labor market at an endogenously determined wage rate. Computer capital is a substitute for routine labor. As its price falls and its quantity increases, agents with a relative aptitude for routine labor no longer find it advantageous to attend college. Since routinization of tasks harms middle-income agents, the model has government policy implications for observed wage polarization.

Desde 1928 o governo brasileiro se comprometeu com a comunidade internacional em adotar um salário mínimo. Para definir seu conceito, médicos propuseram a criação de uma política alimentar para os/as trabalhadores/as que seria complementar ao mínimo. Ao buscar o melhoramento da “raça” brasileira sob princípios de “alimentação racional”, estimularam a educação popular, a criação de restaurantes e postos de abastecimento. Como observamos em Porto Alegre, esse projeto alimentar seria parcialmente executado, especialmente através da educação de mulheres trabalhadoras, com implicações sobre as relações de gênero. Tanto a economia doméstica como a cultura alimentar da classe trabalhadora local funcionavam como barreiras contendo o avanço da ciência da Nutrição sobre as práticas alimentares populares. Nem a política alimentar nem o salário mínimo enfrentaram à altura os problemas que deveriam solucionar. Se por um lado ocorreu uma tendência de aumento de salários desde a criação do mínimo até os anos 1960, com progressivo distanciamento dos patamares salariais médios em relação ao mínimo para o conjunto da classe trabalhadora da cidade, por outro havia exceções importantes para certas categoriais, funções e para as mulheres. Poucos/as trabalhadores/as conseguiam escapar da tendência salarial do período – recebiam entre 1 e 2 salários mínimos. Uma boa parte do esforço dos atores era dedicado ao debate sobre a confiabilidade dos dados utilizados na política salarial. Tanto patrões como trabalhadores buscavam valer-se das estatísticas disponíveis para “provar” seus pontos de vista na busca pelo consideravam seus direitos. A descrença dos trabalhadores para com a instituição oficial de estatística que marcou suas lutas nos tribunais seria a baliza para sua atuação diante das propostas de reajustes do salário mínimo. Este foi criado e atualizado em contextos políticos cambiantes, entre maior e menor abertura do governo ao diálogo com a classe trabalhadora. Se em um primeiro momento ela parecia mais responder aos estímulos oficiais, vemos que a abertura política progressivamente possibilitou uma postura ativa de demanda pelo reajuste do mínimo nas bases que achava pertinente. Finalmente, uma vez que o salário mínimo jamais deu conta do problema da economia doméstica, as lideranças operárias valeram-se da construção de concepções negativas sobre ele, que por sua vez serviram de alicerce para suas demandas por salários que mantivessem a hierarquia salarial em fábricas e oficinas. Para isso eram obrigados a ativar perante a Justiça do Trabalho a ideologia de gênero difundida e reforçada por governos e patrões. / Since 1928, Brazilian Government compromised to international community on adopting a minimum wage. To define its concept physicians proposed a feeding policy to workers, complementary to minimum wage. Seeking the improvement of Brazilian “race” under “rational feeding”, they have stimulated popular education, restaurants and state grocery shops. As seen at Porto Alegre, such project was best performed amongst working class women, influencing gender relations. Local working class domestic economy and feeding culture acted as walls stopping Nutrition science advance over popular feeding practices. Neither feeding policy nor minimum wage faced adequately the problems they should address. If salaries raised from the moment minimum wage was created to the 1960s, at the same time there was important exceptions for some categories, jobs and for women. Only a few could earn more than the pattern of 1-2 minimum wages. Actors spent a good time debating reliability of data used on wages policy. Both workers and employers used available statistics to “prove” their points when seeking what they believed were their rights. Labor leaders disbelief on official statistics would be the corner stone on their agency regarding minimum wage. As it was created and updated on changing political contexts, facing both opened and closed to dialogue governments, at first workers seemed to answer more to official agenda, then political aperture favored a proactive attitude toward demanding a higher level to minimum wage. Finally, once minimum wage never solved the domestic economy equation, workers leaders constructed negative images over it, which served as instruments on demanding the maintenance of wages hierarchy on factories and shops. Doing so obligated them to reactivate traditional gender ideology strengthened by government and employers.

The thesis is focused on assessing the impact of labor productivity on the dynamics of wages and working expensiveness of selected farms. In the theoretical part, the labor productivity, the actual measurement and relationship to the average wage. Attention is also paid wages, payroll forms, moving components of wages and super wage. The practical part is focused on a comparison of wages in the agricultural sector with the national average, as well as the influence of the change in average labor productivity and average wages to average labor Cost in 74 farms for 2005, 2008 and 2009. In conclusion, it considered whether the development of wages over time is a reasonable development of labor productivity over the period 2005-2010.

