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While antibiotics have saved the lives of millions of people since the discovery of the first β-lactam, penicillin, their continued effectiveness is being increasingly threatened by resistant bacteria. Bacterial resistance to β-lactams is mainly achieved through the production of serine-β-lactamases (SBLs) and metallo-β-lactamases (MBLs). Although both types of β-lactamases are commonly isolated in clinical settings, MBLs represent the greatest threat to public health since they are resistant to SBL inhibitors and most β-lactams. However, aspergillomarasmine A (AMA), a fungal natural product synthesized by Aspergillus versicolor, was shown to be a rapid and potent inhibitor against two clinically relevant MBLs: NDM-1 and VIM-2. In bacteria possessing these enzymes, AMA could rescue the activity of meropenem, a broad-spectrum β-lactam that is usually reserved for the treatment of the most severe bacterial infections. However, many questions remain revolving around AMA's inhibitory potency and spectrum. Therefore, the activity of AMA in combination with six β-lactams from three subclasses (carbapenem, penam, cephem) was explored against 19 MBLs from three subclasses (B1, B2, B3). After determining that AMA activity was linked to MBL zinc affinity and that AMA was more potent when paired with a carbapenem, the efficacy of an AMA/meropenem combination was evaluated with and without avibactam, a potent SBL inhibitor. This study used ten Escherichia coli and ten Klebsiella pneumoniae laboratory strains as well as 30 clinical strains producing at least one MBL and one SBL. Once establishing that the AMA/avibactam/meropenem combination was effective against carbapenemase-producing Enterobacterales, new Acinetobacter and Pseudomonas shuttle vectors were created. With these shuttle vectors, it was determined that the AMA/avibactam/meropenem combination was effective against some of the bacteria topping the World Health Organization’s priority pathogen list. / Thesis / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) / Bacteria are all around us. While some bacteria can promote human health, others can cause serious infections. These infections are typically treated with antibiotics. β-Lactam antibiotics, such as penicillins and cephalosporins, are especially important to medicine. Unfortunately, an increasing number of bacteria employ enzymes, known as β-lactamases, which negate the effects of β-lactam antibiotics. Previous studies demonstrated that a natural product, known as aspergillomarasmine A (AMA), could inhibit some β-lactamase enzymes. Consequently, the inhibitory power of AMA was further explored against a larger number of β-lactamase enzymes and in combination with different β-lactam antibiotics. After discovering that AMA had more inhibitory power when combined with a β-lactam antibiotic known as meropenem, the efficacy of the AMA/meropenem pairing was evaluated against resistant bacteria in the presence and absence of avibactam, another β-lactamase inhibitor. The AMA/avibactam/meropenem combination was shown to be effective against some of the world’s most antibiotic-resistant bacteria.

Le phénomène de résistance des bactéries à Gram négatif aux antibiotiques est aujourd’hui un problème sanitaire mondial majeur. La production de β-lactamases, et plus particulièrement de carbapénémases, enzymes capables d’hydrolyser la plupart des agents antibactériens de la classe des β-lactames, est le mécanisme de résistance le plus répandu. Dans ce mémoire, nous décrivons la conception et la synthèse de nouveaux inhibiteurs fluorés de carbapénémases. Notre objectif a été la synthèse de monobactames trifluorométhylés en position C4.Nous avons développé une nouvelle voie de synthèse diastéréosélective par expansion de cycle d’aziridines pour l’accès à des 3-bromo-4-CF3-azétidin-2-ones. Ces composés ont été fonctionnalisés par substitution nucléophile, réactions radicalaires et organométalliques en position C3. Dans une seconde partie, des essais de cyclisation de β-hydroxyaminoesters et acides ainsi que de β-hydroxy-hydroxamates ont été entrepris. Pour obtenir ces intermédiaires β-hydroxyaminoesters et acides, nous avons étudié la réactivité des hydroxylamines sur des accepteurs de Michael trifluorométhylés.Enfin, l’évaluation biologique des composés a été réalisée par des tests enzymatiques en suivi par spectroscopie UV. L’évaluation par RMN 19F a également été entreprise, et a permis le développement d’outil de diagnostique et de screening, toujours en cours d’optimisation. / Multidrug resistant gram-negative pathogens are emerging worldwide. β-lactamases production, especially carbapenemases, enzymes with broad hydrolytic capabilities towards β-lactams, is a global spread mechanism of resistance among gram-negative bacteria. We report here the design and the synthesis of new fluorinated inhibitors of carbapenemases. Our aim was to synthesize trifluoromethylated monobactams in C4 position. We have developed a new diastereoselective pathway by ring expansion of aziridines to access to 3-bromo-4-CF3-azetidin-2-ones. These compounds have been successfully functionalized in C3 position via nucleophilic substitution, radical and organometallic reactions.In a second part, cyclisation attempts of β-hydroxyaminoesters and acids, as well as β-hydroxy-hydroxamates have been conducted. A study of Michael addition of hydroxylamines on trifluoromethylated Michael acceptors have been achieved in order to obtain the β-hydroxyaminoesters and acids derivatives.Finally, biological evaluations of synthesized compounds have been realized through enzymatic tests. 19F NMR evaluation have been accomplished and led to development of diagnostic and screening tools, and it is still in under optimisation.

Membros da família Enterobacteriaceae podem causar meningite associada com infecções hospitalares e/ou secundárias. A terapia empírica utilizada em pacientes com suspeita de meningite é, às vezes, ineficiente, devido à produção de beta-lactamases de espectro estendido (ESBL), que é o mecanismo mais comum de resistência às cefalosporinas de amplo espectro em enterobactérias. O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar a produção de ESBL e AmpC por enterobactérias isoladas de líquido céfalo-raquidiano e sangue de pacientes com suspeita de meningite da região de Ribeirão Preto, no período de 2000 a 2005. O teste do disco combinado foi utilizado para a detecção fenotípica e a PCR foi utilizada para amplificar genes codificadores de ESBL e AmpC. Três (6,52 %) das 46 enterobactérias isoladas no período estudado foram produtoras de ESBL e abrigavam o gene blaCTX-M-2. As enterobactérias produtoras de ESBL foram: S. marcescens IAL 19, (isolada em Araraquara, 2002), P. mirabilis IAL 29 e E. coli IAL 45 (isoladas em Franca, respectivamente, 2003 e 2004). O gene blaCTX-M-2 foi detectado em três gêneros diferentes, sugerindo que o gene blaCTX-M é endêmicos na região de Ribeirão Preto. Os dados obtidos por este trabalho são importantes porque existem poucos relatos sobre a produção de ESBL por enterobactérias isoladas de líquido céfalo-raquidiano e sangue de pacientes com suspeita de meningite. / Members of Enterobacteriaceae family are cause of cause meningitis associated with nosocomial or secondary infection. The empiric therapy used in patients with suspicion of meningitis is, sometimes, inefficient due to extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBL)- producing, that is the most common mechanism of resistance to cephalosporins in enterobacteria. The main objective of this study was to evaluate ESBL and AmpC-producing Enterobacteriaceae isolated of cerebrospinal fluid and blood from patients with suspicion of meningitis from the region of Ribeirão Preto city, during 2000 to 2005. Combination disk method was used for phenotypic detection and PCR was used to amplify genes encoding ESBL and AmpC. Three (6.52 %) out of 46 enterobacteria isolated in the period studied were detected as ESBL-producing and harbored the blaCTX-M-2 gene. The ESBL-producing enterobacteria were: S. marcescens IAL 19, (isolated in Araraquara city SP - Brazil, 2002), P. mirabilis IAL 29 e E. coli IAL 45 (isolated in Franca city SP- Brazil, respectively, 2003 e 2004). The blaCTX-M-2 gene was detected in three different genera isolated for a long time, suggesting that the blaCTX-M-2 gene is endemic in the region of Ribeirão Preto city. The data generated by this study are important because there are low reports about ESBL-producing enterobacteria isolated of cerebrospinal fluid and blood from patients with suspicion of meningitis.