This work is about the socio-economic benefits of the microbrewerist for their towns. In the first part of the work, there are the definitions of several choosen factors. Then these factors are aplicated and compared in the choosen microbreweries and in tows as well. The research went on in microbreweries and in tows with or without brewery. For research were choosen 6 towns, in 3 there is a mircobrewery and in the others there is not. For this work several metods were used. At first it was a thorough literary review of this problematic. In this step socio-economic factors were defined. Then theoretical and statistical data has been searched. Second step was to prepare questionnaires and sent them to 3 towns with microbrewery and to 3 without. Towns were selected according certain parameters, for example: Population, region, distance to the distric town, etc. At the same time research in microbreweries was ongoing. In this case the research has a form of an interview. This metod has brought better data.

This diploma thesis deals with the system of remuneration of employees in the company. The aim of the diploma thesis is to evaluate the current system of remuneration of the selected company and to propose possible innovations in this system that could led to its improvement. The theoretical part first introduces the basic concepts of remuneration and the legislation that deals with remuneration. The second part describes the system of remuneration, payroll forms of remuneration and employee benefits. The last part of literary research characterizes innovations and their division. The practical part is focused on the system of remuneration in the concrete company. First are the general and economic characteristics of the selected business stated. Subsequently the human capital of the company is analysed from the point of view its development and separation by gender, education and level job. The next section describes the current system of remuneration. Then is the system evaluated using SWOT analysis. There is also evaluation of the human capital and its effectiveness. The result of the work are concrete proposals of innovation which should contribute to improving the current system of remuneration.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-08T14:44:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 1835278 bytes, checksum: 6e5db265a684951dd489f1f1afd780e4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-09-29 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The present study aims to obtain empirical evidence of agglomeration economies on economic activities of municipalities in the years 2000 and 2009. To do so, it is employing two complementary techniques applied to data from RAIS. At first, through the Exploratory Analysis of Spatial Data, it appears that there is some kind of spatial association in the tested variables such as spatial agglomerations or homogeneous regions (clusters) and atypical observations (outliers). Evidence obtained point to high values of autocorrelation in the municipalities of South and Southeast area and low values in the North and Northeast. In the second part, devoted to estimation of the econometric model are used to formulate wage equations based on a microeconomic model developed by Fingleton (2003), under the precepts of Urban Economics, where the main hypothesis points to a positive relationship between wage differentials and labor productivity. The results from the technique of instrumental variables via 2SLS and GMM, suggest that variations in wage rates of the Brazilian municipalities are significantly and positively related to the spatial concentration of economic activity and the spillover efficiency levels between areas that are geographically close, corroborating to Jacobs theory about the economies of urbanization. / O presente estudo tem a finalidade de obter evidências empíricas de economias de aglomeração nas atividades econômicas dos municípios brasileiros nos anos de 2000 e 2009. Para tanto, emprega-se duas técnicas complementares aplicadas aos dados da RAIS. Na primeira, por meio da Análise Exploratória de Dados Espaciais, verifica-se a existência de algum tipo de associação espacial nas variáveis analisadas, tais como aglomerações espaciais ou regiões homogêneas (clusters) e observações atípicas (outliers). As evidências obtidas apontam para autocorrelação espacial de altos valores nos municípios das regiões Sul e Sudeste e de baixos valores no Norte e Nordeste. Na segunda parte, dedicada à estimação do modelo econométrico, são utilizadas equações salariais com formulação baseada em um modelo microeconômico desenvolvido por Fingleton (2003), sob os preceitos da Urban Economics, cuja principal hipótese aponta para uma relação positiva entre os diferenciais de salários e a produtividade do trabalho. Os resultados obtidos a partir da técnica de variáveis instrumentais via MQ2E e GMM, sugerem que as variações nas taxas salariais dos municípios brasileiro são significativamente e positivamente relacionadas com a concentração espacial da atividade econômica e com os transbordamentos dos níveis de eficiência entre áreas geograficamente próximas, corroborando as teorias de Jacobs acerca das economias de urbanização.