INTRODUÇÃO: Cepas de Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA) produtoras de Metalo-b- lactamase (MBL) tem sido reportadas como sendo uma importante causa de infecções nosocomiais assim como um grande problema terapêutico mundial. No complexo HC-FMUSP, o maior hospital universitário do Brasil, a prevalência de PA resistente aos carbapenêmicos também se apresenta de forma crítica. No entanto, a prevalência de MBL em nossa instituição e a padronização para detecção fenotípica deste mecanismo de resistência ainda não foram estabelecidos. OBJETIVOS: Determinar a prevalência de MBL em cepas de PA resistentes ao imipenem; comparar métodos fenotípicos e moleculares na detecção de MBL; avaliar a clonalidade dos isolados produtores de MBL e determinar o perfil de suscetibilidade de todos os isolados incluídos no estudo. MÉTODOS: Foi realizado um estudo retrospectivo com 69 cepas de PA resistentes ao imipenem isoladas de hemoculturas de pacientes do HC-FMUSP no ano de 2005. Os isolados foram submetidos ao teste de suscetibilidade pelo método de microdiluição e Etest® para colistina. Estes foram testados para a produção de MBL pelos métodos fenotípicos de Disco Aproximação (DA), Etest® MBL e Teste de Hodge Modificado (THM). A Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase (PCR) foi realizada para detecção dos seguintes genes: (blaSPM-1, blaIMP-1, blaIMP-2, blaVIM-1 e blaVIM-2). A clonalidade dos isolados produtores de MBL foi avaliada por Eletroforese em Campo Pulsado (PFGE). RESULTADOS: Cinqüenta e três cepas (76.8%) foram positivas pelos métodos de DA e Etest® MBL, e 19 cepas (27.5%) foram positivas pelo THM. Vinte e um isolados (30.4%) demonstraram o gene blaMBL por PCR, sendo que 17 (81%) foram positivos para o gene blaSPM-1 e 4 (19%) para o gene blaVIM-2. Os genes blaIMP-1, blaIMP-2 e blaVIM-1 não foram detectados. O inibidor ácido 2-mercaptoacético (MAA) e o THM mostram a melhor concordância com a PCR, com índices de kappa variando de 0.81 a 0.86 e 0.79, respectivamente O ácido etilenodiaminotetracético (EDTA), demonstrou alta sensibilidade (100%), baixa especificidade (33.3%), e pobre concordância com a PCR. Entre os isolados positivos para o gene blaSPM-1, 5 foram indistinguíveis, 11 foram estreitamente relacionados e 1 possivelmente relacionado. Entre os isolados positivos para o gene blaVIM-2, 2 foram indistinguíveis, 1 foi estreitamente relacionado e 1 diferente. Entre os isolados produtores de MBL, a colistina e o aztreonam foram as drogas mais ativas com 90.5% e 85.7% de sensibilidade, respectivamente. CONCLUSÃO: Este é o primeiro relato de PA produtora de MBL no HC-FMUSP, reforçando a epidemiologia brasileira onde a enzima SPM-1 é a mais prevalente entre isolados de PA. Os métodos de DA com o inibidor MAA e o THM mostraram-se boas opções para detecção fenotípica de MBL em laboratórios de microbiologia. Os produtores de MBL demonstraram fenótipo multiresistente com um padrão clonal, enfatizando a necessidade de práticas de controle de infecções em nossa instituição / INTRODUCTION: Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA) strains Metallo-b-lactamase (MBL) producing have been reported as an important cause of nosocomial infection, also becoming a critical therapeutic problem worldwide. At HC-FMUSP complex, the largest teaching hospital in Brazil, the prevalence of PA resistant to carbapenems is also presented as a critical problem. However, MBL prevalence and the standardization for phenotypical detection of this resistance mechanism still had not been established. PURPOSE: To determine MBL prevalence in PA resistant to imipenem; to compare phenotypic and molecular methods to detect MBL; to evaluate the clonality of the MBL producers strains and to determine the susceptibility profile of all isolates included in this study. METHODS: A retrospective study was carried analyzing 69 PA strains resistant to imipenem isolated from blood cultures of patients at HC-FMUSP during 2005. They were submitted to the susceptibility profile test by microdilution method and Etest® to colistin. The isolates were also tested for MBL production by phenotypic methods like Double Disk Synergy (DDS), Etest® MBL, Modified Hodge Test (MHT). The Polimerase Chain Reaction (PCR) was used to detect the following genes: (blaSPM-1, blaIMP-1, blaIMP-2, blaVIM-1 and blaVIM-2). The clonality of the MBL producers was evaluated by Pulsed Field Gel Electrophoresis (PFGE). RESULTS: Fifty-three isolates (76.8%) had positive results with DDS and Etest® MBL, and 19 isolates (27.5%) were positive by MHT. Twenty-one isolates (30.4%) had a blaMBL gene by PCR, being 17 (81%) positive for blaSPM-1 and 4 (19%) for blaVIM-2. The blaIMP-1, blaIMP-2 and blaVIM-1 genes had not been detected. Mercaptoacetic acid (MAA) inhibitor and MHT showed the best agreement with PCR, with kappa value ranging from 0.81 to 0.86 and 0.79, respectively. Etilenodiaminotetracetic acid (EDTA) inhibitor showed high sensibility (100%), low specificity (33.3%), and poor agreement with PCR. Among isolates producing blaSPM-1 gene, 5 were indistinguishable, 11 were closely related and 1 was possibly related. Among isolates producing blaVIM-2 gene, 2 were indistinguishable, 1 closely related and 1 was different. Among MBL-producing strains, colistin and aztreonam were the most active drugs with 90.5% and 85.7% of sensitivity, respectively. CONCLUSION: This is the first report of PA MBL producers at HCFMUSP, reinforcing the Brazilian epidemiology where SPM-1 enzyme is the most prevalent among PA isolates. The DDS method with MAA inhibitor and MHT had the best agreement with PCR, showing themselves as good options for MBL phenotypical detection in microbiology laboratories. The MBL producers had shown multiresistant phenotype with a clonal standard, reinforcing the necessity of infection control practices in our institution

A resistência aos carbapenêmicos em amostras de Pseudomonas aeruginosa e Acinetobacter spp aumentou na última década. Vários surtos causados por esses agentes já foram descritos no Brasil. O presente estudo comparou métodos fenotípicos de triagem de carbapenemase em P. aeruginosa e Acinetobacter spp. isolados de hemoculturas de pacientes internados no HC-FMUSP. Foram estudados 108 isolados de P. aeruginosa identificados por sistema automatizado Vitek® e 50 isolados Acinetobacter spp. identificados pelo método miniaturizado API20NE. A determinação inibitória mínima dos carbapenêmicos foi realizada pela técnica de microdiluição em caldo e a tipagem molecular pela técnica de eletroforese em campo pulsado (PFGE). Os genes codificadores de carbapenemase foram identificados por meio da técnica de reação em cadeia da polimerase (PCR) e foi avaliada a hidrólise de imipenem de todos os isolados positivos para esses genes. Sensibilidade, especificidade, valor preditivo negativo e positivo dos testes fenotípicos foram calculados usando como padrão-ouro a detecção dos genes codificadores das carbapenemases por PCR. Nos isolados de Acinetobacter spp, foram pesquisados os genes das oxacilinases, dos quais quarenta e nove (98%) apresentaram pela técnica de PCR genes codificadores da enzima Oxa-51-like, sendo que um isolado não apresentou essa enzima e após sequenciamento do gene codificador da porção 16S do RNA ribossomal, foi considerado da espécie A. calcoaceticus. Em trinta e oito (76%) dos isolados foi detectado o gene blaOXA-143, em nove (18%) foi detectado o gene blaOXA-23, sendo que sete desses isolados pertenciam ao mesmo clone. Apenas cinco (10%) isolados de Acinetobacter spp apresentaram o gene blaIMP-1. Para os isolados de P. aeruginosa o gene blaSPM-1 foi o mais frequente sendo identificado em vinte e um (19,4%) dos isolados e quatro (3,7%) foi identificado com o gene blaVIM-2. Nove dos vinte e um isolados positivo para gene blaSPM-1, apresentaram a mesma clonalidade. O gene codificador blaGES-5 foi encontrado em quatro (3,7%) dos isolados de P. aeruginosa. Dos vinte quatro isolados P. aeruginosa que apresentaram gene codificador da M?L, apenas um isolado não hidrolisou IMI entre os Acinetobacter spp e apenas dois dos cincos isolados positivos para o gene codificador de M?L, hidrolisaram o IMI e apresentaram inibição com o EDTA. Dos vários testes fenotípicos realizados, os melhores resultados foram observados com Etest® M?L para ambos microrganismos com sensibilidade de 100%, mas esse teste foi pouco específico. Para os isolados de Acinetobacter spp o melhor resultado foi observado com o teste de aproximação de disco de IMI com disco de ABM, que apresentou sensibilidade de 100% e especificidade de 71% e para P. aeruginosa foi a aproximação de disco de CAZ com um disco de EDTA, que apresentou sensibilidade de 48% e especificidade de 93%. O presente estudo verificou que não existe um único teste fenotípico que consiga identificar carbapenemases nesses isolados e que a performace dos testes varia de acordo com as carbapenemases encontradas / Carbapenem resistance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter spp increased in the last decade. Several outbreaks caused by these agents resistant to carbapenems have been reported in Brazil. This study compared several phenotypic methods for