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-08T14:44:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Arquivototal.pdf: 1836085 bytes, checksum: eae0ae0278a6c2c7af0f833a8ec29fac (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-06-26 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The main objective of this study is to analyze the effect of experience of interstate migration in Brazil on the productive reinsertion and on the income of the employee that returned to the region of origin. The data used in this study were derived from the National Household Sample Survey (PNAD) of 1999 and 2009. This study is divided into three sections. The first is reserved for the investigation of the migratory pattern inside the Brazilian territory and for the comparison of the socioeconomic attributes of return migrants with those observed for non-migrants and non-returned migrants. In the 2000s, the evidences show that most migrants of return comes back to the Northeast and, also, that Southeast has sent more people who received, indicating a loss of attractiveness. The again migrated worker can be characterized as an individual male, nonwhite race, urban person and head of family, being, on average, younger, more educated and better paid than non-migrant. On the other hand, the migrated worker again is older, less educated and receives lower income than non-returned migrant. In the second part are analyzed the determination of the condition of migration and salary differentials between categories: interstate migrants of return, interstate non-returned migrant and non-migrant. The methodology consisted in estimating a structural model of joint determination of migration, remigration and wages, with the application of the method of Lee (1978) for the correction of possible sample selection bias. Moreover, wage differentials were calculated using the technique of Oaxaca-Blinder-Oaxaca and Ramson. The empirical findings show that male workers, more educated, employed as self-employed and entrepreneurs were more inclined to interstate migration and remigration to the state of birth. And, in relation to profits, show that male workers, more educated, employed as civil servants and entrepreneurs, profited higher values. But, the non-returned migrants and the migrants of return received higher incomes than non-migrants. These differences are mainly explained by unobserved characteristics, indicating a positive selection of migrants on attributes not observed in relation to non-migrants. Finally, the objective of the third part was to investigate the impact of the accumulation of savings and/or wealth in the decision to occupation of interstate migrants of return. The methodology used in that investigation was to estimate a probit model with endogenous regressor, correcting the bias this endogeneity in wealth accumulation. Empirical evidences enabled to identify that accumulation of wealth had a positive impact on the choice to employ themselves as self-employed and entrepreneur. Furthermore, the return migrants more favorable to self-employment or entrepreneur are men, white, aged older, with low schooling and that living in the North, Northeast and Midwest regions. In relation to the accumulation of wealth, were also verified that workers who returned before 2000 have accumulated more wealth than workers of recent decade and the accumulation of wealth was generated during the period of youth of the workers. / O principal objetivo desse estudo é analisar o efeito da experiência de migração interestadual no Brasil sobre a reinserção produtiva e os rendimentos do trabalhador retornado à região de origem. Os dados utilizados neste estudo foram provenientes da Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicílios (PNADs) de 1999 e de 2009. Esse estudo está dividido em três ensaios. O primeiro é reservado à investigação do padrão migratório dentro do território brasileiro e à comparação dos atributos socioeconômicos dos migrantes de retorno com aqueles observados para os não migrantes e migrantes não retornados. Na década de 2000, as evidências mostram que a maioria dos migrantes de retorno voltou para a região Nordeste e também que a região Sudeste emitiu mais pessoas que recebeu, indicando perda de capacidade de atração. O trabalhador remigrado pode ser caracterizado como um indivíduo do sexo masculino, de cor não branca, residente em área urbana e chefe de família; sendo, em média, mais jovem, mais escolarizado e melhor remunerado que o não migrante. Por outro lado, o remigrado é mais velho, menos escolarizado e aufere menor rendimento que o migrante não retornado. No segundo ensaio se analisam a determinação da condição de migração e os diferenciais de salários entre as categorias: migrante interestadual de retorno, migrante interestadual não retornado e não migrante. A metodologia utilizada consistiu na estimativa de um modelo estrutural de determinação conjunta de migração, remigração e salários, com a aplicação do método de Lee (1978) para a correção do possível viés de seleção amostral. Ademais, os diferenciais de salários foram calculados a partir da técnica de Oaxaca-Ramson e Oaxaca-Blinder. Os achados empíricos apontam que trabalhadores homens, mais escolarizados, ocupados como autônomos e empreendedores, foram mais propensos à migração interestadual e à remigração ao estado de nascimento. Ademais, em relação aos rendimentos, mostram que os trabalhadores homens, mais escolarizados, ocupados como funcionários públicos e empreendedores, auferiram maiores valores. Porém, os migrantes não retornados e os migrantes de retorno receberam maiores rendimentos do que os não migrantes, sendo estas diferenças explicadas principalmente pelas características não observadas, indicando uma seleção positiva dos migrantes em atributos não observados em relação aos não migrantes. Por último, o objetivo do terceiro ensaio foi investigar o impacto da acumulação de poupança e/ou riqueza na decisão de ocupação do migrante interestadual de retorno. A metodologia usada na referida averiguação foi a estimação de um modelo probit com regressor endógeno, corrigindo o viés de endogeneidade presente na acumulação de riqueza. As evidências empíricas permitiram observar que a acumulação de riqueza impactou positivamente na escolha por empregar-se como autônomo e empreendedor. Ademais, também foi constatado que os trabalhadores migrantes mais prováveis de se empregar como autônomo ou empreendedor são os homens, de cor branca, mais velhos, com baixa escolaridade e que residem nas regiões do Norte, Nordeste e Centro-Oeste. Em relação à acumulação de riqueza, também foram constatados que os trabalhadores que retornaram antes do ano 2000 foram os que acumularam mais riqueza do que os trabalhadores da década recente e os acúmulos de riqueza foram gerados no período de juventude dos trabalhadores.