screening of carbapenemase in P. aeruginosa and Acinetobacter spp isolated from blood cultures of hospitalized patients in HCFMUSP. One hundred and eight isolates were studied of P. aeruginosa identified by the automated system Vitek® and fifty isolates Acinetobacter spp identified by the API20NE method miniaturized. The determination of cabapenem minimum inhibitory was performed by the microdilution broth. Molecular typing was performed using the technique of pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). Genes encoding carbapenemase were identified by the technique of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and was evaluated by hydrolysis of imipenem of all the positives isolates. Sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive value of phenotypic tests were calculated using as the gold standard the detection of genes encoding carbapenemases by PCR. Oxacilinases genes were evaluated in isolates of Acinetobacter spp, of which forty-nine (98%) exhibited by PCR enzyme- encoding gene OXA-51-like, and the one isolate that did not show this enzyme, after gene sequencing encoding portion 16S ribosomal RNA was considered the species A. calcoaceticus. In thirty-eight (76%) isolates the gene OXA-143- like was detected and seven belonged to the same clone. Only five (10%) isolates of Acinetobacter spp showed the gene blaIMP-1. For the isolates of P. aeruginosa, gene blaSPM-1 was the most frequent being present in twenty-one (19,4%) isolates and four (3,7%) was identified with the gene blaVIM-2. Nine of the twenty-one isolates positive for gene blaSPM-1, showed the same clonality. The gene encoding blaGES-5 was found in four (3,7%) isolates of P. aeruginosa. Among the twenty-four isolates P. aeruginosa harboring M?L, not only one isolated hydrolyzed IMI, between Acinetobacter spp two of five isolates harboring M?L hydrolyzed IMI that was inhibited by EDTA. Of the various phenotypic tests conducted, the best results were observed for Etest® for both micro-organisms with sensitivity 100%, but this test was not specific. For the isolates of Acinetobacter spp best result was observed in the nearest IMI disk a disk of ABM, which had a sensitivity of 100% and specificity of 71% and for P. aeruginosa was approaching CAZ disk with a disk EDTA which had a sensitivity of 48% and specificity of 93%. This study verified that there is no single phenotypic test which can identify those isolates carbapenemases and that the performance of the tests various according to carbapenemases found

A resistência aos carbapenêmicos em amostras de Pseudomonas aeruginosa e Acinetobacter spp aumentou na última década. Vários surtos causados por esses agentes já foram descritos no Brasil. O presente estudo comparou métodos fenotípicos de triagem de carbapenemase em P. aeruginosa e Acinetobacter spp. isolados de hemoculturas de pacientes internados no HC-FMUSP. Foram estudados 108 isolados de P. aeruginosa identificados por sistema automatizado Vitek® e 50 isolados Acinetobacter spp. identificados pelo método miniaturizado API20NE. A determinação inibitória mínima dos carbapenêmicos foi realizada pela técnica de microdiluição em caldo e a tipagem molecular pela técnica de eletroforese em campo pulsado (PFGE). Os genes codificadores de carbapenemase foram identificados por meio da técnica de reação em cadeia da polimerase (PCR) e foi avaliada a hidrólise de imipenem de todos os isolados positivos para esses genes. Sensibilidade, especificidade, valor preditivo negativo e positivo dos testes fenotípicos foram calculados usando como padrão-ouro a detecção dos genes codificadores das carbapenemases por PCR. Nos isolados de Acinetobacter spp, foram pesquisados os genes das oxacilinases, dos quais quarenta e nove (98%) apresentaram pela técnica de PCR genes codificadores da enzima Oxa-51-like, sendo que um isolado não apresentou essa enzima e após sequenciamento do gene codificador da porção 16S do RNA ribossomal, foi considerado da espécie A. calcoaceticus. Em trinta e oito (76%) dos isolados foi detectado o gene blaOXA-143, em nove (18%) foi detectado o gene blaOXA-23, sendo que sete desses isolados pertenciam ao mesmo clone. Apenas cinco (10%) isolados de Acinetobacter spp apresentaram o gene blaIMP-1. Para os isolados de P. aeruginosa o gene blaSPM-1 foi o mais frequente sendo identificado em vinte e um (19,4%) dos isolados e quatro (3,7%) foi identificado com o gene blaVIM-2. Nove dos vinte e um isolados positivo para gene blaSPM-1, apresentaram a mesma clonalidade. O gene codificador blaGES-5 foi encontrado em quatro (3,7%) dos isolados de P. aeruginosa. Dos vinte quatro isolados P. aeruginosa que apresentaram gene codificador da M?L, apenas um isolado não hidrolisou IMI entre os Acinetobacter spp e apenas dois dos cincos isolados positivos para o gene codificador de M?L, hidrolisaram o IMI e apresentaram inibição com o EDTA. Dos vários testes fenotípicos realizados, os melhores resultados foram observados com Etest® M?L para ambos microrganismos com sensibilidade de 100%, mas esse teste foi pouco específico. Para os isolados de Acinetobacter spp o melhor resultado foi observado com o teste de aproximação de disco de IMI com disco de ABM, que apresentou sensibilidade de 100% e especificidade de 71% e para P. aeruginosa foi a aproximação de disco de CAZ com um disco de EDTA, que apresentou sensibilidade de 48% e especificidade de 93%. O presente estudo verificou que não existe um único teste fenotípico que consiga identificar carbapenemases nesses isolados e que a performace dos testes varia de acordo com as carbapenemases encontradas / Carbapenem resistance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter spp increased in the last decade. Several outbreaks caused by these agents resistant to carbapenems have been reported in Brazil. This study compared several phenotypic methods for screening of carbapenemase in P. aeruginosa and Acinetobacter spp isolated from blood cultures of hospitalized patients in HCFMUSP. One hundred and eight isolates were studied of P. aeruginosa identified by the automated system Vitek® and fifty isolates Acinetobacter spp identified by the API20NE method miniaturized. The determination of cabapenem minimum inhibitory was performed by the microdilution broth. Molecular typing was performed using the technique of pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). Genes encoding carbapenemase were identified by the technique of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and was evaluated by hydrolysis of imipenem of all the positives isolates. Sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive value of phenotypic tests were calculated using as the gold standard the detection of genes encoding carbapenemases by PCR. Oxacilinases genes were evaluated in isolates of Acinetobacter spp, of which forty-nine (98%) exhibited by PCR enzyme- encoding gene OXA-51-like, and the one isolate that did not show this enzyme, after gene sequencing encoding portion 16S ribosomal RNA was considered the species A. calcoaceticus. In thirty-eight (76%) isolates the gene OXA-143- like was detected and seven belonged to the same clone. Only five (10%) isolates of Acinetobacter spp showed the gene blaIMP-1. For the isolates of P. aeruginosa, gene blaSPM-1 was the most frequent being present in twenty-one (19,4%) isolates and four (3,7%) was identified with the gene blaVIM-2. Nine of the twenty-one isolates positive for gene blaSPM-1, showed the same clonality. The gene encoding blaGES-5 was found in four (3,7%) isolates of P. aeruginosa. Among the twenty-four isolates P. aeruginosa harboring M?L, not only one isolated hydrolyzed IMI, between Acinetobacter spp two of five isolates harboring M?L hydrolyzed IMI that was inhibited by EDTA. Of the various phenotypic tests conducted, the best results were observed for Etest® for both micro-organisms with sensitivity 100%, but this test was not specific. For the isolates of Acinetobacter spp best result was observed in the nearest IMI disk a disk of ABM, which had a sensitivity of 100% and specificity of 71% and for P. aeruginosa was approaching CAZ disk with a disk EDTA which had a sensitivity of 48% and specificity of 93%. This study verified that there is no single phenotypic test which can identify those isolates carbapenemases and that the performance of the tests various according to carbapenemases found

The prevalence of Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae producing extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs) and carbapenemases is increasing worldwide. Therapeutic options for infections with these bacteria are limited not only by the production of ESBLs and carbapenemases, which confer resistance to cephalosporins and carbapenems, but also by frequent co-resistance to other antibiotics. The overall aim of this thesis was to obtain a better understanding of multidrug-resistant E. coli and K. pneumoniae in relation to epidemiology, selection and susceptibility to antibiotic therapy. In a prospective study ESBL-producing E. coli was found to spread easily through international travel. Twenty-four of 100 Swedes travelling outside Northern Europe acquired ESBL-producing E. coli in the intestinal flora. The risk was highest for travelers visiting India and those suffering from gastroenteritis during travel. To minimize selection of ESBL-producing K. pneumoniae during a hospital outbreak with these bacteria, an educational antibiotic intervention was performed at Uppsala University Hospital in 2006. The primary aim of the intervention was to reduce the consumption of parenteral cephalosporins. An immediate and radical reduction of cephalosporins was demonstrated with interrupted time series analysis. The outbreak declined during 2007 and no increased resistance to replacement antibiotics was detected. The impact of ESBL production on the antibacterial activity of ertapenem was studied in time-kill experiments. It was shown that porin-deficient subpopulations with reduced susceptibility to ertapenem frequently emerged in ESBL-producing E. coli during exposure to ertapenem at concentrations simulating human pharmacokinetics. Further, the antibacterial effects of antibiotic combinations against four strains of K. pneumoniae producing carbapenemases of the metallo-beta-lactamase type were studied in time-kill experiments. Double and triple combinations of aztreonam, fosfomycin, meropenem, rifampin and colistin at clinically relevant static concentrations were effective despite that the bacteria were frequently resistant to the individual drugs. These results indicate that there is a largely unexplored potential of antibiotic combination therapy for multidrug-resistant K. pneumoniae.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Miami University, Dept. of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 2007. / Title from second page of PDF document. Includes bibliographical references.

Membros da família Enterobacteriaceae podem causar meningite associada com infecções hospitalares e/ou secundárias. A terapia empírica utilizada em pacientes com suspeita de meningite é, às vezes, ineficiente, devido à produção de beta-lactamases de espectro estendido (ESBL), que é o mecanismo mais comum de resistência às cefalosporinas de amplo espectro em enterobactérias. O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar a produção de ESBL e AmpC por enterobactérias isoladas de líquido céfalo-raquidiano e sangue de pacientes com suspeita de meningite da região de Ribeirão Preto, no período de 2000 a 2005. O teste do disco combinado foi utilizado para a detecção fenotípica e a PCR foi utilizada para amplificar genes codificadores de ESBL e AmpC. Três (6,52 %) das 46 enterobactérias isoladas no período estudado foram produtoras de ESBL e abrigavam o gene blaCTX-M-2. As enterobactérias produtoras de ESBL foram: S. marcescens IAL 19, (isolada em Araraquara, 2002), P. mirabilis IAL 29 e E. coli IAL 45 (isoladas em Franca, respectivamente, 2003 e 2004). O gene blaCTX-M-2 foi detectado em três gêneros diferentes, sugerindo que o gene blaCTX-M é endêmicos na região de Ribeirão Preto. Os dados obtidos por este trabalho são importantes porque existem poucos relatos sobre a produção de ESBL por enterobactérias isoladas de líquido céfalo-raquidiano e sangue de pacientes com suspeita de meningite. / Members of Enterobacteriaceae family are cause of cause meningitis associated with nosocomial or secondary infection. The empiric therapy used in patients with suspicion of meningitis is, sometimes, inefficient due to extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBL)- producing, that is the most common mechanism of resistance to cephalosporins in enterobacteria. The main objective of this study was to evaluate ESBL and AmpC-producing Enterobacteriaceae isolated of cerebrospinal fluid and blood from patients with suspicion of meningitis from the region of Ribeirão Preto city, during 2000 to 2005. Combination disk method was used for phenotypic detection and PCR was used to amplify genes encoding ESBL and AmpC. Three (6.52 %) out of 46 enterobacteria isolated in the period studied were detected as ESBL-producing and harbored the blaCTX-M-2 gene. The ESBL-producing enterobacteria were: S. marcescens IAL 19, (isolated in Araraquara city SP - Brazil, 2002), P. mirabilis IAL 29 e E. coli IAL 45 (isolated in Franca city SP- Brazil, respectively, 2003 e 2004). The blaCTX-M-2 gene was detected in three different genera isolated for a long time, suggesting that the blaCTX-M-2 gene is endemic in the region of Ribeirão Preto city. The data generated by this study are important because there are low reports about ESBL-producing enterobacteria isolated of cerebrospinal fluid and blood from patients with suspicion of meningitis.